You will learn about all the existing methods useful for the treatment of ruminant pathologies from professionals with years of experience in the sector"

Due to the enormous amount of knowledge that is continually being produced, it is difficult for clinicians to constantly keep their knowledge up to date. Therefore, this program provides the best and most up-to-date evidence-based information to enable the Ruminant Veterinarian to not only solve day-to-day problems, but also to advise on management, animal welfare and productivity improvement.

The Master's Degree in Ruminant Medicine and Surgery facilitates the ongoing specialization of clinical veterinarians, whose busy daily activity makes it impossible for them to attend face-to-face training. It deals with the medicine and surgery of the individual animal in depth, a fact that is often surpassed by the importance of the herd in animal production.

Ruminant clinicians must have specialized knowledge and skills in order to solve individual problems or offer advice without forgetting the importance of the herd. They must be able to plan an adequate system of disease management and prevention, and reduction of animal production costs.

Although this Master's Degree places emphasis on the development of clinical skills, reproduction and notions of animal production, Animal Medicine and Surgery of the individual is also highly relevant. This is because, despite the fact that the economic importance of the herd is fundamental, postgraduate specialization programs in herd health issues in animal production are very common, but specialist courses in Ruminant Medicine and Surgery are scarce.

An essential and yet unique syllabus, created for veterinary clinicians that will set you apart as a specialist in this field of work"

This Master's Degree in Ruminant Medicine and Surgery contains the most complete and up-to-date educational program on the market. The most important features of the program include:

• The latest technology in online teaching software
• A highly visual teaching system, supported by graphic and schematic contents that are easy to assimilate and understand
• The development of practical cases presented by experts
• State-of-the-art interactive video systems
• Teaching supported by telepractice
• Continuous updating and recycling systems
• Autonomous learning: full compatibility with other occupations
• Practical exercises for self-evaluation and learning verification
• Support groups and educational synergies: questions to the expert, debate and knowledge forums
• Communication with the teacher and individual reflection work
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection
• Complementary documentation databases that are permanently available, even after the program

With a methodological design that relies on proven teaching techniques, this innovative program will take you through different teaching approaches to allow you to learn in a dynamic and effective way"

With the experience of working professionals and the analysis of real success stories, in a high-impact academic program"

The contents of this Master's Degree have been developed by the different experts on the course, with a clear purpose: to ensure that our students acquire each and every one of the necessary skills to become true experts in this field.

A complete and well-structured program that will lead the professional to the highest standards of quality and success.  

A comprehensive teaching program, structured in well-developed teaching units, oriented towards learning that is compatible with your personal and professional life"

Module 1. Clinical Skills

1.1. Handling and Restraint of Cattle

1.1.1. Introduction
1.1.2. Physical Immobilization Methods

1.1.2.1. Head
1.1.2.2. Limbs
1.1.2.3. Immobilization Devices

1.1.3. Animal Takedown

1.1.3.1. Takedown Systems
1.1.3.2. Handling in Decubitus Position

1.2. Veterinary Equipment in Field Clinics

1.2.1. Introduction
1.2.2. Examination Material
1.2.3. Surgical Material 
1.2.4. Obstetrical Material

1.2.4.1. Childbirth
1.2.4.2. Insemination
1.2.4.3. Breeder Assessment

1.2.5. Sample Extraction Material
1.2.6. Drug Administration Material
1.2.7. Fluid Therapy Material
1.2.8. Medication

1.2.8.1. Antibiotic Therapy
1.2.8.2. Anti-Inflammatories
1.2.8.3. Hormonal
1.2.8.4. Metabolic and Vitamin
1.2.8.5. Anti-Parasitics II

1.3. Herd Health Research

1.3.1. Introduction 
1.3.2. Definition of Health and Disease 
1.3.3. Animal Welfare: Indicators and Determinants

1.3.3.1. Stress 
1.3.3.2. Management 
1.3.3.3. Hygiene 
1.3.3.4. Transport

1.3.4. Health

1.3.4.1. Disease Transmission 
1.3.4.2. Registration and Controls 
1.3.4.3. Individual and Herd Clinical Assessment 
1.3.4.4. Complementary Tests 
1.3.4.5. Reporting and Monitoring

1.4. Diagnosis and Clinical Reasoning

1.4.1. Introduction
1.4.2. Diagnostic Process

1.4.2.1. Clinical Examination
1.4.2.2. Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
1.4.2.3. Archive

1.4.3. Reasoning Patterns

1.4.3.1. Pattern Recognition Methods
1.4.3.2. Probability 
1.4.3.3. Pathophysiological Reasoning

1.4.4. Clinical Signs and Diagnostic Tests

1.4.4.1. Logical Exclusion of Disease
1.4.4.2. Inductive-Deductive Reasoning

1.4.5. Errors
1.4.6. Clinical Reasoning Exercise

1.4.6.1. Clinical Scenarios
1.4.6.2. Clinical Examination 
1.4.6.3. Clinical Reasoning

1.5. Special Diagnostic Procedures

1.5.1. Introduction
1.5.2. Skin
1.5.3. Cardiovascular

1.5.3.1. Percussion
1.5.3.2. Electrocardiography
1.5.3.3. Ultrasound
1.5.3.4. Radiography
1.5.3.5. Pericardiocentesis
1.5.3.6. Blood Culture

1.5.4. Respiratory System

1.5.4.1. Bronchoalveolar Lavage
1.5.4.2. Parasitological Tests
1.5.4.3. Nasal Swabs
1.5.4.4. Radiography
1.5.4.5. Ultrasound
1.5.4.6. Thoracentesis
1.5.4.7. Biopsy
1.5.4.8. Biomarkers

1.5.5. Abdomen

1.5.5.1. Rectal Examination
1.5.5.2. Rumen Fluid Analysis
1.5.5.3. Abdominocentesis
1.5.5.4. Radiography
1.5.5.5. Hepatic Biopsy
1.5.5.6. Liver Function Test
1.5.5.7. Urinary

1.5.6. Mammary Glands

1.5.6.1. California Mastitis Test
1.5.6.2. Conductivity
1.5.6.3. Collection for Microbiological Analysis

1.5.7. Musculoskeletal System

1.5.7.1. Arthrocentesis

1.5.8. Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis

1.6. Antimicrobial Therapy in Cattle

1.6.1. Introduction
1.6.2. Characteristics of the Different Groups of Antimicrobials

1.6.2.1. Sulfonamides
1.6.2.2. Penicillins
1.6.2.3. Tetracyclines
1.6.2.4. Macrolides
1.6.2.5. Aminoglycosides
1.6.2.6. Cephalosporins
1.6.2.7. Lincosamides

1.6.3. Categorization of Antibiotics According to the Risk of their Use
1.6.4. Selection of an Antimicrobial According to the Process
1.6.5. Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobials

1.7. Fluid Therapy

1.7.1. Introduction
1.7.2. Fluid Therapy in Calves

1.7.2.1. Lactic Acidosis in Calves

1.7.3. Fluid Therapy in Adult Cattle

1.7.3.1. Sodium Balance and Dysnatremia
1.7.3.2. Hypokalemic Syndrome in Cattle
1.7.3.3. Calcium and Magnesium Disorders
1.7.3.4. Treatment of Phosphorus Balances

1.7.4. Fluid Therapy in Small Ruminants
1.7.5. Use of Blood and Blood Products in Ruminants

1.8. Analgesia

1.8.1. Assessment of Pain in Cattle
1.8.2. Negative Effects of Pain

1.8.2.1. Chronic Pain
1.8.2.2. Acute Pain

1.8.3. Strategies for the Treatment of Pain

1.8.3.1. Preventive Analgesia
1.8.3.2. Multimodal or Balanced Analgesia. Analgesic Drugs
1.8.3.3. Opioids

1.8.3.3.1. Pure Agonists
1.8.3.3.2. Partial Agonists

1.8.3.4. α2-Agonists: Xylazine, Detomidine
1.8.3.5. NSAIDs: Ketoprofen, Carprofen, Meloxicam
1.8.3.6. Local Anesthetic. Lidocaine
1.8.3.7. Dissociative Anesthetics. Ketamine

1.8.4. Local Anesthetics

1.8.4.1. Transduction
1.8.4.2. Peripheral of Conduction Blockages
1.8.4.3. Intravenous Regional Anesthesia
1.8.4.4. Nerve Blocks
1.8.4.5. Epidural Administration of Drugs
1.8.4.6. α2-Agonists:

1.8.4.6.1. α2-Agonists Mechanism of Action, Adverse Effects, Antagonists
1.8.4.6.2. Routes of Administration. Epidural, IV, IM, SC

1.8.5. Combination with Other Drugs: Local Anesthetics, Opiates, Ketamine

1.8.5.1. NSAIDS
1.8.5.2. Mechanism of Action
1.8.5.3. Types of NSAIDs
1.8.5.4. Central Modulatory Inhibitory Effect
1.8.5.5. Preoperative and Postoperative Application
1.8.5.6. Anesthetics

1.9. Sedation and Anesthesia Effect

1.9.1. Introduction
1.9.2. Pharmacological Immobilization

1.9.2.1. Means of Teleapplication

1.9.2.1.1. Directly in a Crate or Sleeve Handle
1.9.2.1.2. By Syringe
1.9.2.1.3. At a Distance, Adminstering the Drug with Darts

1.9.3. Animal in Decubitus or Standing Animal

1.9.3.1. Tranquilization Methods
1.9.3.2. Animal Standing Combining Sedative and Local Anesthesia Techniques

1.9.4. Pharmacological Immobilization plus Locoregional Anesthesia

1.9.4.1. The α2-Receptor Agonist Tranquilizers: Xylazine, Detomidine, Romifidine, Medetomidine
1.9.4.2.  Advantages of α2-Receptor Agonists

1.9.4.2.1. Volume
1.9.4.2.2. Sedative Effect
1.9.4.2.3. Analgesic
1.9.4.2.4. Mixed
1.9.4.2.5. Antagonizable

1.9.4.3. Disadvantages of α2-Receptor Agonists
1.9.4.4. Intraoperative and Postoperative Analgesia

1.9.4.4.1. α2, Opiates, Ketamine and Tiletamine
1.9.4.4.2. Local and Regional Anesthesia
1.9.4.4.3. NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs)

1.10. Local and Regional Analgesia

1.10.1. Incision Line Infiltration Blockage
1.10.2. Inverted Block

1.10.2.1. Inverted L-Block
1.10.2.2. Paravertebral Block

1.10.2.2.1. Proximal and Distal Paravertebral Anesthesia
1.10.2.2.2. Dorsal and Ventral Branch Blockage

1.10.3. Epidural Anesthesia

1.10.3.1. Administration
1.10.3.2. Localization
1.10.3.3. Indications
1.10.3.4. The Doses
1.10.3.5. Duration of Effect
1.10.3.6. Applied Pharmacological Combinations

1.10.4. Anesthetics

1.10.4.1. Ketamine
1.10.4.2. Tietamine
1.10.4.3. Etorphine. Prohibited its Use, Possession and Commercialization

1.10.4.3.1. Withdrawn from the Market in 2005

1.10.5. Update on Anesthesia in Cattle and Other Ruminants

1.10.5.1. New Anesthetic Protocol
1.10.5.2. Anesthetic Model
1.10.5.3. Anesthetic Combination. Phencyclidines-Detomidine

1.10.5.3.1. Zolazepam-Tiletamine
1.10.5.3.2. Ketamine
1.10.5.3.3. Detomidine

1.10.6. Maintaining the Anesthesia

1.10.6.1. Dosage
1.10.6.2. Antagonization

1.10.6.2.1. Precautions
1.10.6.2.2. Basic Anesthetic Monitoring

1.10.7. Anesthetic Depth

1.10.7.1. Cardiovascular System
1.10.7.2. Heart Rate
1.10.7.3. Peripheral Pulse Palpation
1.10.7.4. Capillary Refill Time
1.10.7.5. Respiratory System
1.10.7.6. Respiratory Rate and Pattern
1.10.7.7. Mucosal Color
1.10.7.8. Electronic Monitors: Portable Pulse Oximeter

Module 2. Animal Production and Anatomopathological Diagnosis

2.1. Necropsy and Anatomopathological Diagnosis in Cattle

2.1.1. Cattle Necropsy
2.1.2. Respiratory Pathology
2.1.3. Digestive Pathology
2.1.4. Renal Pathology
2.1.5. Nervous Pathology
2.1.6. Reproductive Pathology
2.1.7. Other Pathologies

2.2. Necropsy and Anatomopathological Diagnosis in Small Ruminants

2.2.1. Systematic Necropsy Procedure in Small Ruminants
2.2.2. Necropsy in the Field
2.2.3. Pathological Diagnostic Reasoning
2.2.4. Anatomopathological Diagnosis and Main Lesions by Organs and Systems
2.2.5. Anatomopathological Report
2.2.6. The Suspicion and Anatomopathological Diagnosis of Emerging Diseases in Small Ruminants

2.3. Transmissible Spongiform Diseases

2.3.1. Introduction 
2.3.2. Etiology
2.3.3. Clinical Picture of Each Disease
2.3.4. Characteristic Lesions
2.3.5. Pathogenesis
2.3.6. Sensitive and Resistant Genotypes
2.3.7. Transmission Mechanisms
2.3.8. Diagnostic Methods
2.3.9. Epidemiology
2.3.10. Monitoring and Control System
2.3.11. Implications for Human Health

2.4. Dairy Cattle Nutrition

2.4.1. Dairy Cattle Feeding, Reference Standards
2.4.2. Evolution of Energy, Protein, Vitamin, Mineral Requirements and Intake Capacity throughout the Production Cycle
2.4.3. Feeding Systems Used: Grazing, in Intensive Systems
2.4.4. Feeding Strategies for the Mitigation of the Environmental Impact of Bovine Milk Production with Feed Origin
2.4.5. Conclusions

2.5. Meat Cattle Nutrition

2.5.1. Beef Cattle Feeding, Reference Standards
2.5.2. Evolution of Energy, Protein, Vitamin, Mineral Requirements and Intake Capacity throughout the Production Cycle
2.5.3. Feeding Systems Used: Herds of Breeding Cows and Calf Feedlots
2.5.4. Feeding Strategies for the Mitigation of the Environmental Impact of Bovine Meat Production with Feed Origin
2.5.5. Conclusions

2.6. Nutrition in Small Ruminants

2.6.1. Feeding of Sheep and Goats, Reference Standards
2.6.2. Evolution of Energy, Protein, Vitamin, Mineral Requirements and Intake Capacity throughout the Production Cycle
2.6.3. Feeding Systems Used: Female Breeding Herds and Lamb Feedlots
2.6.4. Feeding Strategies for the Mitigation of the Environmental Impact of Sheep and Goat Meat Production with Feed Origin
2.6.5. Conclusions

2.7. Dairy Cattle Management and Production. Main Production Indexes in the Context of Sustainable Farm Management and Animal Welfare

2.7.1. The Animal Base and Farming Systems

2.7.1.1. Intensive Dairy Cattle Systems
2.7.1.2. Dairy Cattle Grazing

2.7.2. Main Production Indicators and their Relation to the Lactation Curve

2.7.2.1. Components of the Lactational Cycle
2.7.2.2. Relationship between Production, Persistency and Milk Quality
2.7.2.3. Factors Inherent to Production
2.7.2.4. External Factors
2.7.2.5. Main Productive and Reproductive Indicators

2.7.3. Sustainable Dairy Cattle Farm Management and Animal Welfare. Adaptation to Climate Change

2.7.3.1. Adaptation Mechanisms
2.7.3.2. Protection Against Heat and Water Stress
2.7.3.3. New Climatic Patterns and their Impact on Vegetation and Animal Feed Crops
2.7.3.4. Adaptation through Genotype Selection and Mitigation Systems
2.7.3.5. Impact of Dairy Cattle Farms on Global Atmospheric Warming

2.7.4. Conclusions

2.8. Management of Extensive and Fattening Beef Cattle Farms. Indicators and New Production Trends

2.8.1. Farming Systems and New Management Trends

2.8.1.1. Suckler Cow Farming Systems and Calf Production at Weaning
2.8.1.2. Intensive Calf Fattening
2.8.1.3. Fattening in Grazing
2.8.1.4. Ecological Production Systems
2.8.1.5. Systems Based on Farm Self-Sufficiency and Rotational Grazing

2.8.2. Main Management and Production Indicators

2.8.2.1. Livestock Pressure
2.8.2.2. Growth Indicators and Meat Potential
2.8.2.3. Production Quality Indicators

2.8.3. Adaptation to Climate Change in Beef Cattle Farms

2.8.3.1. Effects on Production Yields
2.8.3.2. New Food Basis
2.8.3.3. Carbon Sequestration in Extensive Cattle Farms as a Mitigation Measure

2.8.4. Conclusions

2.9. Production Indices in Sheep Meat Farms. Productive Yields and Management of Dairy Sheep

2.9.1. Production Indexes in Small Ruminant Farms
2.9.2. Breeder Management
2.9.3. Replacement Management
2.9.4. Improved Reproductive Efficiency
2.9.5. Design of Reproductive Calendars in Sheep Meat 
2.9.6. Design of Reproductive Calendars in Dairy Sheep and Goats

2.10. Genomic Selection vs. Classical Selection in Cattle and Small Ruminants

2.10.1. Genetic Structure of Animal Populations. Consanguinity and Kinship Estimation
2.10.2. Estimation of Population Genetic Parameters

2.10.2.1. Repeatability. Estimation and Applications
2.10.2.2. Heritability. Estimation and Applications

2.10.3. Genealogies. The Genealogical Kinship Matrix

2.10.4. BLUP. Classical Methodology for Genetic Selection

2.10.4.1. History and Concept of the Method
2.10.4.2. Components of the Mixed Model
2.10.4.3. Resolution of the Mixed Model. Matrix Algebra

2.10.5. Genomics. Concept and Use in Genetic Improvement
2.10.6. The Genomic Kinship Matrix
2.10.7. New BLUP Models. “Single Step Model”

Module 3. Reproduction

3.1. Reproductive Cycle. Control Methods

3.1.1. Characteristics of the Estrous Cycle in the Cow

3.1.1.1. Hormonal Mechanisms
3.1.1.2. Phases of the Estrous Cycle

3.1.2. Characteristics of the Estrous Cycle in the Sheep and Goat

3.1.2.1. Reproductive Season. Phases of the Estrous Cycle
3.1.2.2. Anestrus

3.1.3. Cow Synchronization Methods

3.1.3.1. Natural Methods
3.1.3.2. Pharmacological Methods

3.1.4. Synchronization Methods in Sheep and Goats

3.1.4.1. Natural Methods 
3.1.4.2. Pharmacological Methods

3.1.5. Ovulation Induction Systems

3.2. Gestation and its Diagnosis

3.2.1. Gestation in Cattle

3.2. 1.1. Fertilization and Implantation
3.2. 1.2. Fetal Loss (Early Loss)
3.2. 1.3. Embryonic Mortality
3.2. 1.4. Abortion

3.2.2. Gestational Pathology

3.2.2.1. Hydramnios
3.2.2.2. Hydroallantois
3.2.2.3. Fetal Mummification
3.2.2.4. Fetal Maceration
3.2.2.5. Fetal Malformations and Altered Offspring Syndromes
3.2.2.6. Uterine Torsion

3. 2.3. Gestation Diagnosis

3.2.3.1. Diagnostic Methods
3.2.3.2. Diagnosis by Palpation
3.2.3.3. Ultrasound Diagnosis
3.2.3.4. Embryo Sexing
3.2.3.5. Determination of Fetal Viability

3.3. Genital Apparatus Diseases in Females

3.3.1. Anatomical Reminder of the Genital Apparatus of Cows and Sheep 
3.3.2. Congenital Disorders
3.3.3. Pathologies of the Reproductive System

3.3.1.1. Ovarian Pathologies
3.3.1.2. Oviduct Pathologies
3.3.1.3. Uterine Pathologies
3.3.1.4. Uterine Cervix Pathologies
3.3.1.5. Pathologies of the Vagina and Vulva

3.4. Diseases of the Genital Tract of Bulls and Rams for Breeding Purposes

3.4.1. Anatomical Recap of the Genital Apparatus 
3.4.2. Infertility and Impotence
3.4.3. Reproductive System Pathologies

3.4.3.1. Scrotal Pathology
3.4.3.2. Testicular Pathology
3.4.3.3. Epididymal Pathology
3.4.3.4. Accessory Gland Pathology
3.4.3.5. Foreskin Pathology
3.4.3.6. Penile Disorders

3.5. Abortion. Causes

3.5.1. Types of Abortions

3.5.1.1.  Abortions due to Non-Infectious Causes
3.5.1.2. Abortions due to Infectious Causes

3.6. Birth. Control and Detection Methods

3.6.1. Physioendocrinology of Childbirth
3.6.2. Phases of Labor

3.6.2.1. Prodromal Phase
3.6.2.2. Dilatation Phase
3.6.2.3. Expulsion Phase
3.6.2.4. Delivery Phase

3.6.3. Delivery Management

3.6.3.1. Feed Control
3.6.3.2. Maternity Ward

3.6.4. Control of Labor

3.6.4.1. Labor Induction
3.6.4.2. Delivery Time Detection System

3.7. Dystocia and its Resolution. Cesarean Section

3.7.1. Labor in Cattle

3.7.1.1. Dystocia vs. Eutocic Labor

3.7.1.1.1.Dystocia in Cattle Origin and Cause
3.7.1.1.2.Genotypic

3.7.1.2. Phenotypic
3 7.1.3. Dystocia Resolution Techniques

3.7.1.3.1. Presentation and Position: Repositioning and Solution
3.7.1.3.2. Disproportion
3.7.1.3.3. Necessary Material and Medication
3.7.1.3.4. Traction Mode and Material
3.7.1.3.5. Resolution of Uterine Torsion

3.7.1.4. Fetotomy

3.7.1.4.1. Partial 
3.7.1.4.2. Complete

3.7.1.5. Cesarean Section in Cattle

3.7.1.5.1. Indications

3.7.1.6. Station or Decubitus Cesarean Section

3.7.1.6.1. Surgical Defects. Description and Indications
3.7.1.6.2. For Left and Right Lumbar
3.7.1.6.3. For Medial

3.7.1.7. Pre-Post Medication and Postoperative Management

3.7.1.7.1. Analgesia
3.7.1.7.2. Antibiotic Therapy
3.7.1.7.3. Uterine Relaxants
3.7.1.7.4. Specific Anesthetic Protocols

3.8. Puerperium. Associated Pathologies in the Mother

3.8.1. Phases of the Puerperium

3.8.1.1. Uterine Involution
3.8.1.2. Endometrial Regeneration
3.8.1.3. Elimination of Bacterial Contamination
3.8.1.4. Resumption of Ovarian Activity

3.8.2. Puerperal Pathology

3.8.2.1. Placenta Retention
3.8.2.2. Postpartum Hemorrhage: Diagnosis and Treatment
3.8.2.3. Postpartum Prolapses: Diagnosis and Treatment of Bladder Prolapse, Rectal Prolapse, Uterine Prolapse
3.8.2.4. Puerperal Metritis

3.9. Lactation. Mammary Gland Pathology

3.9.1. Mammary Glands. Structure
3.9.2. Operation

3.9.2.1. Mammogenesis
3.9.2.2. Lactogenesis 
3.9.2.3. Galactopoiesis

3.9.3. Mammary Gland Pathology

3.9.3.1. Skin and Nipple Disorders
3.9.3.2. Edema
3.9.3.3. Mammitis

3.9.4. Drying Methods

3.10. Reproductive Biotechnologies. Current Applications

3.10.1. Sperm Preservation

3.10.1.1. Refrigeration Techniques. Diluents
3.10.1.2. Seminal Freezing Methodology
3.10.1.3. Vitrification
3.10.1.4. Sperm Lyophilization

3.10.2. Artificial Insemination (AI)

3.10.2.1. AI Methods in Cows
3.10.2.2. AI Methods in Small Ruminants

3.10.3. Sperm Selection. Sexing
3.10.4. Embryo Production

3.10.4.1. Oocyte Retrieval. Ovum Pick Up Technique (OPU)
3.10.4.2. In Vitro Embryo Production

3.10.4.2.1. IVM, IVF and ICSI
3.10.4.2.2. Embryo Sexing 
3.10.4.2.3. Embryo Preservation Techniques
3.10.4.2.4. Characteristics of an Embryo Production Laboratory

3.10.5. Embryo Transfer

3.10.5.1. Superovulation Treatments
3.10.5.2. Embryo Collection Technique
3.10.5.4. Assessment of Embryo Quality
3.10.5.5. Embryo Transfer. Recipient Selection and Methodology

Module 4. Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Hemolymphatic Diseases in Ruminants

4.1. Interpretation of Blood Tests in Bovines

4.1.1. Blood Count
4.1.2. Blood Biochemistry
4.1.3. Urinalysis
4.1.4. Bone Marrow

4.2. Interpretation of Blood Tests in Small Ruminant

4.2.1. Blood Count
4.2.2. Blood Biochemistry

4.3. Immunological and Hematopoietic Disorders in Cattle and Small Ruminants

4.3.1. Immune-Mediated Anemia
4.3.2. Anemia and the FAMACHA System
4.3.3. Thrombocytopenia
4.3.4. Bone Marrow Suppression

4.4. Cardiovascular Diseases in Cattle

4.4.1. Cardiovascular System Examination in Bovines 
4.4.2. Congenital Cardiovascular Pathologies
4.4.3. Arrhythmias
4.4.4. Heart Failure and Cor Pulmonale
4.4.5. Valvular and Endocardial Diseases
4.4.6. Myocardial Diseases and Cardiomyopathies
4.4.7. Pericardial Diseases
4.4.8. Thrombosis and Embolism
4.4.9. Neoplasty

4.5. Cardiovascular Diseases in Small Ruminants

4.5.1. Cardiovascular System Examination in Small Ruminants 
4.5.2. Congenital Cardiovascular Pathologies
4.5.3. Acquired Cardiovascular Pathologies
4.5.4. Toxic or Nutritional Deficiency Cardiopathies
4.5.5. Vascular Diseases

4.6. Examination of the Respiratory Tract and Diagnostic Tests in Ruminants

4.6.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory Tract
4.6.2. Characteristic Clinical Signs of Respiratory Tract Disturbances
4.6.3. Physical Examination

4.6.3.1. History
4.6.3.2. General Physical Evaluation
4.6.3.3. Examination of the Respiratory Tract

4.6.4. Diagnostic Imaging Techniques

4.6.4.1. Radiography
4.6.4.2. Ultrasound
4.6.4.3. Others Diagnostic Imaging Techniques

4.6.5. Collection and Assessment of Respiratory Secretions

4.6.5.1. Tracheal Aspirate and Bronchoalveolar Lavage
4.6.5.2. Thoracentesis

4.7. Pathologies Affecting the Upper Respiratory Tract of Bovines

4.7.1. Nasal Cavity Diseases

4.7.1.1. Bacterial or Mycotic Nasal Granuloma
4.7.1.2. Allergic Rhinitis and Enzootic Nasal Granuloma
4.7.1.3. Nasal Foreign Bodies
4.7.1.4. Fractures
4.7.1.5. Tumors and Polyps
4.7.1.6. Congenital Problems

4.7.2. Sinus Diseases

4.7.2.1. Sinusitis

4.7.3. Diseases of the Pharynx, Larynx and Trachea

4.7.3.1.  Alterations of Pharynx
4.7.3.2. Necrotic Laryngitis or Necrobacillosis
4.7.3.3. Other Laryngeal Disorders
4.7.3.4. Tracheal Disorders

4.8. Bovine Respiratory Syndrome (BRS)

4.8.1. BRS Overview
4.8.2. Factors Involved in the Development of BRS
4.8.3. Main Pathogens Involved in BRS

4.8.3.1. Viruses Involved in BRS
4.8.3.2. Bacteria Involved in BRS

4.9. Other Causes of Pneumonia and Thoracic Disease in Bovines

4.9.1. Bovine Interstitial Pneumonia
4.9.2. Metastatic Pneumonia due to Thrombosis of the Cava Vein
4.9.3. Aspiration Pneumonia
4.9.4. Fungal Pneumonia
4.9.5. Bovine Tuberculosis
4.9.6. Other Disorders of the Thoracic Cavity

4.10. Respiratory Pathologies of Small Ruminants

4.10.1. Examination of the Respiratory System in Sheep and Goats
4.10.2. Upper Respiratory Tract Disorders
4.10.3. Pneumonia
4.10.4. Thoracic Cavity Disorders

Module 5. Ruminant Gastrointestinal and Urinary Tract Diseases

5.1. Examination of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Diagnostic Tests in Bovines

5.1.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
5.1.2. Characteristic Clinical Signs of Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders
5.1.3. Physical Examination

5.1.3.1. History
5.1.3.2. General Physical Evaluation
5.1.3.3. Examination of the Gastrointestinal Tract

5.1.4. Diagnostic Imaging Techniques

5.1.4.1. Radiography
5.1.4.2. Ultrasound
5.1.4.3. Others Diagnostic Imaging Techniques

5.1.5. Other Diagnostic Techniques

5.1.5.1. Rumen Fluid Analysis
5.1.5.2. Macroscopic Stool Examination
5.1.5.3. Laparotomy or Exploratory Rumenotomy

5.2. Disorders of the Oral Cavity in Bovines

5.2.1. Dental and Salivary Gland Disorders
5.2.2. Actinobacillosis ("Wooden Tongue")
5.2.3. Actinomycosis ("Rubber Jaw")
5.2.4. Oral Necrobacillosis
5.2.5. Viruses Causing Mucosal Lesions

5.2.5.1. Bluetongue
5.2.5.2. Bovine Papular Stomatitis
5.2.5.3. Vesicular Stomatitis
5.2.5.4. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)
5.2.5.5. Malignant Catarrhal Fever
5.2.5.6. Foot and Mouth Disease
5.2.5.7. Rinderpest

5.3. Indigestions and Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis in Bovines

5.3.1. Primary Indigestions

5.3.1.1. Rumen Wall or Reticuloruminal Motor Disorders

5.3.1.1.1. Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis
5.3.1.1.2. Foamy Tympanism
5.3.1.1.3. Gaseous Tympanism
5.3.1.1.4. Reticulitis or Rumenitis
5.3.1.1.5. Rumen Parakeratosis
5.3.1.1.6. Vagal Indigestion
5.3.1.1.7. Cardiac Obstruction
5.3.1.1.8. Reticuloomasal Orifice Obstruction
5.3.1.1.9. Diaphragmatic Hernia

5.3.1.2. Reticuloruminal Fermentative Disorders

5.3.1.2.1. Inactivity of Ruminal Microbial Flora
5.3.1.2.2. Simple Indigestion
5.3.1.2.3. Ruminal Acidosis
5.3.1.2.4. Ruminal Alkalosis
5.3.1.2.5. Putrefaction of Ruminal Intake

5.3.2. Secondary Indigestions

5.3.2.1. Indigestions Secondary to Reticuloruminal Motor Inactivity
5.3.2.2. Indigestions Secondary to Reticuloruminal Microflora Inactivity
5.3.2.3. Abomasal Reflux

5.4. Abomasal Displacements and Other Abomasal Displacements in Bovines

5.4.1. Left Displacement of the Abomasum
5.4.2. Right Displacement of the Abomasum
5.4.3. Abomasal Torsion
5.4.4. Abomasal Ulcers
5.4.5. Abomasal Impaction

5.5. Obstructive Intestinal Disorders in Bovines

5.5.1. General Aspects
5.5.2. Intradigestive Mechanical Causes of Intestinal Obstruction

5.5.2.1. Congenital
5.5.2.2. Intestinal Intussusception
5.5.2.5. Intestinal Volvulus
5.5.2.4. Cecal Dilatation and Volvulus
5.5.2.5. Neoplasty 
5.5.2.6. Rectal Prolapse

5.5.3. Extradigestive Mechanical Causes of Intestinal Obstruction

5.5.3.1. Mesenteric Fat Necrosis
5.5.3.2. Fibrous Adhesions
5.5.3.3. Hernias

5.5.4. Other Causes of Intestinal Obstruction

5.5.4.1. Intraluminal Obstruction
5.5.4.2. Jejunal Hemorrhagic Syndrome

5.6. Bovine Diarrhea

5.6.1. Bacterial Diarrhea

5.6.1.1. Paratuberculosis 
5.6.1.2. Salmonella
5.6.1.3. Clostridiosis

5.6.2. Viral Diarrhea

5.6.2.1. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)
5.6.2.2. Coronavirus
5.6.2.3. Other Viruses

5.6.3. Parasitic Diarrhea
5.6.4. Diarrhea Caused by Poisoning
5.6.5. Other Causes of Diarrhea

5.7. Small Ruminant Gastrointestinal Tract Examinations and Diagnostic Tests

5.7.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
5.7.2. Characteristic Clinical Signs of Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders
5.7.3. Physical Examination

5.7.3.1. History
5.7.3.2. General Physical Evaluation
5.7.3.3. Gastrointestinal Tract Examination

5.7.4. Diagnostic Imaging Techniques

5.7.4.1. Radiography
5.7.4.2. Ultrasound
5.7.4.3. Other Diagnostic Imaging Techniques

5.7.5. Other Diagnostic Techniques

5.7.5.1. Rumen Fluid Analysis 
5.7.5.2. Macroscopic Stool Examination
5.7.5.3. Laparotomy or Exploratory Rumenotomy

5.8. Gastrointestinal Disorders of Small Ruminants

5.8.1. Disorders of the Oral Cavity
5.8.2. Indigestion and Other Pre-stomach Disorders
5.8.3. Enterotoxemia
5.8.4. Diarrhea in Adult Sheep and Goats

5.9. Bovine Urinary Diseases

5.9.1. Congenital Genitourinary Pathologies
5.9.2. Renal Damage and Failure 
5.9.3. Other Kidney Diseases
5.9.4. Diseases of the Ureters, Bladder and Urethra

5.10. Urinary Diseases in Small Ruminants

5.10.1. Congenital Genitourinary Pathologies
5.10.2. Renal Damage and Failure 
5.10.3. Other Kidney Diseases
5.10.4. Urinary Obstruction
5.10.5. Diseases of the Ureters, Bladder and Urethra

Module 6. Neurological and Ophthalmological Diseases

6.1. Neurological Examination and Main Diagnostic Tests in Bovines

6.1.1. Clinical Examination and Clinical Signs
6.1.2. Dynamic Assessment and Localization of the Lesion
6.1.3. Diagnostic Tests: Cerebrospinal Fluid Extraction and Analysis
6.1.4. Other Diagnostic Tests

6.2. Alterations Mainly Affecting the Brain in Bovines

6.2.1. Polioencephalomalacia
6.2.2. Other Causes. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathies
6.2.3. Viral Disorders

6.2.3.1. Rabies
6.2.3.2. Bovine Herpesvirus Encephalomyelitis
6.2.3.3. Aujeszky’s Disease
6.2.3.4. Other Viruses

6.2.4. Bacterial Disorders

6.2.4.1. Bacterial Meningitis
6.2.4.2. Pituitary Abscess
6.2.4.3. Others

6.2.5. Parasitic Disorders

6.2.5.1. Nervous Coccidiosis
6.2.5.2. Others

6.2.6. Intoxications

6.2.6.1. Urea Toxicity
6.2.6.2. Others

6.3. Disorders Mainly Affecting the Brainstem in Bovines

6.3.1. Listeriosis
6.3.2. Thromboembolic Meningoencephalitis
6.3.3. Otitis Media/Internal
6.3.4. Others

6.4. Disorders Mainly Affecting the Cerebellum in Bovines

6.4.1. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)
6.4.2. Tremorgenic Toxins 
6.4.3. Others

6.5. Alterations Mainly Affecting the Spinal Cord in Bovines

6.5.1. Spinal Lymphoma
6.5.2. Vertebral Osteomyelitis
6.5.3. Trauma
6.5.4. Spastic Paresis
6.5.5. Spastic Paralysis
6.5.6. Botulism
6.5.7. Tetanus
6.5.8. Aberrant Parasitic Migration
6.5.9. Others

6.6. Alterations Mainly Affecting the Peripheral Nerves in Bovines

6.6.1. Suprascapular Nerve 
6.6.2. Radial Nerve
6.6.3. Femoral Nerve 
6.6.4. Sciatic Nerve
6.6.5. Obturator Nerve
6.6.6. Downer Cow Syndrome

6.7. Neurological Examination and Main Diagnostic Tests in Small Ruminants

6.7.1. Clinical Examination and Clinical Signs
6.7.2. Dynamic Assessment and Localization of the Lesion
6.7.3. Diagnostic Tests: Cerebrospinal Fluid Extraction and Analysis
6.7.4. Other Diagnostic Tests

6.8. Neurologic Disorders of Small Ruminants

6.8.1. Disorders Mainly Affecting the Brain in Small Ruminants
6.8.2. Disorders Mainly Affecting the Brainstem in Small Ruminants
6.8.3. Disorders Mainly Affecting the Cerebellum in Small Ruminants
6.8.4. Disorders Mainly Affecting the Spinal Cord in Small Ruminants

6.9. Cattle Ophthalmology

6.9.1. Cattle Eye Examination
6.9.2. Specific Management in the Examination
6.9.3. Ophthalmic Examination. Inspection
6.9.4. Probing and Washing of the Nasolacrimal Duct
6.9.5. Orbital Abnormalities
6.9.6. Anophthalmia, Microphthalmia
6.9.7. Exophthalmia and Enophthalmia
6.9.8. Inflammation and Orbital Cellulitis
6.9.9. Orbital Neoplasms  
6.9.10. Eyelid Abnormalities

6.9.10.1. Palpebral Neoplasms
6.9.10.2. Ectropion and Entropion
6.9.10.3. Other Disorders of the Eyelids

6.9.11. Corneal and Conjunctival Diseases

6.9.11.1. Corneal Characteristics
6.9.11.2. Lacerations and Ruptures of the Cornea and/or Sclera
6.9.11.3. Corneal Foreign Bodies
6.9.11.4. Corneal Ulcers
6.9.11.5. Corneal Edema
6.9.11.6. Vascularization
6.9.11.7. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK, Pink-Eye)
6.9.11.8. Conjunctival and Corneal Tumors. Squamous Cell Carcinoma

6.9.12. Uveal Diseases

6.10. Ocular Disorders in Small Ruminants

6.10.1. Orbital Diseases
6.10.2. Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis
6.10.3. Parasitic Keratitis
6.10.4. Retinal Degeneration
6.10.5. Blindness

Module 7. Metabolic, Endocrine and Dermatological Diseases in Ruminants. Toxicology and Neonatology

7.1. Bovine Dermatological Disorders

7.1.1. Congenital Dermatological Pathologies
7.1.2. Skin and Hair Diseases
7.1.3. Subcutaneous Diseases
7.1.4. Hoof and Horn Diseases
7.1.5. Cutaneous Neoplasms

7.2. Small Ruminant Dermatological Disorders

7.2.1. Congenital Dermatological Pathologies
7.2.2. Infectious Dermatitis
7.2.3. Vesicular and Mucocutaneous Junction Diseases
7.2.4. Hair and Wool Parasitic Diseases
7.2.5. Caseous Lymphadenitis 
7.2.6. Skin and Adnexal Diseases Associated with Toxicity and Nutritional Problems
7.2.7. Cutaneous Neoplasms

7.3. Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders in Bovines

7.3.1. Ketosis
7.3.2. Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorous Disorders
7.3.3. Other Endocrinopathies

7.4. Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders of Small Ruminants

7.4.1. Pregnancy Toxemia
7.4.2. Stump, Rickets

7.5. Nutritional Deficiencies in Bovines

7.5.1. Introduction
7.5.2. Copper Deficiencies
7.5.3. Selenium and Vitamin E Deficiencies
7.5.4. Cobalt Deficiencies
7.5.5. Iodine Deficiency
7.5.6. Manganese Deficiency
7.5.7. Iron Deficiency 
7.5.8. Zinc Deficiency
7.5.9. Main Vitamin Deficiencies

7.6. Nutritional Deficiencies in Small Ruminants

7.6.1. Copper Deficiencies

7.6.1.1. Enzootic Ataxia
7.6.1.2. Bone Alterations

7.6.2. Cobalt Deficiencies

7.6.2.1. Ill-Thrift
7.6.2.2. White Liver Disease

7.6.3. Selenium Deficiencies

7.6.3.1. White Muscle Disease

7.6.4. Vitamin E Deficiency
7.6.5. Iodine Deficiency
7.6.6. Deficiencies in Trace Elements

7.7. Main Intoxications in Ruminants I

7.7.1. Introduction. General Aspects
7.7.2. General Diagnostic and Therapeutic Guidelines for Intoxications
7.7.3. Intoxications Related to Ingestion of Toxic Plants

7.7.3.1. Neurotoxic
7.7.3.2. Hepatotoxic
7.7.3.3. Nephrotoxic
7.7.3.4. Phototoxic
7.7.3.5. Cardiotoxic
7.7.3.6. Anticoagulants
7.7.3.7. Other Toxic Plants

7.8. Main Intoxications in Ruminants II

7.8.1. Mycotoxins
7.8.2. Feed Additive Intoxications

7.8.2.1. Nitrogen Compounds (Urea)
7.8.2.2. Copper
7.8.2.3. Drugs

7.8.3. Environment-Related Intoxications

7.8.3.1. Pesticides
7.8.3.2. Inorganic Elements (Lead, Arsenic, Selenium, Fluorine...)
7.8.3.3. Quality of Drinking Water

7.8.3.3.1. Intoxications by Other Industrial and Commercial Chemical Compounds
7.8.3.3.2.Therapeutic Guide in Ruminant Intoxications

7.9. Main Calf Problems

7.9.1. Congenital Diseases
7.9.2. Trauma and Death During Labor
7.9.3. Prematurity, Dysmaturity and Neonatal Maladjustment
7.9.4. Perinatal Diseases and Problems
7.9.5. Diseases Associated with Reproductive Biotechnologies
7.9.6. Failure of Transfer of Calostral Immunoglobulins

7.10. Main Problems of Neonatal Small Ruminants

7.10.1. Congenital Diseases
7.10.2. Prematurity, Dysmaturity and Neonatal Maladjustment
7.10.3. Perinatal Problems
7.10.4. Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases
7.10.5. Locomotor System Diseases
7.10.6. Failure of Colostral Immunoglobulins Transfer

Module 8. Infectious and Parasitic Diseases in Ruminants

8.1. Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases

8.1.1. Laboratory Diagnostic Tests
8.1.2. Antimicrobial Treatments and Resistance
8.1.3. Use of Vaccines
8.1.4. Biosecurity and Control Measures

8.2. Bovine Vaccination Plan

8.2.1. There is No Single Vaccination Plan. Premises to Consider
8.2.2. Considerations to Be Taken into Account When Choosing a Vaccine
8.2.3. Vaccination Plans by Production System or Age Group

8.2.3.1. Vaccination Plan for Dairy and Heifer Rearing
8.2.3.2. Vaccination Plan for Sucklers
8.2.3.3. Vaccination Plan for Meat and Heifer Rearing
8.2.3.4. Vaccination Plan for Grazing Fattening Cattle
8.2.3.5. Vaccination Plan for Dairy Cows
8.2.3.6. Vaccination Plan for Meat Cows
8.2.3.7. Stallion Vaccination Plan (Artificial Insemination Center)

8.3. Vaccination Plan for Small Ruminants

8.3.1. There is No Single Vaccination Plan. Premises to Consider
8.3.2. Considerations to Be Taken into Account When Choosing a Vaccine
8.3.3. Vaccination Plans by Production System or Age Group

8.3.3.1. Vaccination Plan for Rebreeding Dairy Ewe Lambs/Goats
8.3.3.2. Vaccination Plan for Rebreeding Meat Ewe Lambs/Goats
8.3.3.3. Vaccination plan for Fattening Ewe Lambs/Goats
8.3.3.4. Vaccination Plan for Dairy Sheep/Goats 
8.3.3.5. Vaccination Plan for Meat Sheep/Goats

8.4. Main Bovine Infectious and Contagious Diseases I

8.3.1. Notifiable Diseases
8.3.2. Bacterial Diseases
8.3.3. Fungal Diseases

8.5. Main Bovine Infectious and Contagious Diseases II

8.5.1. Viral Diseases
8.5.2. Prion Diseases

8.6. Main Small Ruminant Infectious and Contagious Diseases I

8.6.1. Notifiable Diseases
8.6.2. Bacterial Diseases
8.6.3. Fungal Diseases

8.7. Main Small Ruminant Infectious and Contagious Diseases II

8.7.1. Viral Diseases
8.7.2. Prion Diseases

8.8. Main Parasites Affecting Bovines

8.8.1. Hemoparasites
8.8.2. Gastrointestinal Nematodes
8.8.3. Nematodes Affecting the Respiratory Tract
8.8.4. Cestodes
8.8.5. Trematodes
8.8.6. Coccidia

8.9. Main Parasites Affecting Small Ruminants

8.9.1. Hemoparasites
8.9.2. Gastrointestinal Nematodes
8.9.3. Nematodes Affecting the Respiratory Tract
8.9.4. Cestodes
8.9.5. Trematodes
8.9.6. Anthelmintic Resistance in Small Ruminants
8.9.7. Management, Treatment and Control Programs (FAMACHA)

8.10. Prevention and Treatment of Parasitic Diseases

8.10.1. Diagnostic Techniques
8.10.2. Therapeutic Principles
8.10.2. Resistance Development
8.10.3. Management and Control Programs

Module 9. Soft Tissue Surgery

9.1.The Surgery. Pre-Operative, Field Preparation, Surgeon Preparation

9.1.1. Pre-Surgery Planning
9.1.2. Surgical Attire, Preparation of Surgical Equipment: Gloves, Gowns etc.
9.1.3. Preparation of the Patient and Surgical Area

9.2. Surgery of the Pre-Stomachs. Peritonitis

9.2.1. Surgical Physiology and Anatomy
9.2.2. Pathology and Clinical Signs
9.2.3. Surgical Techniques

9.2.3.1. Left Flank Laparotomy
9.2.3.2. Ruminotomy                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

9.2.4. Perioperative Management
9.2.5. Peritonitis

9.3. Abomasal Surgery. Laparoscopy

9.3.1. Pathogenesis of Abomasal Displacements
9.3.2. Types of Abomasal Displacements

9.3.2.1. Left Displacement of the Abomasum
9.3.2.2. Dilatation/Displacement of the Right Abomasum
9.3.2.2.1. Volvulus of the Right Side of the Abomasum

9.3.3. Clinical Introduction and Diagnosis

9.3.4. Management of Abomasal Displacements

9.3.4.1. Physical Methods
9.3.4.2. Medical Therapy
9.3.4.3. Surgical Techniques
9.3.4.4. Right Flank Omentopexy
9.3.4.5. Right Flank Pyloropexy
9.3.4.6. Left Flank Abomasopexy
9.3.4.7. Right Median Abomasopexy

Module 10. Musculoskeletal System Surgery

10.1. Hoof Anatomy and Biomechanics Functional Trimming

10.1.1. Hoof Anatomy and Biomechanics

10.1.1.1. Anatomical Structure. Key Structures
10.1.1.2. Hoof

10.1.1.2.1. Corium
10.1.1.2.2. Other Structures

10.1.1.3. Biomechanics

10.1.1.3.1. Concept
10.1.1.3.2. Hind Limb Biomechanics 
10.1.1.3.3. Forelimb Biomechanics

10.1.1.4. Factors that Affect Biomechanics

10.1.2. Functional Trimming

10.1.2.1. Concept and Importance of Functional Trimming
10.1.2.2. Trimming Technique. Dutch Model
10.1.2.3. Other Trimming Techniques
10.1.2.4. Containment and Instrumentation

10.2. Hoof Diseases I. Infectious Origin: Digital Dermatitis. Interdigital Dermatitis. Interdigital Phlegmon

10.2.1. Digital Dermatitis

10.2.1.1. Etiology
10.2.1.2. Clinical Signs
10.2.1.3. Control
10.2.1.4. Treatment

10.2.2. Interdigital Dermatitis

10.2.2.1. Etiology
10.2.2.2. Clinical Signs
10.2.2.3. Control
10.2.2.4. Treatment

10.2.3. Interdigital Phlegmon

10.2.3.1. Etiology
10.2.3.2. Clinical Signs
10.2.3.3. Control
10.2.3.4. Treatment

10.2.4. Use of Footbath for the Control of Environmental Diseases

10.2.4.1. Design
10.2.4.2. Products

10.3. Hoof Diseases II. Non-Infectious Origin: Sole Ulcer. White Line Disease. Point Ulcers and Others

10.3.1. Sole Ulcers

10.3.1.1. Etiopathogenesis
10.3.1.2. Control
10.3.1.3. Treatment

10.3.2. White Line Disease

10.3.2.1. Etiopathogenesis
10.3.2.2. Control
10.3.2.3. Treatment

10.3.3. Other Diseases of Non-Infectious Origin

10.3.3.1. Hyperconsumption or Thin Sole
10.3.3.2. Point Ulcers
10.3.3.3. Ring-Shaped Hooves

10.4. Surgical Treatment of Septic Processes of the Distal Limb ( Finger Amputation, Distal and Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Ankylosis)

10.4.1. Etiology of Septic Processes of the Distal Limb
10.4.2. Diagnosis

10.4.2.1. Clinical Presentation
10.4.2.2. Diagnostic Imaging
10.4.2.3. Clinical Pathology

10.4.3. Indications for Distal Limb Surgery
10.4.4. Surgical Preparation
10.4.5. Treatment in Acute Septic Processes

10.4.5.1. Joint Lavage
10.4.5.2. Systemic Antibiotics

10.4.6. Surgical Treatment in Chronic Septic Processes

10.4.6.1. Amputation of the Digit
10.4.6.2. Arthrodesis/Facilitated Ankylosis

10.4.6.2.1. Solar Approach
10.4.6.2.2. Bulbar Approach
10.4.6.2.3. Dorsal Approach

10.4.6.2.3.1. Abaxial Approach
10.4.6.2.3.2. Prognosis

10.5. Examination of Lameness. Diagnosis and Prognosis of Proximal Limb Injuries

10.5.1. Examination of Lameness
10.5.2. Diagnostic Tests

10.5.2.1. Synovial Fluid
10.5.2.2. Radiographic Diagnosis
10.5.2.3. Ultrasound Diagnosis

10.5.3. Diagnosis and Prognosis of Proximal Limb Injuries

10.6. Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture. Upward Patella Fixation. Coxofemoral Dislocation. Femoral Neck Fracture

10.6.1. Cranial Cruciate Ligament Damage

10.6.1.1. Imbrication of Patella
10.6.1.2. Cranial Cruciate Ligament Replacement

10.6.1.2.1. Gluteobiceps Replacement
10.6.1.2.2. Synthetic Ligament

10.6.1.3. Postoperative Care and Prognosis

10.6.2. Coxofemoral Dislocation
10.6.3. Dorsal Dislocation of Patella
10.6.4. Fracture of the Femoral Neck and Head

10.6.4.1. Clinical Signs
10.6.4.2. Surgical Approach
10.6.4.3. Surgical Techniques
10.6.4.4. Femoral Head Ostectomy
10.6.4.5. Post-Operative Management and Complications

10.7. Management of Septic Arthritis. Septic Tenosynovitis. Arthroscopy. Osteochondrosis Osteoarthritis

10.7.1. Etiology 
10.7.2. Diagnosis
10.7.3. Medical and Surgical Treatment 
10.7.4. Prognosis
10.7.5. Complications, Osteomyelitis
10.7.6. Other Joint Pathologies

10.7.6.1. Osteochondrosis in Fattening Calves
10.7.6.2. Poly and Oligoarthrosis

10.8. Tendon Surgery: Hyperextension, Flexural Deformities, Arthrogryposis, Lacerations, Spastic Paresis

10.8.1. Tendon Lacerations Management and Repair

10.8.1.1. Diagnosis
10.8.1.2. Tendon Avulsion and Rupture
10.8.1.3. Treatment

10.8.2. Hyperextension

10.8.2.1. Diagnosis
10.8.2.2. Treatment

10.8.3. Flexural Deformities

10.8.3.1. Types 
10.8.3.2. Diagnosis
10.8.3.3. Treatment

10.8.4. Arthrogryposis

10.8.4.1. Diagnosis
10.8.4.2. Treatment

10.8.5. Spastic Paresis

10.8.5.1. Diagnosis
10.8.5.2. Treatment

10.9 Emergency Treatment of Fractures. Principles of Fracture Repair

10.9.1. Introduction to Fracture Management in Cattle
10.9.2. Emergency Treatment
10.9.3. Diagnostic Imaging
10.9.4. Principles of Fracture Management

10.9.4.1. Hoof Blocks
10.9.4.2. Plaster
10.9.4.3. Thomas Splint (Thomas Schroder Splint)
10.9.4.4. External Fixators

10.9.5. Thomas Splint

10.9.5.1. Application
10.9.5.2. Practical Advice
10.9.5.3. Complications

10.9.6. Guidelines for Use of External Fixation in Long Bone Fractures

10.9.6.1. Advantages
10.9.6.2. Disadvantages
10.9.6.3. Types of External Fixators

10.9.7. Transfixion Plasters

10.9.7.1. Application
10.9.7.2. Practical Considerations in Bovines

10.9.8. Complications Associated with External Fixators

10.10. Resolution of Specific Fractures: Decision Making and Guidance for External Skeletal Fixation. Plasters and Plasters with Transfixing Pins. Plates, Intramedullary Nails and Locking Nails

10.10.1. Resolution of Specific Fractures

10.10.1.1. External Coaptation
10.10.1.2. Placement of Acrylic Casts 
10.10.1.3. Complications of Acrylic Casts
10.10.1.4. Removal of Acrylic Casts
10.10.1.5. External Fixators
10.10.1.6. Indications
10.10.1.7. Biomechanics of External Fixators
10.10.1.8. External Fixators
10.10.1.9. Application
10.10.1.10. Post-Positioning Care
10.10.1.11. Complications
10.10.1.12. Removal of External Fixator
10.10.1.13. Acrylic Frames
10.10.1.14. Transfixion Casts
10.10.1.15. Implants
10.10.1.16. Plates
10.10.1.17. Screws
10.10.1.18. Intramedullary Nails
10.10.1.19. Locked Nails
10.10.1.20. Internal Fixation Complications
10.10.1.20.1. Infections

10.10.2. Failure or Migration 
10.10.3. Prognosis

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