A highly qualified Hybrid Master's Degree that will allow you to acquire the most advanced knowledge in its theoretical part and put it to the test in the field, in its practical part”

In recent years, and thanks to new care and better nutrition, the life expectancy of pets has increased considerably. As a result, as pets age, they face a wide range of pathologies that affect their health and quality of life. For this reason, the veterinary sector is constantly innovating, searching for more complete diagnostic methods. Based on this need, radiology has become a valuable tool that is gaining more and more advocates in animal medicine. Research in this educational field has led to the emergence of new strategies to identify cardiorespiratory and gastrointestinal problems or the appearance of tumors. 

In this context, TECH has designed a study modality that covers the theoretical and practical dimensions of Veterinary Radiology in Small Animals. Through an up-to-date Hybrid Master's Degree, the student will be able to delve into new discoveries related to radiodiagnosis and the most innovative protection measures against ionizing radiation. In the first phase, the contents will be taught 100% online, on a learning platform with high interactive features and multimedia resources of great teaching value. 

Through part of the pathway, the program strives to develop new skills in the student for the handling of complex tools and techniques. This will take place through a 3-week intensive classroom practice at a prestigious veterinary clinic. The institutions chosen by TECH for this training are leaders in the field of veterinary radiology. In this way, the student will be accompanied during the educational process by the most distinguished experts in a demanding educational field and will acquire holistic knowledge about the day-to-day work in this type of facilities, the most frequent pathologies to be detected and the most effective methods for their identification. 

Make the most of this opportunity to surround yourself with expert professionals and learn from their work methodology”

This Hybrid Master's Degree in Veterinary Radiology in Small Animals contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• Development of more than 100 clinical cases presented by veterinary surgery professionals and university professors with extensive experience in minimally invasive techniques
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Veterinary patient assessment and monitoring, the latest international recommendations in minimally invasive surgery
• Comprehensive syllabus of surgical approach for small animals
• Presentation of practical workshops on procedures, diagnosis, and treatment techniques in veterinary patients
• An algorithm-based interactive learning system for decision-making in the clinical situations presented throughout the course
• Practical clinical guides on approaching different pathologies
• Special emphasis on test-based medicine and most effective methodologies in Veterinary Surgery for small animals
• All of this will be complemented by theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is available from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection
• In addition, you will be able to carry out a clinical internship in one of the best veterinary centers in the world

TECH offers you all its educational resources so that you can acquire the necessary specialization to use the new veterinary radiodiagnostic technologies”

In this proposal for a Hybrid Master's Degree, of a professionalizing nature and blended learning modality, the program is aimed at updating veterinarians who require a high-level of qualification to work in veterinary radiology units. The contents are based on the latest scientific evidence, and oriented in an educational way to integrate theoretical knowledge into practice, and the theoretical-practical elements will facilitate knowledge update and decision-making in patient management. 

Thanks to its multimedia content developed with the latest educational technology, they will allow the professional to learn in a contextual and situated learning environment, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide immersive learning programmed to train in real situations. The design of this program is focused on Problem-Based Learning, through which the student will have to try to solve the different professional practice situations that will arise throughout the program. For this purpose, the students will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts.

A complete, high-intensity process that will allow you to bring the use of new technology in this field to your diagnostics"

Thanks to this Hybrid Master's Degree you will be able to test yourself in the field, acting on real animal patients"

The contents of this program have been developed by different experts, with the objective of that students acquire each and every one of the skills necessary to become true specialist in Veterinary Radiology in Small Animals. Its structure and internship plan make this program the most complete on the market today, as it covers all the relevant knowledge for the veterinarian to develop successfully in a more habitual environment.

A comprehensive syllabus designed to provide the student with a broad compendium of knowledge that will propel them to the forefront of their profession"

Module 1. Ionizing Radiation for Diagnostic Purposes

1.1. General Principles

1.1.1. Electron Acceleration
1.1.2. Electrical Current Intensity
1.1.3. The Anode, Where the Anions Collide

1.2. Photon Formation with Diagnostic Effects

1.2.1. Types of Photons
1.2.2. Photon Energy
1.2.3. Orientation of Emitted Photons
1.2.4. Scattering of the Energy Generated by Photons

1.3. Scattered Radiation

1.3.1. Anode Dispersion
1.3.2. Patient Dispersion
1.3.3. Implications for Clinical Imaging
1.3.4. Dispersion of Objects in the Radiodiagnostic Room

1.4. The Formation of Radiological Imaging

1.4.1. Radiological Chassis
1.4.2. Radiological Films
1.4.3. RC Processing
1.4.4. DR Processing

1.5. Radiological Film Processing

1.5.1. Development in Automatic Processors and Development Vats
1.5.2. Liquid Recycling
1.5.3. Processing with Digital Chassis
1.5.4. Digital Direct Processing

1.6. Factors Affecting Radiological Imaging

1.6.1. Time
1.6.2. Voltage
1.6.3. Amperage

1.7. Alterations in the Perception of the Radiological Image

1.7.1. Pareidolia
1.7.2. Magnification
1.7.3. Distortion

1.8. Radiological Interpretation

1.8.1. Systematization of Interpretation
1.8.2. Validity of the Image Obtained
1.8.3. Differences between Tissues
1.8.4. Identification of Healthy Organs
1.8.5. Identification of Radiological Alterations
1.8.6. Typical Diseases of the Different Anatomical Regions

1.9. Limiting Factors in Radiological Diagnosis, Time

1.9.1. Regions in Motion
1.9.2. Still Regions
1.9.3. Fuzziness
1.9.4. Anesthesia in Radiology
1.9.5. Radiological Positioners
1.9.6. Anatomical Regions in Which Time Has To Be Taken into Consideration

1.10. Limiting Factors in Radiological Diagnosis, Voltage

1.10.1. Density of the Radiographic Region
1.10.2. Contrast
1.10.3. Sharpness
1.10.4. Anatomical Regions in Which the Energy of Photons Must Be taken into Consideration

Module 2. Radioprotection

2.1. Radiation Physics

2.1.1. Atomic Structure
2.1.2. Interaction of Radiation with Matter
2.1.3. Radiological Units

2.2. X-ray Equipment Characteristics

2.2.1. Tube Elements
2.2.2. Devices
2.2.3. Radiation Produced
2.2.4. Radiological Imaging

2.3. Measurement of Ionizing Radiation

2.3.1. Personal Dosimetry
2.3.2. Environmental Dosimetry

2.4. Detectors Used in Radiodiagnostic Installations

2.4.1. General Principles
2.4.2. Detectors in the Room
2.4.3. Detectors Outside the Room
2.4.4. Personnel Detectors

2.5. Radiobiology

2.5.1. Cellular Response to Ionizing Radiation
2.5.2. Systemic and Organic Response
2.5.3. Diseases Caused by Radiation

2.6. Protection Against Ionizing Radiation

2.6.1. General Criteria
2.6.2. Operational Radiation Protection
2.6.3. ALARA Principle

2.7. Specific Radiological Protection in Radiodiagnostic

2.7.1. Personal Protectors
2.7.2. Shielding of the Room
2.7.3. Distance
2.7.4. The Workload

2.8. General Requirements for a Radiodiagnostic Facility

2.8.1. Location
2.8.2. Power Supply
2.8.3. Shielding

2.9. Quality Control of the Radiodiagnostic Installation

2.9.1. Shielding
2.9.2. The X-ray Emission Tank
2.9.3. The Collimator
2.9.4. The X-ray Table
2.9.5. Leaded Aprons

2.10. Legislation

2.10.1. European Legislation
2.10.2. Legislation of the Room
2.10.3. Medical Checkups
2.10.4. Other Considerations

Module 3. Radiodiagnosis of the Cardiovascular System

3.1. Positioning in Cardiovascular Radiological Diagnosis

3.1.1. Right Lateral Projection
3.1.2. Dorsoventral Projection
3.1.3. Differences with Other Projections

3.2. Physiological Radiological Imaging of the Cardiovascular System

3.2.1. Cardiac Silhouette
3.2.2. Cardiac Chambers
3.2.3. Large Vessels

3.3. Altered Radiological Image of the Cardiovascular System

3.3.1. Cardiac Size Alteration
3.3.2. Vascular Alteration
3.3.3. Radiographic Signs of Heart Failure

3.4. Acquired Heart Diseases I

3.4.1. Mitral Degenerative Disease
3.4.2. Canine Cardiomyopathy
3.4.3. Pericardial Diseases

3.5. Acquired Heart Diseases II

3.5.1. Feline Cardiomyopathies
3.5.2. Dirofilariasis
3.5.3. Systemic Diseases with Cardiac Implications

3.6. Oncology

3.6.1. Neoplasia of the Right Atrium
3.6.2. Cardiac-based Neoplasm
3.6.3. Congenital Heart Diseases

3.7. Patent Ductus Arteriosus

3.7.1. Introduction
3.7.2. Existing Forms
3.7.3. Radiological Characteristics
3.7.4. CAP with D-I Shunt

3.8. Vascular Ring Anomalies

3.8.1. Introduction
3.8.2. Types
3.8.3. Radiological Characteristics

3.9. Other Congenital Diseases

3.9.1. Pulmonary Stenosis
3.9.2. Atrioventricular Septal Defect
3.9.3. Tetralogy of Fallot
3.9.4. Aortic Stenosis
3.9.5. Interatrial Septal Defect
3.9.6. Mitral Dysplasia
3.9.7. Tricuspid Dysplasia
3.9.8. Microcardia

3.10. Radiological Diagnosis of Pericardial Diseases

3.10.1. Radiological Diagnosis of Pericardial Diseases

3.10.1.1. Pericardial Effusion
3.10.1.2. Introduction
3.10.1.3. Radiological Characteristics

3.10.2. Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernia

3.10.2.1. Introduction
3.10.2.2. Radiological Characteristics

Module 4. Radiodiagnostics of the Respiratory System and Other Intrathoracic Structures

4.1. Positioning for Thorax Radiology

4.1.1. Ventrodorsal and Dorsoventral Positioning
4.1.2. Right and Left Laterolateral Positioning

4.2. Physiological Imaging of the Thorax

4.2.1. Trachea Physiological Imaging
4.2.2. Mediastinum Physiological Imaging

4.3. Pathologic Imaging in Thoracic Radiology

4.3.1. Alveolar Pattern
4.3.2. Bronchial Pattern
4.3.3. Interstitial Pattern
4.3.4. Vascular Pattern

4.4. Radiological Diagnosis of Acquired Pulmonary Diseases I

4.4.1. Structural Pathologies
4.4.2. Infectious Pathologies

4.5. Radiological Diagnosis of Acquired Pulmonary Diseases II

4.5.1. Inflammatory Pathology
4.5.2. Neoplasms

4.6. Feline-specific Thoracic Radiology

4.6.1. Radiology of the Heart in the Cat

4.6.1.1. Radiographic Anatomy of the Heart
4.6.1.2. Radiographic Diagnosis of Cardiac Pathologies

4.6.2. Radiology of the Thoracic Wall and Diaphragm of the Cat

4.6.2.1. Anatomy of the Thoracic Cage
4.6.2.2. Radiographic Diagnosis of Thoracic Wall and Diaphragm Pathologies

4.6.2.2.1. Congenital Skeletal Malformations
4.6.2.2.2. Fractures
4.6.2.2.3. Neoplasms
4.6.2.2.4. Alterations of the Diaphragm

4.6.3. Radiology of the Pleura and Pleural Cavity of the Cat

4.6.3.1. Radiographic Diagnosis of the Pleura and Pleural Cavity Pathologies

4.6.3.1.1. Pleural Effusion
4.6.3.1.2. Pneumothorax
4.6.3.1.3. Hydropneumothorax
4.6.3.1.4. Pleural Masses

4.6.4. Radiology of the Cat Mediastinum

4.6.4.1. Radiographic Anatomy of the Mediastinum
4.6.4.2. Radiographic Diagnosis of Pathologies of the Mediastinum and the Organs it Contains

4.6.4.2.1. Pneumomediastinum
4.6.4.2.2. Mediastinal Masses
4.6.4.2.3. Esophageal Diseases
4.6.4.2.4. Tracheal Diseases

4.6.5. Pulmonary Radiology of the Cat

4.6.5.1. Normal Pulmonary Radiologic Anatomy
4.6.5.2. Radiographic Diagnosis of Pulmonary Pathologies

4.6.5.2.1. Pulmonary Patterns
4.6.5.2.2. Decreased Pulmonary Opacity

4.7. Radiology of the Mediastinum

4.7.1. Radiographic Anatomy of the Mediastinum
4.7.2. Mediastinal Effusion
4.7.3. Pneumomediastinum
4.7.4. Mediastinal Masses
4.7.5. Mediastinal Deviation

4.8. Congenital Thoracic Diseases

4.8.1. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
4.8.2. Pulmonary Stenosis
4.8.3. Aortic Stenosis
4.8.4. Ventricular Septal Defect
4.8.5. Tetralogy of Fallot

4.9. Oncology

4.9.1. Pleural Masses
4.9.2. Mediastinal Masses
4.9.3. Cardiac Tumors
4.9.4. Pulmonary Tumors

4.10. Radiology of the Thoracic Cage

4.10.1. Anatomy Radiologic of the Thoracic Cage
4.10.2. Radiological Alterations of the Ribs
4.10.3. Radiological Alterations of the Sternum

Module 5. Radiodiagnosis of the Digestive System

5.1. Radiological Diagnosis of the Esophagus

5.1.1. Radiology of the Normal Esophagus
5.1.2. Radiology of the Pathologic Esophagus

5.2. Radiology of the Stomach

5.2.1. Radiology and Positioning for the Diagnosis of Gastric Diseases
5.2.2. Volvulus of Stomach
5.2.3. Hiatal Hernias
5.2.4. Gastric Tumors
5.2.5. Foreign Bodies

5.3. Small Bowel Radiology

5.3.1. Duodenum
5.3.2. Jejunum
5.3.3. Ileum

5.4. Ileocecal Valve Radiology

5.4.1. Physiological Imaging of the Valve
5.4.2. Pathological Imaging
5.4.3. Common Pathologies

5.5. Colon Radiology

5.5.1. Radiological Anatomy of the Colon
5.5.2. Oncologic Diseases of the Colon
5.5.3. Megacolon

5.6. Rectal Radiology

5.6.1. Anatomy
5.6.2. Diverticula
5.6.3. Neoplasms
5.6.4. Displacements

5.7. Radiological Imaging of Perineal Hernia

5.7.1. Anatomical Structuring
5.7.2. Abnormal Radiological Images
5.7.3. Contrasts

5.8. Radiological Oncology of Perineal Region

5.8.1. Structures Affected
5.8.2. Lymph Node Examination

5.9. Radiological Contrasts Applied to the Digestive System

5.9.1. Barium Swallowing
5.9.2. Barium Intake
5.9.3. Nemogastrography
5.9.4. Barium Enema and Double Contrast Enema
5.9.5. Radiological Assessment of the Surgical Progression of Diseases of the Stomach

5.10. Radiological Assessment of the Surgical Progression of Diseases of the Stomach

5.10.1. Future Dehiscence
5.10.2. Transit Alterations
5.10.3. Surgical Reintervention Decision-Making
5.10.4. Other Complications

Module 6. Radiodiagnosis of the Rest of Abdominal Structures

6.1. Hepatic Radiological Diagnosis

6.1.1. Radiological Imaging of the Physiological Liver
6.1.2. Liver Disease
6.1.3. Radiological Examination of the Biliary Tract
6.1.4. Portosystemic Shunts
6.1.5. Oncology

6.2. Pancreatic Radiology

6.2.1. Radiological Imaging of the Physiological Pancreas
6.2.2. Pancreatic Disease
6.2.3. Oncology

6.3. Spleen Radiology

6.3.1. Physiological Radiological Imaging of the Spleen
6.3.2. Diffuse Splenomegaly
6.3.3. Focal Splenomegaly

6.4. Radiology of the Excretory System

6.4.1. Renal Radiology
6.4.2. Radiology of the Ureters
6.4.3. Radiology of the Bladder
6.4.4. Radiology of the Urethra
6.4.5. Oncology of the Excretory System

6.5. Radiology of the Genital System

6.5.1. Normal Radiological Imaging of the Female Genital System
6.5.2. Pathological Radiological Imaging of Female Genital System
6.5.3. Normal Radiological Imaging of the Male Genital System
6.5.4. Pathologic Radiological Imaging of the Male Genital System

6.6. Radiology of the Retroperitoneal Space

6.6.1. Normal Appearance of the Retroperitoneum
6.6.2. Retroperitonitis
6.6.3. Masses in the Retroperitoneal Space

6.7. Radiology of the Peritoneum

6.7.1. Peritoneal CAV Pathology
6.7.2. Retroperitoneal Space
6.7.3. Abdominal Masses

6.8. Radiology of the Adrenal Glands

6.8.1. Normal Appearance of the Adrenal Gland
6.8.2. Techniques and Benign/Malignant Diagnosis
6.8.3. Frequent Adrenal Injuries

6.9. Oncologic Radiology

6.9.1. Detection of Clinically Undetectable Tumors
6.9.2. Primary Masses vs. Metastasis
6.9.3. Radiological Signs of Malignancy

6.10. Radiology of Diseases of the Abdominal Wall and Abdominal Boundaries

6.10.1. Hernias and Diaphragmatic Diseases
6.10.2. Abdominal Hernias
6.10.3. Perineal Hernias
6.10.4. Pelvic Fractures
6.10.5. Obliterating Flow Diseases

Module 7. Radiological Diagnosis in Neurology

7.1. Radiological Anatomy

7.1.1. Structures Assessable by Radiology
7.1.2. Normal Radiological Anatomy of the Spine
7.1.3. Normal Radiological Anatomy of the Skull and its Structures

7.2. Radiological Examination of the Spine

7.2.1. C1-C6
7.2.2. T1-T13
7.2.3. L1-L7
7.2.4. S1-Cd

7.3. Contrast Examination

7.3.1. Cisternal Myelography
7.3.2. Lumbar Myelography
7.3.3. Pathological Alterations Observed by Myelography

7.4. Diagnosis of Vascular Pathologies

7.4.1. Vascular Pathologies: How Far Can We Go with Conventional Radiology
7.4.2. Assessment of Vascular Pathologies by Contrast Techniques
7.4.3. Assessment of Vascular Pathologies by Other Imaging Techniques

7.5. Cerebral and Meningeal Malformations

7.5.1. Hydrocephalus
7.5.2. Meningocele

7.6. Inflammatory Pathology

7.6.1. Infectious
7.6.2. Non-infectious
7.6.3. Disc Spondylitis

7.7. Degenerative Pathologies

7.7.1. Degenerative Disc Disease
7.7.2. Wobbler Syndrome
7.7.3. Lumbosacral Instability, Cauda Equina Syndrome

7.8. Spiral Trauma

7.8.1. Pathophysiology
7.8.2. Fractures

7.9. Oncology

7.9.1. Primary Neoplastic Diseases
7.9.2. Secondary Metastatic Diseases

7.10. Other Neurological Diseases

7.10.1. Metabolic
7.10.2. Nutritional
7.10.3. Congenital

Module 8. Orthopedic Radiological Diagnosis I

8.1. The Growth Plate

8.1.1. Organization of the Growth Plate and its Impact on Radiological Imaging
8.1.2. Blood Supply of the Growth Plate
8.1.3. Structure and Function of the growth plate. Cartilaginous Components

8.1.3.1. Reserve Zone
8.1.3.2. Proliferative Zone
8.1.3.3. Hypertrophic Zone

8.1.4. Bone Components (Metaphysis)
8.1.5. Fibrous and Fibrocartilaginous Components
8.1.6. Radiological Imaging of the Growth Plate at Different Stages of Growth

8.1.6.1. Epiphysiolysis
8.1.6.2. Other Growth Disorders

8.2. Fracture Repair

8.2.1. Radiological Response of Traumatized Bone
8.2.2. Phased Fracture Repair

8.2.2.1. Inflammatory Phase
8.2.2.2. Repair Phase
8.2.2.3. Remodelling Phase
8.2.2.4. Callus formation
8.2.2.5. Fracture Healing
8.2.2.6. First Intention Repair
8.2.2.7. Second Intention Repair
8.2.2.8. Clinical Union
8.2.2.9. Clinical Union Ranges

8.3. Fracture Complications

8.3.1. Delayed Union
8.3.2. Non-union
8.3.3. Bad Union
8.3.4. Osteomyelitis

8.4. Radiologic Imaging of Arthritis and Polyarthritis

8.4.1. Types of Arthritis and Polyarthritis
8.4.2. Clinical diagnosis
8.4.3. Differential Diagnosis Radiology

8.5. Radiological Imaging of Osteoarthritis

8.5.1. Etiology
8.5.2. Radiological Diagnosis
8.5.3. Prognosis According to Radiological Imaging

8.6. Decision-making in Traumatology and Orthopedics Based on Radiologic Diagnosis

8.6.1. Fulfilled Clinical Function
8.6.2. Implant Ruptures
8.6.3. Implant Bends
8.6.4. Implant Migrates
8.6.5. Rejection
8.6.6. Infections
8.6.7. Thermal Interference

8.7. Radiology of Orthopedic Diseases

8.7.1. Radiology of Osteochondritis Dissecans
8.7.2. Panosteitis
8.7.3. Retained Cartilaginous Nucleus
8.7.4. Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy
8.7.5. Craniomandibular Osteopathy
8.7.6. Bone Tumors
8.7.7. Other Bone Diseases

8.8. Radiology of Hip Dysplasia

8.8.1. Physiological Hip Radiology
8.8.2. Pathological Hip Radiology
8.8.3. Gradation of Hip Dysplasia
8.8.4. Surgical Treatments for Hip Dysplasia
8.8.5. Clinical/Radiographic Progression of Hip Dysplasia

8.9. Radiology of Elbow Dysplasia

8.9.1. Physiological Elbow Radiology
8.9.2. Pathological Elbow Radiology
8.9.3. Types of Elbow Dysplasia
8.9.4. Surgical Treatments for Elbow Dysplasia
8.9.5. Clinical/Radiographic Progression of Elbow Dysplasia

8.10. Radiology of the Knee

8.10.1. Radiology of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture

8.10.1.1. Surgical Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture

8.10.2. Radiology of Patellar Dislocation

8.10.2.1. Gradation of Patellar Dislocation
8.10.2.2. Surgical Treatment of Patellar Dislocation

Module 9. Orthopedic Radiological Diagnosis II

9.1. Anatomy Radiology of the Pelvis

9.1.1. General Considerations
9.1.2. Radiologic Assessment of Stable Hip Fractures
9.1.3. Surgical Radiological Indication

9.1.3.1. Intra-Articular Fracture
9.1.3.2. Closure of the Pelvic Canal
9.1.3.3. Joint Instability of a Hemipelvis

9.1.4. Fracture Separation of the Sacro-Iliac Joint
9.1.5. Fractures of the Acetabulum
9.1.6. Fracture of the Ilium
9.1.7. Ischial Fractures
9.1.8. Pubic Symphysis Fractures
9.1.9. Fractures of the Ischial Tuberosity

9.2. Radiological Imaging of Femur Fractures

9.2.1. Proximal Femoral Fractures
9.2.2. Fractures of the Medium Third of the Femur
9.2.3. Fractures of the Distal Third of the Femur

9.3. Radiological Imaging of Tibial Fractures

9.3.1. Fractures of the Proximal Third
9.3.2. Fractures of the Middle Third of the Tibia
9.3.3. Fractures of the Distal Third of the Tibia
9.3.4. Fractures of the Tibial Malleoli

9.4. Anterior Member

9.4.1. Radiological Imaging of the Scapula Fractures
9.4.2. Radiological Imaging of the Humerus Fractures
9.4.3. Radiological Imaging of the Radius and Ulnar Fractures

9.5. Fractures of the Maxilla and Mandible, Radiological Imaging of the Skull

9.5.1. Jaw Radiology

9.5.1.1. Rostral Jaw
9.5.1.2. Dental Radiology
9.5.1.3. Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

9.5.2. Radiology of the Maxilla

9.5.2.1. Dental Radiology
9.5.2.2. Radiology of the Maxilla

9.5.3. Radiology to the Paranasal Sinus
9.5.4. Radiology of the Skull
9.5.5. Oncology

9.6. Radiology of Fractures and Other Alterations Resulting in Incongruence of the Articular Surface

9.6.1. Fractures Affecting the Growth Nucleus
9.6.2. Classification of the Epiphysis Based on its Type
9.6.3. Classification of Slipped or Split Fractures Involving the Growth Nucleus and Adjacent Epiphyseal Metaphysis
9.6.4. Clinical Assessment and Treatment of Damage to Nucleus Growth
9.6.5. Radiology of Joint Fractures in Adult Animals

9.7. Joint Dislocations, Radiology

9.7.1. Radiological Positioning
9.7.2. Nomenclature
9.7.3. Traumatic Dislocations
9.7.4. Scapulohumeral Instability

9.8. Interventional Radiology in Traumatology

9.8.1. Radiology of the Fractures Affecting the Growth Nucleus
9.8.2. Radiology of Fractures Involving the Epiphysis based on Their Type
9.8.3. Radiology of Slipped or Split Fractures Involving the Growth Nucleus, Epiphysis and Adjacent Metaphysis
9.8.4. Radiology of Joint Fractures in Adult Animals

9.9. Radiology of Muscular, Tendinous and Ligamentous Diseases

9.9.1. Radiology of Muscular Diseases
9.9.2. Radiology of Tendinous and Ligamentous Diseases
9.9.3. Other Alternatives for Diagnostic Imaging of these Pathologies

9.10. Radiology of Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders

9.10.1. Introduction
9.10.2. Radiologic Imaging in Secondary Nutritional Hyperparathyroidism
9.10.3. Radiologic Imaging in Secondary Renal Hyperparathyroidism
9.10.4. Radiological Imaging in Hypervitaminosis A
9.10.5. Radiologic Imaging in Pituitary Dwarfism

Module 10. Other Diagnostic Imaging Methods Diagnosis in Other Species. Exotic Animals

10.1. Ultrasound Diagnosis

10.1.1. Abdominal Cavity Ultrasound

10.1.1.1. Introduction to The Ultrasound Method
10.1.1.2. Examination Routine and Protocol for Performing the Ultrasound Examination
10.1.1.3. Identification of the Main Abdominal Structures
10.1.1.4. ECOFAST Technique
10.1.1.5. Abdominal Cavity Pathologies

10.1.2. Cardiac Ultrasound

10.1.2.1. Introduction to Cardiac Study Doppler Ultrasound
10.1.2.2. Examination Protocol
10.1.2.3. B-Mode and M-Mode
10.1.2.4. Acquired Cardiac Diseases
10.1.2.5. Congenital Cardiac Diseases
10.1.2.6. Pericardium

10.1.3. Ultrasound of the Musculoskeletal System

10.1.3.1. Scanning Technique
10.1.3.2. Assessment of Muscle Fibers and Tendons
10.1.3.3. Ultrasound Assessment of the Bone
10.1.3.4. Ultrasound Assessment of Joints
10.1.3.5. Ultrasound Assessment of the Neck

10.1.4. Thoracic Cavity Ultrasound

10.1.4.1. Introduction
10.1.4.2. Thoracic Wall
10.1.4.3. Pulmonary Parenchymal Diseases
10.1.4.4. Diaphragm Diseases
10.1.4.5. Mediastinal Diseases

10.1.5. Fistulous Tracts and Ultrasound of Masses of Unknown Origin

10.2. Computerized Axial Tomography

10.2.1. Introduction
10.2.2. CT Equipment
10.2.3. Nomenclature. Hounsfield Units
10.2.4. Diagnosis in Neurology

10.2.4.1. Head
10.2.4.2. Nasal Cavity and Cranial Cavity
10.2.4.3. Spinal Column Mielotac

10.2.5. Orthopedic Diagnosis

10.2.5.1. Skeletal System
10.2.5.2. Joint Diseases
10.2.5.3. Developmental Disorders

10.2.6. Oncology

10.2.6.1. Masses Assessment
10.2.6.2. Pulmonary Metastases
10.2.6.3. Lymphatic System Assessment

10.2.7. Abdominal Diagnosis

10.2.7.1. Abdominal Cavity
10.2.7.2. Urinary System
10.2.7.3. Pancreas
10.2.7.4. Vascularization

10.2.8. Thoracic Diagnosis

10.2.8.1. Lung and Respiratory Tract
10.2.8.2. Thoracic Wall
10.2.8.3. Pleural Space
10.2.8.4. Mediastinum, Heart and Great Vessels

10.3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging

10.3.1. Introduction
10.3.2. Advantages Inconveniences
10.3.3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Equipment Interpretation Principles
10.3.4. Diagnosis in Neurology

10.3.4.1. Central Nervous System
10.3.4.2. Peripheral Nervous System
10.3.4.3. Spinal Column

10.3.5. Orthopedic Diagnosis

10.3.5.1. Developmental Disorders
10.3.5.2. Joint Diseases
10.3.5.3. Bone Infections and Neoplasms

10.3.6. Oncology

10.3.6.1. Abdominal Masses
10.3.6.2. Lymphonodes
10.3.6.3. Vascularization

10.3.7. Abdominal Diagnosis

10.3.7.1. Abdominal Cavity
10.3.7.2. Main Pathologies

10.4. Diagnosis by Minimally Invasive and Interventional Techniques

10.4.1. Endoscopy

10.4.1.1. Introduction
10.4.1.2. Equipment
10.4.1.3. Patient Preparation
10.4.1.4. Examination Routine
10.4.1.5. Identifiable Pathologies

10.4.2. Arthroscopy

10.4.2.1. Introduction
10.4.2.2. Patient Preparation
10.4.2.3. Identifiable Pathologies

10.4.3. Laparoscopy

10.4.3.1. Introduction
10.4.3.2. Patient Preparation
10.4.3.3. Identifiable Pathologies

10.4.4. Catheterization

10.4.4.1.Introducción
10.4.4.2. Technique and Equipment
10.4.4.3. Diagnostic Uses

10.5. Radiographic Examination of Exotic Animals

10.5.1. Positioning and Projections

10.5.1.1. Birds
10.5.1.2. Small Mammals
10.5.1.3. Reptiles

10.6. Radiographic Pathological Findings of the Skull and Axial Skeleton in Exotic Animals

10.6.1. Radiographic Pathological Findings of the Skull

10.6.1.1. Birds
10.6.1.2. Small Mammals
10.6.1.3. Reptiles

10.6.2. Pathological Findings of the Axial Skeleton

10.6.2.1. Birds
10.6.2.2. Small Mammals
10.6.2.3. Reptiles

10.7. Radiographic Pathological Findings of the Thorax in Exotic Animals

10.7.1. Birds

10.7.1.1. Nasal Passages and Sinuses
10.7.1.2. Trachea and Syrinx
10.7.1.3. Lungs
10.7.1.4. Air Sacs
10.7.1.5. Heart and Blood Vessels

10.7.2. Small Mammals

10.7.2.1. Pleural Cavity
10.7.2.2. Trachea
10.7.2.3. Esophageal
10.7.2.4. Lungs
10.7.2.5. Heart and Blood Vessels

10.7.3. Reptiles

10.7.3.1. Respiratory Tract
10.7.3.2. Heart

10.8. Radiographic Pathological Findings of the Abdomen in Exotic Animals

10.8.1. Birds

10.8.1.1. Proventricle, Ventricle and Intestine
10.8.1.2. Liver, Gallbladder and Spleen
10.8.1.3. Urogenital Tract

10.8.2. Small Mammals

10.8.2.1. Stomach, Appendix, Small and Large Intestines
10.8.2.2. Pancreas, Liver and Spleen
10.8.2.3. Urogenital Tract

10.8.3. Reptiles

10.8.3.1. Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver
10.8.3.2. Urinary Tract
10.8.3.3. Genital Tract

10.9. Radiographic Pathological Findings in Fore and Hind Limbs in Exotic Animals

10.9.1. Forelimbs

10.9.1.1. Birds
10.9.1.2. Small Mammals
10.9.1.3. Reptiles

10.9.2. Hind Limbs

10.9.2.1. Birds
10.9.2.2. Small Mammals
10.9.2.3. Reptiles

10.10. Other Diagnostic Processes in Exotic Animals

10.10.1. Ultrasound

10.10.1.1. Birds
10.10.1.2. Small Mammals
10.10.1.3. Reptiles

10.10.2. Computed Tomography (CT)

10.10.2.1. Birds
10.10.2.2. Small Animals
10.10.2.3. Reptiles

10.10.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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