Profundiza adecuadamente en la Pediatric Surgery and Urology de mayor vigencia, avalada por el rigor científico de un cuadro docente de expertos en la materia” 

En el pasado, afecciones como la mielodisplasia poseían un índice de mortalidad considerable. Sin embargo, avances recientes en el manejo neuroquirúrgico, el cierre precoz del defecto espinal y el empleo de válvulas de derivación han permitido aumentar considerablemente la supervivencia de los pacientes con estas patologías en países desarrollados. 

Al mismo tiempo, la mortalidad secundaria a meningitis, hemorragia ventricular e hidrocefalia ha disminuido drásticamente, siendo ahora cuando las complicaciones urológicas de esta patología a largo plazo se hacen más evidentes. Dado que el manejo adecuado de esta clase de patologías resulta fundamental en todo especialista en Urología Pediátrica, TECH ha elaborado una completa titulación universitaria que, además, profundiza en los propios desarrollos provocados por la cirugía robótica. 

Así las cosas, el especialista accederá a un temario didáctico con el contenido más actual en estudios urodinámicos, malformaciones uretrales y procedimientos quirúrgicos robóticos en Urología Pediátrica clasificados según la localización 
de la afección. Dicho material está elaborado por un cuadro docente de relevantes expertos en la materia, lo que avala tanto su calidad como adecuación a la práctica clínica más rigurosa. 

El formato del programa es completamente online, eliminando así tanto las clases presenciales como los horarios prefijados. Es el propio alumno el que decide cómo distribuirse la carga lectiva, pudiendo adaptarla según sus propias prioridades o preferencia. 

Asimismo, el plan de estudios contará con el apoyo de un reconocido Director Invitado Internacional, cuya vasta experiencia en Cirugía Pediátrica enriquecerá la preparación de los estudiantes, a través de una serie de Masterclasses centradas en las últimas innovaciones del área.

Impulsa tu carrera con TECH y accede a unas Masterclasses únicas y adicionales, impartidas por un renombrado experto de gran fama internacional en el campo de la Cirugía Pediátrica”

Esta Postgraduate diploma en Pediatric Surgery and Urology contiene el programa universitario más completo y actualizado del mercado. Sus características más destacadas son:

• El desarrollo de casos prácticos presentados por expertos en Cirugía Pediátrica
• Los contenidos gráficos, esquemáticos y eminentemente prácticos con los que está concebido recogen una información científica y práctica sobre aquellas disciplinas indispensables para el ejercicio profesional
• Los ejercicios prácticos donde realizar el proceso de autoevaluación para mejorar el aprendizaje
• Su especial hincapié en metodologías innovadoras
• Las lecciones teóricas, preguntas al experto, foros de discusión de temas controvertidos y trabajos de reflexión individual
• La disponibilidad de acceso a los contenidos desde cualquier dispositivo fijo o portátil con conexión a internet

Examina los postulados científicos de mayor rigor en anomalías renales, estenosis pieloureteral, incontinencia urinaria y vejiga neurógena”   

El programa incluye en su cuadro docente a profesionales del sector que vierten en esta capacitación la experiencia de su trabajo, además de reconocidos especialistas de sociedades de referencia y universidades de prestigio.  

Su contenido multimedia elaborado con la última tecnología educativa, permitirá al profesional un aprendizaje situado y contextual, es decir, un entorno simulado que proporcionará una capacitación inmersiva programada para entrenarse ante situaciones reales.  

El diseño de este programa se centra en el Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas, mediante el cual el profesional deberá tratar de resolver las distintas situaciones de práctica profesional que se le planteen a lo largo del curso académico. Para ello, contará con la ayuda de un novedoso sistema de vídeo interactivo realizado por reconocidos expertos.   

El Campus Virtual está disponible las 24 horas del día desde cualquier dispositivo con conexión a internet, dándote acceso libre cuando quieras"

No tendrás que adaptarte a horarios preestablecidos, pues tú serás quien decide el ritmo lectivo en todo momento"

In order to promote as much as possible a smooth and effective academic experience, TECH Global University has developed all the contents of the Postgraduate diploma using the Relearning methodology in which it is a pioneer. This means that the key concepts in Pediatric Surgery and Urology are given repeatedly and gradually throughout the syllabus, implying a considerable reduction in the hours of study necessary to assimilate them. 

The media library is filled with in-depth videos, interactive summaries and self-awareness exercises that will be crucial in your pediatric update"

Module 1. Pediatric Surgery Surgical Patient Management Trauma. Robotics in Pediatric Surgery

1.1. Nutrition in the Surgical Child. Assessment of Nutritional Status. Nutritional Requirements Special Nutrition: Enteral and Parenteral

1.1.1. Calculation of Water and Electrolyte Requirements in Pediatrics
1.1.2. Calculation of Caloric Needs in Pediatrics

1.1.2.1. Assessment of Nutritional Status
1.1.2.2. Nutritional Requirements

1.1.3. Nutrition in the Surgical Child
1.1.4. Enteral Nutrition

1.1.4.1. Indications and Contraindications
1.1.4.2. Access Routes
1.1.4.3. Routes of Administration
1.1.4.4. Formulas
1.1.4.5. Complications

1.1.5. Parenteral Nutrition

1.1.5.1. Indications and Contraindications
1.1.5.2. Access Routes
1.1.5.3. Composition
1.1.5.4. Production
1.1.5.5. Form of Administration
1.1.5.6. Complications

1.2. Ethical Considerations in the Neonate and Pediatric Patient. Child Law

1.2.1. Ethical Considerations in the Neonate and Pediatric Patient

1.2.1.1. Ethics in Pediatric Practice
1.2.1.2. Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Newborn Care
1.2.1.3. Ethics and Clinical Research in Pediatrics

1.3. Palliative Care in Pediatric Surgery

1.3.1. Palliative Care in Pediatrics. Ethical Aspects
1.3.2. Bioethics in End-of-life Neonatology

1.3.2.1. Decision-making in Neonatal Intensive Care Units

1.3.3. Complex Chronic Patient

1.3.3.1. Therapeutic Effort Limitation
1.3.3.2. The Surgeon's Role

1.4. Child Trauma Evaluation and Initial Care of the Polytraumatized Child 

1.4.1. Criteria for Activation of the Initial Care Team for Polytraumatized Patients (PPT)
1.4.2. PPT Patient Care Room Preparation
1.4.3. Staged Clinical Management of the PPT Patient
1.4.4. Patient Transfer
1.4.5. Primary Recognition and Initial Resuscitation
1.4.6. Secondary Recognition

1.5. Management of Hepatic, Splenic and Pancreatic Trauma in the Pediatric Patient

1.5.1. Abdominal Trauma in Pediatric Patients
1.5.2. Epidemiology
1.5.3. Pediatric Abdomen. Features
1.5.4. Etiopathogenesis and Classification

1.5.4.1. Blunt Abdominal Trauma

1.5.4.1.1. Direct Impact or Abdominal Compression
1.5.4.1.2. Deceleration

1.5.5. Open or Penetrating Abdominal Trauma

1.5.5.1. Firearm
1.5.5.2. Weapons
1.5.5.3. Penetrating Impalement Wounds

1.5.6. Diagnosis

1.5.6.1. Clinical Examination
1.5.6.2. Laboratory Tests

1.5.6.2.1. Blood Count
1.5.6.2.2. Urinalysis
1.5.6.2.3. Biochemistry
1.5.6.2.4. Cross-match Testing

1.5.6.3. Imaging Tests

1.5.6.3.1. Simple Abdominal X-ray
1.5.6.3.2. Abdominal and FAST Ultrasound
1.5.6.3.3. Abdominal CT Scan

1.5.6.4. Peritoneal Lavage-Puncture

1.5.7. Treatment

1.5.7.1. Blunt Abdominal Trauma Treatment

1.5.7.1.1. Hemodynamically Stable Patients
1.5.7.1.2. Hemodynamically Unstable Patients
1.5.7.1.3. Conservative Approach in Solid Visceral Lesions

1.5.7.2. Open Abdominal Trauma Treatment
1.5.7.3. Embolization

1.5.8. Organ-Specific Injuries

1.5.8.1. Bladder
1.5.8.2. Liver
1.5.8.3. Pancreas 
1.5.8.4. Hollow Visceral Injuries

1.5.8.4.1. Stomach 
1.5.8.4.2. Duodenum
1.5.8.4.3. Jejuno-ileum
1.5.8.4.4 Large Intestine: Colon, Rectum and Sigmoid

1.5.8.5. Diaphragmatic Injuries

1.6. Renal Trauma in Children

1.6.1. Renal Trauma in Children
1.6.2. Imaging Tests
1.6.3. Retrograde Paleography, Percutaneous Nephrostomy and Perinephric Drainage Indications
1.6.4. Renal Trauma Management
1.6.5. Renal Vascular Injuries
1.6.6. Trauma-Induced Renal Vascular Hypertension
1.6.7. Chronic Post-Traumatic Low Back Pain
1.6.8. Recommendations for Activities in Single-kidney Patients
1.6.9. Disruption of the Pyeloureteral Union in Patients with Previous Hydronephrosis
1.6.10 Urethral Trauma

1.7. Vesicourethral and Genital Trauma Management

1.7.1. Bladder Trauma

1.7.1.1. General Aspects
1.7.1.2. Diagnosis
1.7.1.3. Classification and Treatment

1.7.2. Urethral Trauma

1.7.2.1. General Aspects
1.7.2.2. Diagnosis
1.7.2.3. Treatment
1.7.2.4. Complications

1.7.3. Genital Trauma

1.7.3.1. Penile Trauma
1.7.3.2. Scrotal and Testicular Trauma
1.7.3.3. Vulvar Trauma

1.8. Major Pediatric Outpatient Surgery

1.8.1. Abdominal Wall Hernia

1.8.1.1. Umbilical Hernia
1.8.1.2. Epigastric Hernia
1.8.1.3. Spiegel
1.8.1.4. Lumbar

1.8.2. Inguinal and Scrotal Region Hernia

1.8.2.1. Direct and Indirect Inguinal Hernia
1.8.2.2. Femoral Hernia
1.8.2.3. Hydrocele
1.8.2.4. Surgical Techniques
1.8.2.5. Complications

1.8.3. Cryptorchidism
1.8.4. Testicular Anorchia

1.9. Hypospadias Phimosis

1.9.1. Hypospadias

1.9.1.1. Embryology and Penile Development
1.9.1.2. Epidemiology and Etiology. Risk Factors
1.9.1.3. Hypospadias Anatomy
1.9.1.4. Classification and Clinical Assessment of Hypospadias. Associated Anomalies
1.9.1.5. Treatment

1.9.1.5.1. Reconstruction and Therapeutic Goal Indications
1.9.1.5.2. Pre-operative Hormonal Treatment
1.9.1.5.3. Surgical Defects. Repair in Short Time. Staged Reconstruction

1.9.1.6. Other Technical Aspects Bandages. Urinary Diversion
1.9.1.7. Immediate Postoperative Complications
1.9.1.8. Progress and Follow-up

1.9.2. Phimosis

1.9.2.1. Incidence and Epidemiology
1.9.2.2. Definition. Differential Diagnosis. Other Foreskin Alterations
1.9.2.3. Treatment

1.9.2.3.1. Medical Treatment
1.9.2.3.2. Surgical Treatment. Preputialplasty and Circumcision

1.9.2.4. Postoperative Complications and Sequels

1.10. Robotic Surgery in Pediatrics

1.10.1. Robotic Systems
1.10.2. Pediatric Procedures
1.10.3. General Technique of Robotic Surgery in Pediatric Urology
1.10.4. Surgical Procedures in Pediatric Urology Classified According to Localization

1.10.4.1. Upper Urinary Tract
1.10.4.2. Pediatric Pelvic Surgery

1.10.5. Surgical Procedures in Pediatric General Surgery

1.10.5.1. Fundoplication
1.10.5.2. Splenectomy
1.10.5.3. Cholecystectomy 

Module 2. Pediatric Urology I. Upper urinary tract Pathology and Surgical Techniques

2.1. Renal Abnormalities. Horseshoe Kidney

2.1.1. Renal Abnormalities of Position, Shape and Fusion

2.1.1.1. Simple Renal Ectopia or Ectopic Kidney
2.1.1.2. Crossed Renal Ectopia
2.1.1.3. Horseshoe Kidney

2.1.2. Renal Abnormalities of Number and Size

2.1.2.1. Renal Agenesis
2.1.2.2. Small kidney
2.1.2.3. Megacaliosis

2.1.3. Renal Cystic Abnormalities

2.1.3.1. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (adult)
2.1.3.2. Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (Infant)
2.1.3.3. Malformative Syndromes with Renal Cysts

2.1.3.3.1. Tuberous Sclerosis
2.1.3.3.2. Von Hippel-Lindau Disease

2.1.3.4. Dysplastic Multicystic Kidney
2.1.3.5. Cystic Nephroma
2.1.3.6. Simple Renal Cyst
2.1.3.7. Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
2.1.3.8. Calyceal Diverticulum

2.2. Pyeloureteral Stenosis

2.2.1. Introduction
2.2.2. Embryology
2.2.3. Etiopathogenesis.

2.2.3.1. Intrinsic Factors
2.2.3.2. Extrinsic Factors
2.2.3.3. Functional factors

2.2.4. Clinical Symptoms
2.2.5. Diagnosis

2.2.5.1. Ultrasound
2.2.5.2. CAT
2.2.5.3. Magnetic Resonance
2.2.5.4. Renogram

2.2.6. Indications
2.2.7. Treatment

2.2.7.1. Open Pyeloplasty

2.2.7.1.1. Anderson-hynes
2.2.7.1.2. Other Techniques

2.2.7.2. Transperitoneal Pyeloplasty

2.2.7.2.1. Transperitoneal Pyeloplasty by Dropping the Colon
2.2.7.2.2. Transmesocolic Pyeloplasty
2.2.7.2.3. Vascular Hitch

2.2.7.3. Retroperitoneal Pyeloplasty

2.2.7.3.1. Retroperitoneal Pyeloplasty
2.2.7.3.2. Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Pyeloplasty

2.3. Ureteral Duplicity. Ureterocele. Ectopic Ureter

2.3.1. Ureteral Duplicity
2.3.2. Ureterocele
2.3.3. Ectopic ureter
2.3.4. Contributions of Endourology

2.4. Obstructive Megaureter

2.4.1. Incidence
2.4.2. Etiopathogenesis.
2.4.3. Pathophysiology
2.4.4. Diagnosis

2.4.4.1. Ultrasound
2.4.4.2. V.C.U.G

2.4.4.2.1. Diuretic Renogram
2.4.4.2.2. Other Diagnostic Tests

2.4.5. Differential Diagnosis

2.4.5.1. Treatment
2.4.5.2. Conservative Management
2.4.5.3. Surgical Management

2.4.5.3.1. Ureterostomy
2.4.5.3.2. Refluxing Ureteral Reimplantation
2.4.5.3.3. Ureteral Catheter Placement

2.4.5.4. Ureteral Reimplantation.

2.4.5.4.1. Endourological Treatment
2.4.5.4.2. Postoperative Aftercare

2.5. Vesicoureteral Reflux

2.5.1. Definition, Types and Classification of Vesicoureteric Reflux (VUR)
2.5.2. Epidemiology of Primary VUR

2.5.2.1. Prevalence of VUR
2.5.2.2. Urinary Tract Infections and VUR
2.5.2.3. VUR Nephropathy
2.5.2.4. Vesicoureteral Reflux and End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

2.5.3. Ureterovesical Junction Embryology
2.5.4. VUR Pathophysiology 

2.5.4.1. Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux
2.5.4.2. VUR / Urinary Tract Infection / Kidney Damage

2.5.5. Clinical diagnosis of VUR

2.5.5.1. Prenatal Hydronephrosis
2.5.5.2. Urinary Tract Infections

2.5.6. Diagnostic Imaging of the VUR

2.5.6.1. Serial Voiding Cystourethrogram. (SVCU) 
2.5.6.2. Direct Cystogram (DRC)
2.5.6.3. Indirect Cystogram (IRC)
2.5.6.4. Voiding Cystourethrogram (VGUC)
2.5.6.5. Renal Ultrasound Scan
2.5.6.6. Nuclear medicine

2.5.7. VUR Treatment Options

2.5.7.1. Observational
2.5.7.2. Antibiotic Prophylaxis
2.5.7.3. Surgical treatment: Open Surgery, Endoscopic Surgery, Laparoscopic/Robotic Surgery

2.6. Renal Lithiasis

2.6.1. Epidemiology and Risk Factors
2.6.2. Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis

2.6.2.1. Clinical Presentation
2.6.2.2. Diagnosis

2.6.3. Treatment

2.6.3.1. Acute Episode Treatment
2.6.3.2. Medical Treatment
2.6.3.3. Surgical Management

2.6.3.3.1. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
2.6.3.3.2. Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
2.6.3.3.3. Ureterorenoscopy
2.6.3.3.4. Open, Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery

2.6.4. Long Term Follow-up and Recurrence Prevention

2.7. Renal Transplant

2.7.1. Renal Transplant Surgery

2.7.1.1. Kidney Procurement

2.7.1.1.1. Multi-organ (Cadaveric Donor)
2.7.1.1.2. Living Donor Nephrectomy

2.7.1.2. Bench Surgery
2.7.1.3. Kidney Implant
2.7.1.4. Surgical Complications

2.7.2. Factors Affecting Renal Graft Survival

2.7.2.1. Donor

2.7.2.1.1. Donor Source
2.7.2.1.2. Donor Age
2.7.2.1.3. Histocompatibility

2.7.2.2. Receptor

2.7.2.2.1. Recipient's Age
2.7.2.2.2. Early Transplant (Pre-Dialysis)
2.7.2.2.3. Urological Pathology
2.7.2.2.4. Previous Vascular Problems
2.7.2.2.5. Primary Kidney Disease

2.7.2.3. Delayed Initial Graft Function
2.7.2.4. Immunosuppressive Treatments
2.7.2.5. Rejection

2.7.3. Renal Transplant Results

2.7.3.1. Short and Long-Term Graft Survival
2.7.3.2. Morbidity and Mortality

2.7.4. Graft Loss

2.7.4.1. Transplactectomy

2.7.5. Kidney Transplant Combined with Other Organs

2.7.5.1. Hepatorenal Transplant
2.7.5.2. Cardiorenal Transplant

2.7.6. Controversies
2.7.7. Future Perspectives Challenges

2.8. Current Status of Transperitoneal Urological Laparoscopy

2.8.1. Transperitoneal Urological Laparoscopy
2.8.2. Surgical Techniques.

2.8.2.1. Nephrectomy.
2.8.2.2. Heminephrectomy
2.8.2.3. Pyeloplasty
2.8.2.4. Vesicoureteral Reflux Correction
2.8.2.5. Congenital Obstructive Megaureter
2.8.2.6. Undescended Testicle Sexual Differentiation Disorder

2.9. Pediatric Percutaneous Kidney Surgery

2.9.1. Endourology
2.9.2. Historical Recollection
2.9.3. Objectives Presentation
2.9.4. Surgical Technique

2.9.4.1. Surgical Planning
2.9.4.2. Patient Positioning
2.9.4.3. Percutaneous Puncture Details
2.9.4.4. Access Methods

2.9.5. Surgical Indications

2.9.5.1. Renal Lithiasis
2.9.5.2. Recurrent Pyeloureteral Stenosis
2.9.5.3. Other Specifications

2.9.6. Literature Review

2.9.6.1. Pediatric Urology Experience
2.9.6.2. Instrumentation Miniaturization
2.9.6.3. Current Indications

2.10. Pediatric Pneumovesicoscopy and Retroperitoneoscopy

2.10.1. Pneumovesicoscopy
2.10.2. Technique
2.10.3. Vesical Diverticulectomy
2.10.4. Ureteral Reimplantation.
2.10.5. Bladder Neck Surgery
2.10.6. Retroperitoneoscopy

Module 3. Pediatric Urology II. Lower Urinary Tract Pathology

3.1. Non-neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction Urinary Incontinence

3.1.1. Non-neuropathic Gastrointestinal Dysfunction

3.1.1.1. Epidemiology
3.1.1.2. Etiopathogenesis

3.1.2. Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Patterns

3.1.2.1. LUTD Fundamental Patterns
3.1.2.2. Postponing Patient
3.1.2.3. Other LUTD Patterns

3.1.3. Associated Problems

3.1.3.1. Vesicoureteral Reflux and Urinary Tract Infection
3.1.3.2. Psychosocial Problems

3.1.4. Diagnostic Protocol

3.1.4.1. Medical History
3.1.4.2. Physical Examination
3.1.4.3. Micturition Diary
3.1.4.4. Laboratory Tests
3.1.4.5. Imaging Tests
3.1.4.6. Non-invasive Urodynamic Tests
3.1.4.7. Invasive Urodynamic Tests
3.1.4.8. Symptomatology Grading

3.1.5. Therapeutic Approach

3.1.5.1. Urotherapy
3.1.5.2. Pharmacotherapy
3.1.5.3. Botulinum Toxin
3.1.5.4. Intermittent Catheterizations
3.1.5.5. ICCS Therapeutic Recommendations

3.2. Neurogenic Bladder

3.2.1. Urinary Tract

3.2.1.1. Innervation
3.2.1.2. Operation
3.2.1.3. Neurogenic Bladder Pathophysiology

3.2.2. Neuropathic Bladder

3.2.2.1. Prevalence and Etiology
3.2.2.2. Urinary Tract Function

3.2.3. Neuropathic Bladder Pathophysiology

3.2.3.1. Diagnosis
3.2.3.2. Suspected Diagnosis
3.2.3.3. Ultrasound
3.2.3.4. SVCU and DMSA

3.2.4. Urodynamic Tests

3.2.4.1. Flowmetry
3.2.4.2. Cystomanometry
3.2.4.3. Pressure-flow Test

3.2.5. Medical Treatment

3.2.5.1. Anticholinergics

3.3. Urinary Diversion in Pediatric Age

3.3.1. Pathophysiology of Kidney Damage in the Pediatric Age Associated with Uropathies
3.3.2. Dysplasia

3.3.2.1. Congenital Urinary Obstruction
3.3.2.2. Acquired Acute/Chronic Urinary Obstruction
3.3.2.3. Role of Reflux/Scarring Nephropathy Associated with Stroke
3.3.2.4. Secondary Damage to Bladder Dysfunction

3.3.3. Surgical Urinary Diversion

3.3.3.1. Anatomy
3.3.3.2. Surgical Techniques
3.3.3.3. Endourological Techniques
3.3.3.4. Percutaneous Techniques

3.3.4. Clinical Management

3.3.4.1. Initial Management
3.3.4.2. Care and Diversion

3.3.5. Long-Term Results

3.4. Pediatric Cystoscopy and Ureteroscopy

3.4.1. Cystoscopes

3.4.1.1. Basic Components

3.4.2. Cystourethroscopy

3.4.2.1. Most Common Types

3.4.3. Ureteroscopes

3.4.3.1. Basic Components
3.4.3.2. Cystourethroscopy
3.4.3.3. Most Common Types

3.5. Female Genital Abnormalities

3.5.1. Embryological Recall
3.5.2. Congenital Disorders

3.5.2.1. Genital Tubercle-dependent Alterations
3.5.2.2. Labioscrotal Fold-dependent Alterations
3.5.2.3. Urogenital Sinus-dependent Alterations
3.5.2.4. Development-dependent Mullerian Structure Alterations

3.5.3. Acquired Alterations
3.5.4. Urinary Tract-dependent Alterations

3.6. Urogenital Sinus

3.6.1. Embryological Recall
3.6.2. Urogenital Sinus

3.6.2.1. The Cloaca
3.6.2.2. In Differential Sex Development (DSD)
3.6.2.3. Other Entities
3.6.3. Urogenital Sinus Treatment

3.7. Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex

3.7.1. Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex

3.7.1.1. EEC History
3.7.1.2. Epidemiology and Current Situation
3.7.1.3. Embryology and Associated Abnormalities
3.7.1.4. Anatomical Description and EEC Variants

3.7.2. Diagnostic Approach

3.7.2.1. Antenatal Diagnosis
3.7.2.2. Clinical diagnosis
3.7.2.3. Complementary Tests and Examinations According to their Profitability

3.7.3. Clinical Management

3.7.3.1. Multidisciplinary Team
3.7.3.2. Prenatal Counseling
3.7.3.3. Initial management of the EEC patient

3.7.3.3.1. Comparative Analysis of Different Surgical Approaches

3.7.3.4. Full Primary Closure
3.7.3.5. Stage Closure
3.7.3.6. Primary Deferred Closing
3.7.3.7. Long-term Management of the EEC Patient

3.7.4. Opportunities for New Knowledge Development

3.8. Urethral Malformations. Posterior Urethral Valves

3.8.1. Posterior Urethral Valves

3.8.1.1. Epidemiology
3.8.1.2. Embryology and Classification
3.8.1.3. Pathophysiology
3.8.1.4. Clinical Introduction and Diagnosis
3.8.1.5. Treatment
3.8.1.6. Prognosis
3.8.1.7. PUV and Kidney Transplant

3.8.2. Anterior Urethral Valves 

3.8.2.1. Classification
3.8.2.2. Embryology and Etiology
3.8.2.3. Clinical Presentation
3.8.2.4. Diagnosis
3.8.2.5. Treatment

3.8.3. Urethral Stricture

3.8.3.1. Etiology
3.8.3.2. Clinical Presentation
3.8.3.3. Diagnosis
3.8.3.4. Treatment

3.9. Bladder Diverticulum, Urachal Abnormalities and other Bladder Malformations

3.9.1. Bladder Diverticulum

3.9.1.1. Etiology and Associated Syndromes
3.9.1.2. Clinical Presentation
3.9.1.3. Diagnosis
3.9.1.4. Treatment

3.9.2. Urachal Abnormalities

3.9.2.1. Persistent Urachus
3.9.2.2. Urachal Sinus
3.9.2.3. Urachal Cyst
3.9.2.4. Urachal Diverticulum
3.9.2.5. Diagnosis
3.9.2.6. Treatment

3.9.3. Megabladder
3.9.4. Bladder Hypoplasia
3.9.5. Bladder Duplicity
3.9.6. Bladder Agenesis
3.9.7. Other Bladder Abnormalities

3.10. Pediatric Enuresis Management Protocol

3.10.1. Definitions
3.10.2. Pathophysiology
3.10.3. Comorbidities
3.10.4. Examinations

3.10.4.1. Medical History
3.10.4.2. Physical Examination
3.10.4.3. Complementary Tests

3.10.5. Treatment

3.10.5.1. Indications
3.10.5.2. General Recommendations
3.10.5.3. Treatment Algorithms
3.10.5.4. Therapy Options

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