Small Animal Neurology

Acquire the necessary skills to perform an accurate neurological examination of your patients, learning how to develop the differential diagnosis and to prescribe the most appropriate tests in each case"

In the last decade, Neurology in the field of Small Animals has experienced a great boom among veterinary professionals interested in this specialization.

Much of this interest is due to the access to new technologies by physicians, such as CT and MRI, machinery much more within the reach of veterinary centers and hospitals that allow more accurate diagnoses and facilitate a deeper understanding of the different pathologies.

The Professional Master’s Degree in Small Animal Neurology is structured in modules to facilitate the detailed study of all aspects of clinical neurology: the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, the location of the lesion, the different common pathologies in each anatomical region, diagnostic tests and their interpretation, as well as the treatment and prognosis of each disease.. 

This Professional Master’s Degree places special emphasis on extrapolating theoretical concepts to the practice of the practitioner, allowing the veterinarian to face each clinical case with the personal knowledge and experience of the teachers, always from a scientific point of view: from the point of view of Evidence-Based Medicine. 

It is designed for veterinarians who want to specialize in Small Animal Neurology, as well as for those professionals who are dedicated to this discipline and want to strengthen and expand their knowledge. 

A study that includes knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, brain or spinal cord"

This Professional Master’s Degree in Small Animal Neurology contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• The latest technology in online teaching software
• A highly visual teaching system, supported by graphic and schematic contents that are easy to assimilate and understand
• Practical cases presented by practising experts
• State-of-the-art interactive video systems
• Teaching supported by telepractice
• Continuous updating and recycling systems
• Autonomous learning: full compatibility with other occupations
• Practical exercises for self-evaluation and learning verification
• Support groups and educational synergies: questions to the expert, debate and knowledge forums
• Communication with the teacher and individual reflection work
• Availability of content from any fixed or portable device with internet connection
• Banks of complementary documentation permanently available, even after the program

With the real experience of specialists in Small Animal Neurology who pour into this program their realistic and practical vision of veterinary intervention in this field"

The topics and clinical cases proposed, as well as their resolution, are based on the practical experience of the teachers and on the latest advances in research and development that nurture this field of work.

All information is presented through high-quality multimedia content, analysis of clinical cases prepared by teachers, master classes and video techniques that allow the exchange of knowledge and experience, maintain and update the skill level Educational of its members, create protocols for action and disseminate the most important developments in the emergencies within medicine of small animals. 

TECH's teaching staff is made up of professionals from different fields related to this specialty. In this way we ensure that we deliver the educational update we are aiming for. A multidisciplinary team of trained and experienced professionals in different environments, who will develop the theoretical knowledge in an efficient way, but, above all, will put at the service of the program the practical knowledge derived from their own experience: one of the differential qualities of this Professional Master’s Degree. 

With a methodological design based on teaching techniques proven for their effectiveness, this highly qualified Professional Master’s Degree is created to allow you to learn in a dynamic and effective way"

With the support of the most efficient audiovisual systems, the purpose of this program is that you not only acquire the knowledge, but that, upon completion, you will have the working skills you need in this field"

The development of the syllabus has been carried out according to the criteria of educational effectiveness that TECH offers. Through a complete and concrete syllabus, the student will go through all the essential learning areas proposed, gradually acquiring the necessary skills to put the necessary knowledge into practice. A well-developed learning scheme that will allow you to learn in a continuous, efficient and customized way.

A comprehensive teaching program, structured in well-developed teaching units, oriented towards learning that is compatible with your personal and professional life"

Module 1. Embryology, Anatomy, Physiology Of The Nervous System 

1.1. Embryology of the Nervous System

1.1.1. Embryology of the Brain
1.1.2. Spinal Cord Embryology

1.2. Basic and Functional Anatomy of the Brain

1.2.1. Anatomy of the Prosencephalon
1.2.2. Anatomy of the Brain Stem 
1.2.3. Anatomy of the Cerebellum

1.3. Basic and Functional Spinal Cord Anatomy

1.3.1. Spinal Cord Anatomy
1.3.2. Main Spinal Cord Pathways 

1.4. Anatomy of the Peripheral Nerves I

1.4.1. Cranial Nerves 
1.4.2. Spinal nerves 

1.5. Anatomy of the Peripheral Nerves II

1.5.1. Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic 

1.6. Anatomy of the Peripheral Nerves III

1.6.1. Sympathetic Nervous System 
1.6.2. Parasympathetic Nervous System 

1.7. Anatomy and Physiology of the Motor Unit

1.7.1. Anatomy 
1.7.2. Physiology 

1.8. Vascular Anatomy of the Encephalon

1.8.1. Arterial Irrigation 
1.8.2. Venous Irrigation

1.9. Vascular Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

1.9.1. Arterial Irrigation 
1.9.2. Venous Irrigation 

1.10. Skeletal System

1.10.1. Cranial Bones, Joints and Cranial Nerve Outlets
1.10.2. Vertebrae, Joints and Intervertebral Discs 

Module 2. Neurological Examination and Neurolocalization 

2.1. Review and Anamnesis 

2.1.1. Necessary Tools for a Correct Neurological Examination 
2.1.2. Medical History. The Importance of a Correct Anamnesis 
2.1.3. List of Problems 

2.2. Neurological Examination Part I

2.2.1. State of Mind 
2.2.2. March
2.2.3. Posture 

2.3. Neurological Examination Part II

2.3.1. Cranial Nerves 
2.3.2. Postural Reactions 
2.3.3. Spinal Reflexes
2.3.4. Sensitivity

2.4. Clinical Signs Associated with Prosencephalon Lesion 

2.4.1. Blindness with Absence of Threat Response 
2.4.2. Facial Sensitivity Deficits 
2.4.3. Postural Reaction Deficits 
2.4.4. Alterations in Behavior or Mental Status 
2.4.5. Cerebral Seizures 
2.4.6. Wandering and Walking in Circles 
2.4.7. Head Torsion 
2.4.8. Head Preassing 
2.4.9. Decerebration Stiffness 

2.5. Clinical Signs Associated with Brain Stem Injury 

2.5.1. Deficiency of the Cranial Nerves from III to XII 
2.5.2. Postural Reaction Deficits 
2.5.3. Alterations of the Mental State 
2.5.4. Cardiorespiratory Disorders 
2.5.5. Narcolepsy/Cataplexy 
2.5.6. Eye Movement Abnormalities 
2.5.7. Alterations of the Central Vestibular System (Metencephalon)

2.6. Associated Clinical Signs in Cerebellum 

2.6.1. Ataxia and Increase of Sustentation Base 
2.6.2. Dysmetria 
2.6.3. Tremors of Intention 
2.6.4. Nystagmus 
2.6.5. Deficiency or Absence of Threat Response 
2.6.6. Decerebellation Stiffness 

2.7. Associated Clinical Signs in the Spinal Cord 

2.7.1. Spinal Cord Segment Injury C1-C5 
2.7.2. Spinal Cord Segment Injury C6-T2 
2.7.3. Spinal Cord Segment Injury T3-L3 
2.7.4. Spinal Cord Segment Injury L4-S3 

2.8. Clinical Signs Associated with Neuropathies

2.8.1. Common Clinical Signs 
2.8.2 Clinical Signs According to the Different Neuropathies 

2.9. Clinical Signs Associated with Neuromuscular Junction

2.9.1. Common Clinical Signs 
2.8.2. Clinical Signs According to the Different Neuropathies 

2.10. Clinical Signs Associated with Myopathies

2.10.1. Common Clinical Signs 
2.10.2. Clinical Signs According to the Different Neuropathies 

Module 3. Diagnostic tests 

3.1. Blood Laboratory Tests 

3.1.1. Alterations in the Cellular Count Responsible for Neurological Conditions 
3.2.2. Biochemical Alterations Responsible for Neurological Conditions 
3.2.3. Hormonal Alterations Responsible for Neurological Disorders 
3.2.4. Serology and Rapid Tests 

3.2. Radiography 

3.2.1. Indications 
3.2.2. Patient Positioning to Assess Skull and Head Structural Anomalies

3.3. Myelography 

3.3.1. Indications 
3.3.2. How to Perform a Correct Myelography?
3.3.3. Interpretation 

3.4. Computerised Axial Tomography

3.4.1. CT in Encephalon 
3.4.2. CT in Spine 

3.5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging 

3.5.1. Sequences 
3.5.2. MRI in the Brain 
3.5.3. Spine MRI 

3.6. Electrophysiology I 

3.6.1. Electromyography 
3.6.2. Motor Driving Speeds 
3.6.3. Sensitive Driving Speeds 

3.7. Electrophysiology II 

3.7.1. F-Wave Analysis 
3.7.2. Cord Dorsum Potentials 

3.8. Repetitive Stimulation 

3.8.1. BAER 
3.8.2. Muscle, Nerve and CNS biopsy 

3.8.2.1. Muscle Biopsy 
3.8.2.2. Nerve Biopsy 
3.8.2.3. CNS Biopsy 

3.9. Genetic Testing

3.9.1. Types of Genetic Tests in Dogs 
3.9.2. Types of Genetic Testing in Cats 

3.10. CSF Analysis 

3.10.1. Extraction 
3.10.2. Counting Chamber 
3.10.3. Types of Pleocytosis, Cytology 
3.10.4. Protein Levels 

Module 4. Anesthesia, analgesia. Neurosurgery 

4.1. Anesthesia in Neurological Patients 

4.1.1. Types of Anesthetic Agents 
4.1.2. Protocols of the Different Procedures

4.2. Analgesia in Neurological Patients 

4.2.1. Types 
4.2.2. Indications 

4.3. Neurosurgery 

4.3.1. Patient Preparation
4.3.2. Material 

4.4. Herniated Cervical Disc 

4.4.1. Surgical Approach and Technique 

4.5. Thoracolumbar Disc Herniation 

4.5.1. Approach and Surgical Techniques 

4.6. Atlantoaxial Dislocation and Caudal Cervical Spondylomyelopathy 

4.6.1. Atlantoaxial Dislocation. Surgical Approach and Technique 
4.6.2. Caudal Cervical Spondylomyelopathy. Surgical Approach and Technique 

4.7. Fractures, Vertebral Dislocations, Vertebral Diverticulum and Vertebral Malformations 

4.7.1. Vertebral Fractures, Surgical Approach and Resolution 
4.7.2. Vertebral Dislocations, Surgical Approach and Resolution 
4.7.3. Arachnoid Diverticulum, Surgical Approach and Resolution 
4.7.4. Vertebral Malformations, Types and Medical Management 

4.8. Principles of Intracranial Surgery 

4.8.1. Indications 
4.8.2. Approach 
4.8.3. Surgical Technique 

4.9. Surgery in Spinal and Intracranial Neoplasia 

4.9.1. Approach 
4.9.2. Surgical Technique 

4.10. Rehabilitation 

4.10.1. Practical Application in Neurological Patients 
4.10.2. Kinesiotherapy 
4.10.3. Laser Therapy 
4.10.4. Hydrotherapy 
4.10.5. Electrostimulation 

Module 5. Pathologies of the Brain 

5.1. Basic Location 

5.1.1. Alterations in Mental Status 

5.2. Vascular Diseases 

5.2 1. Types 
5.2.2. Pathogenesis. 

5.3. Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases of the Brain 

5.3.1. Types 
5.3.2. Pathophysiology 

5.4. Traumatic Diseases

5.4.1. Types 
5.4.2. Pathophysiology

5.5. Congenital Brain Abnormalities 

5.5.1. Types 
5.5.2. Pathophysiology

5.6. Metabolic Acquired Diseases 

5.6.1. Types 
5.6.2. Pathophysiology 

5.7. Primary Metabolic Diseases (Organic Acidurias, Mitochondrial) 

5.7.1. Types 
5.7.2. Pathophysiology 

5.8. Neoplasms of the Brain 

5.8.1. Types 
5.8.2. Histopathology 
5.8.3. Prognosis 

5.9. Degenerative Diseases 

5.9.1. Types and Clinical Signs 

5.10. Toxic Diseases 

5.10.1. Types and Clinical Signs 

Module 6. Spinal Cord Pathologies 

6.1. Basic Localization, Gait Disturbances, Spinal Shock

6.1.1. Clinical Signs Depending on Localization 
6.1.2. Spinal Shock and Schiff Sherrington 

6.2. Vascular Diseases of the Spinal Cord 

6.2.1. Fibrocartilaginous Embolism 
6.2.2. Myelopathies due to Hemorrhage or Bleeding 

6.3. Inflammatory Diseases

6.3.1. Meningomyelitis Granulomatosa 
6.3.2. Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis 

6.4. Infectious Diseases 

6.4.1. Viral Diseases 
6.4.2. Bacterial diseases 
6.4.3. Protozoan Diseases 
6.4.4. Fungal Diseases 

6.5. Spinal Trauma

6.5.1. Important Aspects 
6.5.2. Pathophysiology. 
6.5.3. Congenital Anomalies of the Spinal Cord

6.5.3.1. Hemivertebra. 
6.5.3.2. Arachnoid Diverticula and other Congenital Diseases 

6.6. Metabolic Diseases

6.6.1. Primary
6.6.2. Acquired 

6.7. Spinal Cord Neoplasms

6.7.1. Types of Neoplasia 

6.8. Degenerative Myelopathy and other Degenerative Abnormalities

6.8.1. Degenerative Myelopathy 
6.8.2. Other Degenerative Abnormalities 

6.9. Herniated Disc

6.9.1. Hansen I
6.9.2. Hansen II 
6.9.3. ANNPE, HNPE 

6.10. Cervical Spondylomyelopathy and Atlantoaxial Dislocation

6.10.1. Etiology 
6.10.2. Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs 

Module 7. Neuromuscular Diseases 

7.1. Classification and Diagnostic methods in neuromuscular diseases

7.1.1. Classification 
7.1.2. Diagnosis 

7.2. Nerve Impulse Generation and Transmission 

7.2.1. Physiological Mechanisms 

7.3. The Neuronal Membrane 

7.3.1. Composition and Structure 

7.4. Mononeuropathies I 

7.4.1. Congenital 

7.5. Mononeuropathies II 

7.5.1. Acquired 

7.6. Acute Polyneuropathies 

7.6.1. Types, Diagnosis and Treatment 

7.7. Chronic Polyneuropathies 

7.7.1. Congenital
7.7.2.  Degenerative 

7.8. Acquired Polyneuropathies 

7.8.1. Types, Diagnosis and Treatment 

7.9. Myopathies 

7.9.1. Types, Diagnosis and Treatment 
7.10. Neuromuscular Junction Diseases 
7.10.1. Myastemia Gravis

Module 8. Alterations in Cranial Nerves, Vestibular Syndrome and Canine and Feline Epilepsy. Involuntary Disorder Movements 

8.1. Neuro-Ophthalmology

8.1.1. Anatomy
8.2.2. Clinical Examination and Tests

8.2. Alterations in NC III, IV and VIA 

8.2.1. Anatomy 
8.2.2. Clinical Examination and Tests 

8.3. Chewing and Swallowing Disorders 

8.3.1. Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves Involved 
8.3.2. Clinical Examination and Tests 

8.4. Laryngeal Paralysis and Megaesophagus 

8.4.1. Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves Involved 
8.4.2. Physical Examination and Tests 

8.5. Facial Paralysis 

8.5.1. Anatomy and Function of the Facial Nerve 
8.5.2. Physical Examination and Tests 
8.5.3. Causes of Facial Paralysis 

8.6. Vestibular Syndrome I 

8.6.1. Vestibular Anatomy system 
8.6.2. Causes of Peripheral Vestibular Syndrome 
8.6.3. Causes of Central Vestibular Syndrome 

8.7. Vestibular Syndrome II 

8.7.1. Diagnosis 
8.7.2. Treatment 

8.8. Canine Epilepsy

8.8.1. Etiology and Pathophysiology
8.8.2. Classification 
8.8.3. Treatment 

8.9. Feline Epilepsy

8.9.1. Etiology and Pathophysiology 
8.9.2. Classification 
8.9.3. Treatment 

8.10. Involuntary Movement Disorders 

8.10.1. Etiology and Classification 
8.10.2. Treatment 

Module 9. Important Syndromes and Specific Treatments 

9.1. Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome

9.1.1. Clinical Signs 
9.1.2. Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention 

9.2. Horner Syndrome

9.2.1. Anatomy and Sympathetic Nerve Tracts 
9.2.2. Functional Tests 
9.2.3. Causes and Diagnosis 
9.2.4. Treatment 

9.3. Cauda Equina Syndrome

9.3.1. Neurology Examination and Clinical Signs 
9.3.2. Diagnostic tests 
9.3.3. Main Causes 

9.3.3.1. Lumbosacral Degenerative Stenosis and Foraminal Stenosis 
9.3.3.2. Neoplasms 
9.3.3.3. Vascular 
9.3.3.4. Disc Spondylitis and Empyema 

9.4. Alterations in Urination

9.4.1. Anatomy and Physiology of Urination 
9.4.2. Alterations in Urination 

9.5. Immunoneurology 

9.5.1. Important Aspects 
9.5.2. Main Pathologies, Diagnoses and Treatments 

9.6. Alternative Therapies for Neurological Patients

9.6.1. New Trends 
9.6.2. Treatments and Applications 

9.7. Antibiotherapy for Neurological Patients

9.7.1. Pharmacodynamics Blood-Brain Barrier 
9.7.2. Most Frequently Used Antibiotics. Types e Indicators 
9.7.3. Protocol of Use 

9.8. Use of Corticosteroids in Veterinary Neurology

9.8.1. Use in Spinal Cord Diseases 
9.8.2. Use in Diseases of the Brain 
9.8.3. Use in Diseases of the Neuromuscular System 

9.9. Oncological Treatment of the Nervous System I. Chemotherapy

9.9.1. Main Chemotherapeutic Agents 
9.9.2. Indications and Protocols 

9.10. Oncological Treatments of the Nervous System II. Radiotherapy

9.10.1. Radiotherapy Basic Principles 
9.10.2. Radiotherapy Main Indications 

Module 10. Neurological Emergencies 

10.1. Anesthesia and Management in Patients with Neurological Emergencies

10.1.1. Active Ingredients Used in Urgent Anesthetic Procedures 
10.1.2. Monitoring 

10.2. Traumatic Brain Injury I

10.2.1. Medical history
10.2.2. Pathophysiology. 
10.2.3. Glasgow Scale 

10.3. Cranial Encephalic Trauma II

10.3.1. Treatment Levels of Action 
10.3.2. Surgery 

10.4. Spinal Trauma I

10.4.1. Causes 
10.4.2. Pathophysiology. 

10.5. Spinal Trauma II 

10.5.1. Diagnosis
10.5.2. Treatment 

10.6. Clusters and Status Epilepticus

10.6.1. Pathophysiology and Causes 
10.6.2. Treatment and Stabilization 

10.7. CNS Neurotoxicity

10.7.1. Main Toxins Affecting the Nervous System 
10.7.2. Action to be Taken in the Event of Poisoning 

10.8. Metabolic Emergencies

10.8.1. Hypoglycemia 
10.8.2. Uremic Crisis 
10.8.3. Hepatic Encephalopathy 

10.9. Tetanus and Botulism 

10.9.1. Tetanus 
10.9.2. Botulism 

10.10. Exercise Intolerance and Collapse

10.10.1. Diagnostic Algorithm 
10.10.2. Management and Treatments  

You will learn in such a way that what you have learned becomes fixed and transformed into knowledge, through a structured study that will cover all the points of interest you need to update your intervention in Small Animal Neurology"