Our highly academic Master's Degree will allow you to acquire the specialization you are looking for and achieve a remarkable improvement in your daily practice quickly"

Studying veterinary radiology online is a reality nowadays due to the introduction of more advanced technological tools which enable the possibility of learning this specialty from wherever you happen to be. TECH takes advantage of the this in order to provide students with the most complete educational experience of the moment, employing an innovative methodology that allows for a contextual study of the cases presented. In addition, studies have shown that the veterinarian who has become familiar with radiological images and is able to associate them with different conditions will have a much better diagnostic capacity in the future, therefore, the clarity offered by the new technology allows the learning process to be complete.

For the realization of this Master's Degree, our university's teaching team has made a careful selection of the different radiological diagnostic procedures, together with other diagnostic alternatives for veterinary professionals.  In this way, clear clinical guidance is provided by the use of radiology to resolve the diagnosis of small animal diseases diseases without forgetting the wide variety of other diagnostic options that are of great use in veterinary practices.

In short, it is a program based on scientific evidence and daily practice, with all the nuances that each professional can contribute, so that the student can have all this in mind alongside the bibliography enriched by the critical evaluation that every professional must have in mind.

Thus, throughout this training, the students will go through all the current approaches to the different challenges in their profession. A high-level step that will become a process of improvement, not only on a professional level, but also on a personal level. In addition, TECH assumes a social commitment: to help update highly qualified professionals and to develop their personal, social and work skills throughout the duration of the course. And, to do so, it will not only take you through the theoretical knowledge offered, but will show you another more organic, simpler and more efficient way of studying and learning. It works to maintain motivation and to create a passion for learning; it encourages thinking and the development of critical thinking.

The studies in Veterinary Radiology will allow you to use the main diagnostic imaging techniques with total confidence"

This Master's Degree in Veterinary Radiology in Small Animals contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include: 

• The development of case studies presented by experts in Veterinary Radiology
• The graphic, schematic, and eminently practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice.
• Latest developments in Veterinary Radiology
• Practical exercises where the self-assessment process can be carried out to improve learning
• Special emphasis on innovative methodologies in Veterinary Radiology
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection work
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

This online training course, will give you the possibility to expand your knowledge with a multitude of virtual tools, making your learning faster and more effective"

TECH's teaching staff includes professionals belonging to the veterinary field, who contribute their work experience to this training, as well as renowned specialists from reference societies and prestigious universities.

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide immersive training programmed to train in real situations.

This program is designed around Problem Based Learning, whereby the specialist must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise during the academic year. For this purpose, the professional will be assisted by an innovative system of interactive videos made by renowned and experienced experts in Veterinary Radiology. 

Our innovative methodology has had a great rate of success amongst our students, due to the benefits it provides for contextual study, a factor which enables them to learn more easily"

Learn efficiently, with the real objective of attaining a valid qualification, on this Master's Degree which is unique for its quality and price, all of which helps it to stand out in the online teaching market"

The contents of this Master's Degree in Veterinary Radiology in Small Animals have been designed by a team of experts, backed by their years of experience. In this way, they have been in charge of programming a totally up-to-date syllabus aimed at the 21st century professional, who demands high quality training and knowledge of the main innovations in the field.

We have put a complete syllabus which is totally up-to-date on the main novelties regarding the essential tools in veterinary radiology at your disposal"

Module 1. Ionizing Radiation for Diagnostic Purposes

1.1. General Principles 

1.1.1. Electron Acceleration
1.1.2. Electrical Current Intensity
1.1.3. The Anode, Where the Anions Collide

1.2. Photon Formation with Diagnostic Effects

1.2.1. Types of Photons
1.2.2. Photon Energy
1.2.3. Orientation of Emitted Photons
1.2.4. Scattering of the Energy Generated by Photons

1.3. Scattered Radiation

1.3.1. Anode Dispersion 
1.3.2. Patient Dispersion
1.3.3. Implications for Clinical Imaging
1.3.4. Dispersion of Objects in the Radiodiagnostic Room

1.4. The Formation of Radiological Imaging 

1.4.1. Radiological Chassis
1.4.2. Radiological Films
1.4.3. RC Processing
1.4.4. DR Processing

1.5. Radiological Film Processing 

1.5.1. Development in Automatic Processors and Development Vats
1.5.2. Liquid Recycling
1.5.3. Processing with Digital Chassis
1.5.4. Digital Direct Processing

1.6. Factors Affecting Radiological Imaging 

1.6.1. Time
1.6.2. Voltage
1.6.3. Amperage 

1.7. Alterations in the Perception of the Radiological Image 

1.7.1. Pareidolia
1.7.2. Magnification
1.7.3. Distortion

1.8. Radiological Interpretation

1.8.1. Systematization of Interpretation 
1.8.2. Validity of the Image Obtained 
1.8.3. Differences between Tissues
1.8.4. Identification of Healthy Organs
1.8.5. Identification of Radiological Alterations
1.8.6. Typical Diseases of the Different Anatomical Regions 

1.9. Limiting Factors in Radiological Diagnosis, Time

1.9.1. Regions in Motion
1.9.2. Still Regions
1.9.3. Fuzziness
1.9.4. Anesthesia in Radiology
1.9.5. Radiological Positioners
1.9.6. Anatomical Regions in Which Time Has To Be Taken into Consideration

1.10. Limiting Factors in Radiological Diagnosis, Voltage

1.10.1. Density of the Radiographic Region
1.10.2. Contrast 
1.10.3. Sharpness
1.10.4. Anatomical Regions in Which the Energy of Photons Must Be taken into Consideration

Module 2. Radioprotection

2.1. Radiation Physics

2.1.1. Atomic Structure
2.1.2. Interaction of Radiation with Matter
2.1.3. Radiological Units

2.2. X-ray Equipment Characteristics

2.2.1. Tube Elements
2.2.2. Devices
2.2.3. Radiation Produced
2.2.4. Radiological Imaging 

2.3. Measurement of Ionizing Radiation

2.3.1. Personal Dosimetry
2.3.2. Environmental Dosimetry 

2.4. Detectors Used in Radiodiagnostic Installations

2.4.1. General Principles 
2.4.2. Detectors in the Room
2.4.3. Detectors Outside the Room
2.4.4. Personnel Detectors

2.5. Radiobiology

2.5.1. Cellular Response to Ionizing Radiation
2.5.2. Systemic and Organic Response
2.5.3. Diseases Caused by Radiation

2.6. Protection Against Ionizing Radiation

2.6.1. General Criteria
2.6.2. Operational Radiation Protection
2.6.3. ALARA Principle

2.7. Specific Radiological Protection in Radiodiagnostic

2.7.1. Personal Protectors
2.7.2. Shielding of the Room
2.7.3. Distance
2.7.4. Workload

2.8. General Requirements for a Radiodiagnostic Facility

2.8.1. Location 
2.8.2. Power Supply 
2.8.3. Shielding 

2.9. Quality Control of the Radiodiagnostic Installation

2.9.1. Shielding
2.9.2. The X-ray Emission Tank 
2.9.3. The Collimator
2.9.4. The X-ray Table
2.9.5. Leaded Aprons

2.10. Legislation

2.10.1. European Legislation
2.10.2. Legislation of the Room
2.10.3. Medical Checkups
2.10.4. Other Considerations

Módulo 3. Radiodiagnóstico del aparato cardiovascular

3.1. Positioning in Cardiovascular Radiological Diagnosis

3.1.1. Right Lateral Projection
3.1.2. Dorsoventral Projection
3.1.3. Differences with Other Projections

3.2. Physiological Radiological Imaging of the Cardiovascular System

3.2.1. Cardiac Silhouette
3.2.2. Cardiac Cameras
3.2.3. Large Vessels

3.3. Altered Radiological Image of the Cardiovascular System

3.3.1. Cardiac Size Alteration
3.3.2. Vascular Alteration
3.3.3. Radiographic Signs of Heart Failure

3.4. Acquired Heart Diseases I

3.4.1. Mitral Degenerative Disease
3.4.2. Canine Cardiomyopathy
3.4.3. Pericardial Diseases

3.5. Acquired Heart Diseases II

3.5.1. Feline Cardiomyopathies
3.5.2. Dirofilariasis
3.5.3. Systemic Diseases with Cardiac Implications

3.6. Oncology

3.6.1. Neoplasia of the Right Atrium
3.6.2. Cardiac-based Neoplasm
3.6.3. Congenital Heart Diseases

3.7. Patent Ductus Arteriosus

3.7.1. Introduction
3.7.2. Existing Forms
3.7.3. Radiological Characteristics
3.7.4. CAP with D-I Shunt

3.8. Vascular Ring Anomalies

3.8.1. Introduction
3.8.2. Types
3.8.3. Radiological Characteristics

3.9. Other Congenital Diseases

3.9.1. Pulmonary Stenosis
3.9.2. Atrioventricular Septal Defect
3.9.3. Tetralogy of Fallot
3.9.4. Aortic Stenosis
3.9.5. Interatrial Septal Defect
3.9.6. Mitral Dysplasia
3.9.7. Tricuspid Dysplasia
3.9.8. Microcardia

3.10. Radiological Diagnosis of Pericardial Diseases

3.10.1. Radiological Diagnosis of Pericardial Diseases

3.10.1.1. Pericardial Effusion
3.10.1.2. Introduction
3.10.1.3. Radiological Characteristics

3.10.2. Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernia

3.10.2.1. Introduction
3.10.2.2. Radiological Characteristics

Module 4. Radiodiagnostics of the Respiratory System and Other Intrathoracic Structures

4.1. Positioning for Thorax Radiology

4.1.1. Ventrodorsal and Dorsoventral Positioning
4.1.2. Right and Left Laterolateral Positioning

4.2. Physiological Imaging of the Thorax 

4.2.1. Trachea Physiological Imaging
4.2.2. Mediastinum Physiological Imaging

4.3. Pathologic Imaging in Thoracic Radiology

4.3.1. Alveolar Pattern
4.3.2. Bronchial Pattern
4.3.3. Interstitial Pattern
4.3.4. Vascular Pattern

4.4. Radiological Diagnosis of Acquired Pulmonary Diseases I

4.4.1. Structural Pathologies
4.4.2. Infectious Pathologies

4.5. Radiological Diagnosis of Acquired Pulmonary Diseases II

4.5.1. Inflammatory Pathology
4.5.2. Neoplasms

4.6. Feline-specific Thoracic Radiology

4.6.1. Radiology of the Heart in the Cat

4.6.1.1. Radiographic Anatomy of the Heart
4.6.1.2. Radiographic Diagnosis of Cardiac Pathologies

4.6.2. Radiology of the Thoracic Wall and Diaphragm of the Cat

4.6.2.1. Anatomy of the Thoracic Cage
4.6.2.2. Radiographic Diagnosis of Thoracic Wall and Diaphragm Pathologies

4.6.2.2.1. Congenital Skeletal Malformations
4.6.2.2.2. Fractures
4.6.2.2.3. Neoplasms
4.6.2.2.4. Alterations of the Diaphragm

4.6.3. Radiology of the Pleura and Pleural Cavity of the Cat

4.6.3.1. Radiographic Diagnosis of the Pleura and Pleural Cavity Pathologies 

4.6.3.1.1. Pleural Effusion
4.6.3.1.2. Pneumothorax
4.6.3.1.3. Hydropneumothorax
4.6.3.1.4. Pleural Masses

4.6.4. Radiology of the Cat Mediastinum

4.6.4.1. Radiographic Anatomy of the Mediastinum
4.6.4.2. Radiographic Diagnosis of Pathologies of the Mediastinum and the Organs it Contains

4.6.4.2.1. Pneumomediastinum
4.6.4.2.2. Mediastinal Masses
4.6.4.2.3. Esophageal Diseases
4.6.4.2.4. Tracheal Diseases

4.6.5. Pulmonary Radiology of the Cat

4.6.5.1. Normal Pulmonary Radiologic Anatomy
4.6.5.2. Radiographic Diagnosis of Pulmonary Pathologies

4.6.5.2.1. Pulmonary Patterns
4.6.5.2.2. Decreased Pulmonary Opacity

4.7. Radiology of the Mediastinum

4.7.1. Radiographic Anatomy of the Mediastinum
4.7.2. Mediastinal Effusion
4.7.3. Pneumomediastinum
4.7.4. Mediastinal Masses
4.7.5. Mediastinal Deviation

4.8. Congenital Thoracic Diseases

4.8.1. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
4.8.2. Pulmonary Stenosis.
4.8.3. Aortic Stenosis
4.8.4. Ventricular Septal Defect
4.8.5. Tetralogy of Fallot

4.9. Oncology 

4.9.1. Pleural Masses
4.9.2. Mediastinal Masses
4.9.3. Cardiac Tumors
4.9.4. Pulmonary Tumors

4.10. Radiology of the Thoracic Cage 

4.10.1. Anatomy Radiologic of the Thoracic Cage
4.10.2. Radiological Alterations of the Ribs
4.10.3. Radiological Alterations of the Sternu

Módulo 5. Radiodiagnosis of the Digestive System

5.1. Radiological Diagnosis of the Esophagus

5.1.1. Radiology of the Normal Esophagus
5.1.2. Radiology of the Pathologic Esophagus

5.2. Radiology of the Stomach

5.2.1. Radiology and Positioning for the Diagnosis of Gastric Diseases
5.2.2. Volvulus of Stomach
5.2.3. Hiatal Hernias
5.2.4. Gastric Tumors
5.2.5. Foreign Bodies

5.3. Small Bowel Radiology

5.3.1. Duodenum
5.3.2. Jejunum
5.3.3. Ileum

5.4. Iliocecal Valve Radiology

5.4.1. Physiological Imaging of the Valve
5.4.2. Pathological Imaging
5.4.3. Common Pathologies

5.5. Colon Radiology

5.5.1. Radiological Anatomy of the Colon
5.5.2. Oncologic Diseases of the Colon
5.5.3. Megacolon

5.6. Rectal Radiology

5.6.1. Anatomy
5.6.2. Diverticula
5.6.3. Neoplasms
5.6.4. Displacements

5.7. Radiological Imaging of Perineal Hernia

5.7.1. Anatomical Structuring
5.7.2. Abnormal Radiological Images
5.7.3. Contrasts

5.8. Radiological Oncology of Perineal Region

5.8.1. Structures Affected
5.8.2. Lymph Node Examination

5.9. Radiological Contrasts Applied to the Digestive System

5.9.1. Barium Swallowing
5.9.2. Barium Intake
5.9.3. Nemogastrography
5.9.4. Barium Enema and Double Contrast Enema
5.9.5. Radiological Assessment of the Surgical Progression of Diseases of the Stomach 

5.10. Radiological Assessment of the Surgical Progression of Diseases of the Stomach

5.10.1. Future Dehiscence
5.10.2. Transit Alterations
5.10.3. Surgical Reintervention Decision-Making
5.10.4. Other complications

Module 6. Radiodiagnosis of the Rest of Abdominal Structures 

6.1. Hepatic Radiological Diagnosis

6.1.1. Radiological Imaging of the Physiological Liver
6.1.2. Liver Disease
6.1.3. Radiological Examination of the Biliary Tract
6.1.4. Portosystemic Shunts
6.1.5. Oncology

6.2. Pancreatic Radiology

6.2.1. Radiological Imaging of the Physiological Pancreas
6.2.2. Pancreatic Disease
6.2.3. Oncology

6.3. Spleen Radiology

6.3.1. Physiological Radiological Imaging of the Spleen
6.3.2. Diffuse Splenomegaly
6.3.3. Focal Splenomegaly

6.4. Radiology of the Excretory System

6.4.1. Renal Radiology
6.4.2. Radiology of the Ureters
6.4.3. Radiology of the Bladder
6.4.4. Radiology of the Urethra
6.4.5. Oncology of the Excretory System

6.5. Radiology of the Genital System

6.5.1. Normal Radiological Imaging of the Female Genital System
6.5.2. Pathological Radiological Imaging of Female Genital System
6.5.3. Normal Radiological Imaging of the Male Genital System
6.5.4. Pathologic Radiological Imaging of the Male Genital System

6.6. Radiology of the Retroperitoneal Space

6.6.1. Normal Appearance of the Retroperitoneum
6.6.2. Retroperitonitis
6.6.3. Masses in the Retroperitoneal Space

6.7. Radiology of the Peritoneum

6.7.1. Peritoneal Cavity Pathology
6.7.2. Retroperitoneal Space
6.7.3. Abdominal Masses

6.8. Radiology of the Adrenal Glands

6.8.1. Normal Appearance of the Adrenal Gland
6.8.2. Techniques and Benign/Malignant Diagnosis
6.8.3. Frequent Adrenal Injuries

6.9. Oncologic Radiology

6.9.1. Detection of Clinically Undetectable Tumors
6.9.2. Primary Masses vs. Metastasis
6.9.3. Radiological Signs of Malignancy

6.10. Radiology of Diseases of the Abdominal Wall and Abdominal Boundaries

6.10.1. Hernias and Diaphragmatic Diseases
6.10.2. Abdominal Hernias
6.10.3. Perineal Hernias
6.10.4. Pelvic Fractures
6.10.5. Obliterating Flow Diseases

Module 7. Radiological Diagnosis in Neurology 

7.1. Radiological Anatomy

7.1.1. Structures Assessable by Radiology

7.1.1.1. Normal Radiological Anatomy of the Spine
7.1.1.2. Normal Radiological Anatomy of the Skull and its Structures

7.2. Radiological Examination of the Spine

7.2.1. C1-C6
7.2.2. T1-T13
7.2.3. L1-L7
7.2.4. S1-Cd

7.3. Contrast Examination

7.3.1. Cisternal Myelography
7.3.2. Lumbar Myelography
7.3.3. Pathological Alterations Observed by Myelography

7.4. Diagnosis of Vascular Pathologies

7.4.1. Vascular Pathologies: How Far Can We Go with Conventional Radiology
7.4.2. Assessment of Vascular Pathologies by Contrast Techniques
7.4.3. Assessment of Vascular Pathologies by Other Imaging Techniques

7.5. Cerebral and Meningeal Malformations

7.5.1. Hydrocephalus
7.5.2. Meningocele

7.6. Inflammatory Pathology

7.6.1. Infectious
7.6.2. Non-infectious
7.6.3. Disc Spondylitis

7.7. Degenerative Pathologies

7.7.1. Degenerative Disc Disease
7.7.2. Wobbler Syndrome
7.7.3. Lumbosacral Instability, Cauda Equina Syndrome

7.8. Spiral Trauma

7.8.1. Pathophysiology
7.8.2. Fractures

7.9. Oncology

7.9.1. Primary Neoplastic Diseases
7.9.2. Secondary Metastatic Diseases

7.10. Other Neurological Diseases

7.10.1. Metabolic
7.10.2. Nutritional
7.10.3. Congenital

Module 8. Orthopedic Radiological Diagnosis I

8.1. The Growth Plate

8.1.1. Organization of the Growth Plate and its Impact on Radiological Imaging
8.1.2. Blood Supply of the Growth Plate
8.1.3. Structure and Function of the Growth Plate Cartilaginous Components

8.1.3.1. Reserve Zone
8.1.3.2. Proliferative Zone
8.1.3.3. Hypertrophic Zone

8.1.4. Bone Components (Metaphysis)
8.1.5. Fibrous and Fibrocartilaginous Components
8.1.6. Radiological Imaging of the Growth Plate at Different Stages of Growth

8.1.6.1. Epiphysiolysis
8.1.6.2. Other Growth Disorders

8.2. Fracture Repair

8.2.1. Radiological Response of Traumatized Bone
8.2.2. Phased Fracture Repair

8.2.2.1. Inflammatory Phase
8.2.2.2. Repair Phase
8.2.2.3. Remodelling Phase
8.2.2.4. Callus formation
8.2.2.5. Fracture Healing
8.2.2.6. First Intention Repair
8.2.2.7. Second Intention Repair
8.2.2.8. Clinical Union 
8.2.2.9. Clinical Union Ranges

8.3. Fracture Complications

8.3.1. Delayed Union
8.3.2. Non-union
8.3.3. Bad Union
8.3.4. Osteomyelitis

8.4. Radiologic Imaging of Arthritis and Polyarthritis

8.4.1. Types of Arthritis and Polyarthritis
8.4.2. Clinical Diagnosis
8.4.3. Differential Diagnosis Radiology

8.5. Radiological Imaging of Osteoarthritis

8.5.1. Etiology
8.5.2. Radiological Diagnosis
8.5.3. Prognosis According to Radiological Imaging

8.6. Decision-making in Traumatology and Orthopedics Based on Radiologic Diagnosis

8.6.1. Fulfilled Clinical Function
8.6.2. Implant Ruptures
8.6.3. Implant Bends
8.6.4. Implant Migrates
8.6.5. Rejection
8.6.6. Infections
8.6.7. Thermal Interference

8.7. Radiology of Orthopedic Diseases

8.7.1. Radiology of Osteochondritis Dissecans
8.7.2. Panosteitis
8.7.3. Retained Cartilaginous Nucleus
8.7.4. Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy
8.7.5. Craniomandibular Osteopathy
8.7.6. Bone Tumors
8.7.7. Other Bone Diseases

8.8. Radiology of Hip Dysplasia

8.8.1. Physiological Hip Radiology
8.8.2. Pathological Hip Radiology
8.8.3. Gradation of Hip Dysplasia
8.8.4. Surgical Treatments for Hip Dysplasia
8.8.5. Clinical/Radiographic Progression of Hip Dysplasia

8.9. Radiology of Elbow Dysplasia

8.9.1. Physiological Elbow Radiology
8.9.2. Pathological Elbow Radiology
8.9.3. Types of Elbow Dysplasia
8.9.4. Surgical Treatments for Elbow Dysplasia
8.9.5. Clinical/Radiographic Progression of Elbow Dysplasia

8.10. Radiology of the Knee

8.10.1. Radiology of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture

8.10.1.1. Surgical Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture

8.10.2. Radiology of Patellar Dislocation

8.10.2.1. Gradation of Patellar Dislocation
8.10.2.2. Surgical Treatment of Patellar Dislocation

Module 9. Orthopedic Radiological Diagnosis II

9.1. Anatomy Radiology of the Pelvis

9.1.1. General Considerations
9.1.2. Radiologic Assessment of Stable Hip Fractures
9.1.3. Surgical Radiological Indication

9.1.3.1. Intra-articular Fracture
9.1.3.2. Closure of the Pelvic Canal
9.1.3.3. Joint Instability of a Hemipelvis

9.1.4. Fracture Separation of the Sacro-Iliac Joint
9.1.5. Fractures of the Acetabulum
9.1.6. Fracture of the Ilium
9.1.7. Ischial Fractures
9.1.8. Pubic Symphysis Fractures
9.1.9. Fractures of the Ischial Tuberosity

9.2. Radiological Imaging of Femur Fractures

9.2.1. Proximal Femoral Fractures
9.2.2. Fractures of the Medium Third of the Femur
9.2.3. Fractures of the Distal Third of the Femur

9.3. Radiological Imaging of Tibial Fractures

9.3.1. Fractures of the Proximal Third
9.3.2. Fractures of the Middle Third of the Tibia
9.3.3. Fractures of the Distal Third of the Tibia
9.3.4. Fractures of the Tibial Malleoli

9.4. Anterior Member

9.4.1. Radiological Imaging of the Scapula Fractures
9.4.2. Radiological Imaging of the Humerus Fractures
9.4.3. Radiological Imaging of the Radius and Ulnar Fractures

9.5. Fractures of the Maxilla and Mandible, Radiological Imaging of the Skull

9.5.1. Jaw Radiology

9.5.1.1. Rostral Jaw
9.5.1.2. Dental Radiology
9.5.1.3. Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

9.5.2. Radiology of the Maxilla

9.5.2.1. Dental Radiology
9.5.2.2. Radiology of the Maxilla

9.5.3. Radiology to the Paranasal Sinus
9.5.4. Radiology of the Skull
9.5.5. Oncology

9.6. Radiology of Fractures and Other Alterations Resulting in Incongruence of the Articular Surface

9.6.1. Fractures Affecting the Growth Nucleus
9.6.2. Classification of the Epiphysis Based on its Type
9.6.3. Classification of Slipped or Split Fractures Involving the Growth Nucleus and Adjacent Epiphyseal Metaphysis
9.6.4. Clinical Assessment and Treatment of Damage to Nucleus Growth
9.6.5. Radiology of Joint Fractures in Adult Animals

9.7. Joint Dislocations, Radiology

9.7.1. Radiological Positioning
9.7.2. Nomenclature
9.7.3. Traumatic Dislocations
9.7.4. Scapulohumeral Instability

9.8. Interventional Radiology in Traumatology

9.8.1. Radiology of the Fractures Affecting the Growth Nucleus
9.8.2. Radiology of Fractures Involving the Epiphysis based on Their Type
9.8.3. Radiology of Slipped or Split Fractures Involving the Growth Nucleus, Epiphysis and Adjacent Metaphysis
9.8.4. Radiology of Joint Fractures in Adult Animals

9.9. Radiology of Muscular, Tendinous and Ligamentous Diseases

9.9.1. Radiology of Muscular Diseases
9.9.2. Radiology of Tendinous and Ligamentous Diseases
9.9.3. Other Alternatives for Diagnostic Imaging of these Pathologies

9.10. Radiology of Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders

9.10.1. Introduction
9.10.2. Radiologic Imaging in Secondary Nutritional Hyperparathyroidism
9.10.3. Radiologic Imaging in Secondary Renal Hyperparathyroidism
9.10.4. Radiological Imaging in Hypervitaminosis A
9.10.5. Radiologic Imaging in Pituitary Dwarfism

Module 10. Other Diagnostic Imaging Methods. Diagnosis in Other Species. Exotic Animals

10.1. Ultrasound Diagnosis

10.1.1. Abdominal Cavity Ultrasound

10.1.1.1. Introduction to The Ultrasound Method
10.1.1.2. Examination Routine and Protocol for Performing the Ultrasound Examination
10.1.1.3. Identification of the Main Abdominal Structures
10.1.1.4. ECOFAST Technique
10.1.1.5. Abdominal Cavity Pathologies

10.1.2. Cardiac Ultrasound

10.1.2.1. Introduction to Cardiac Study Doppler Ultrasound
10.1.2.2. Examination Protocol
10.1.2.3. B-Mode and M-Mode
10.1.2.4. Acquired Cardiac Diseases
10.1.2.5. Congenital Cardiac Diseases
10.1.2.6. Pericardium

10.1.3. Ultrasound of the Musculoskeletal System

10.1.3.1. Scanning Technique
10.1.3.2. Assessment of Muscle Fibers and Tendons
10.1.3.3. Ultrasound Assessment of the Bone
10.1.3.4. Ultrasound Assessment of Joints
10.1.3.5. Ultrasound Assessment of the Neck

10.1.4. Thoracic Cavity Ultrasound

10.1.4.1. Introduction
10.1.4.2. Thoracic Wall
10.1.4.3. Pulmonary Parenchymal Diseases
10.1.4.4. Diaphragm Diseases
10.1.4.5. Mediastinal Diseases

10.1.5. Fistulous Tracts and Ultrasound of Masses of Unknown Origin

10.2. Computerised Axial Tomography

10.2.1. Introduction
10.2.2. CT Equipment
10.2.3. Nomenclature Hounsfield Units
10.2.4. Diagnosis in Neurology

10.2.4.1. Head
10.2.4.2. Nasal Cavity and Cranial Cavity
10.2.4.3. Spinal Column Myelo CT

10.2.5. Orthopedic Diagnosis

10.2.5.1. Skeletal System
10.2.5.2. Joint Diseases
10.2.5.3. Developmental Disorders

10.2.6. Oncology

10.2.6.1. Masses Assessment
10.2.6.2. Pulmonary Metastases
10.2.6.3. Lymphatic System Assessment

10.2.7. Abdominal Diagnosis

10.2.7.1. Abdominal Cavity
10.2.7.2. Urinary System
10.2.7.3. Pancreas
10.2.7.4. Vascularization

10.2.8. Thoracic Diagnosis

10.2.8.1. Lung and Respiratory Tract
10.2.8.2. Thoracic Wall
10.2.8.3. Pleural Space
10.2.8.4. Mediastinum, Heart and Great Vessels

10.3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging

10.3.1. Introduction
10.3.2. Advantages Inconveniences
10.3.3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Equipment Interpretation Principles
10.3.4. Diagnosis in Neurology

10.3.4.1. Central Nervous System
10.3.4.2. Peripheral Nervous System
10.3.4.3. Spinal Column

10.3.5. Orthopedic Diagnosis

10.3.5.1. Developmental Disorders
10.3.5.2. Joint Diseases
10.3.5.3. Bone Infections and Neoplasms

10.3.6. Oncology

10.3.6.1. Abdominal Masses
10.3.6.2. Lymphonodes
10.3.6.3. Vascularization

10.3.7. Abdominal Diagnosis

10.3.7.1. Abdominal Cavity
10.3.7.2. Main Pathologies

10.4. Diagnosis by Minimally Invasive and Interventional Techniques

10.4.1. Endoscopy

10.4.1.1. Introduction
10.4.1.2. Equipment
10.4.1.3. Patient Preparation
10.4.1.4. Examination Routine
10.4.1.5. Identifiable Pathologies

10.4.2. Arthroscopy

10.4.2.1. Introduction
10.4.2.2. Patient Preparation
10.4.2.3. Identifiable Pathologies

10.4.3. Laparoscopy

10.4.3.1. Introduction
10.4.3.2. Patient Preparation
10.4.3.3. Identifiable Pathologies

10.4.4. Catheterization

10.4.4.1. Introduction
10.4.4.2. Technique and Equipment
10.4.4.3. Diagnostic Uses

10.5. Radiographic Examination of Exotic Animals

10.5.1. Positioning and Projections

10.5.1.1. Birds
10.5.1.2. Small Mammals
10.5.1.3. Reptiles

10.6. Radiographic Pathological Findings of the Skull and Axial Skeleton in Exotic Animals

10.6.1. Radiographic Pathological Findings of the Skull

10.6.1.1. Birds
10.6.1.2. Small Mammals
10.6.1.3. Reptiles

10.6.2. Pathological Findings of the Axial Skeleton

10.6.2.1. Birds
10.6.2.2. Small Mammals
10.6.2.3. Reptiles

10.7. Radiographic Pathological Findings of the Thorax in Exotic Animals:

10.7.1. Birds

10.7.1.1. Nasal Passages and Sinuses
10.7.1.2. Trachea and Syrinx
10.7.1.3. Lungs
10.7.1.4. Air Sacs
10.7.1.5. Heart and Blood Vessels

10.7.2. Small Mammals

10.7.2.1. Pleural Cavity
10.7.2.2. Trachea
10.7.2.3. Oesophageal
10.7.2.4. Lungs
10.7.2.5. Heart and Blood Vessels

10.7.3. Reptiles

10.7.3.1. Respiratory Tract
10.7.3.2. Heart

10.8. Radiographic Pathological Findings of the Abdomen in Exotic Animals:

10.8.1. Birds

10.8.1.1. Proventricle, Ventricle and Intestine
10.8.1.2. Liver, Gallbladder and Spleen
10.8.1.3. Urogenital Tract

10.8.2. Small Mammals

10.8.2.1. Stomach, Appendix, Small and Large Intestines
10.8.2.2. Pancreas, Liver and Spleen
10.8.2.3. Urogenital Tract

10.8.3. Reptiles

10.8.3.1. Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver
10.8.3.2. Urinary Tract
10.8.3.3. Genital Tract

10.9. Radiographic Pathological Findings in Fore and Hind Limbs in Exotic Animals

10.9.1. Forelimbs

10.9.1.1. Birds
10.9.1.2. Small Mammals
10.9.1.3. Reptiles

10.9.2. Hind Limbs

10.9.2.1. Birds
10.9.2.2. Small Mammals
10.9.2.3. Reptiles

10.10. Other Diagnostic Processes in Exotic Animals

10.10.1. Ultrasound

10.10.1.1. Birds
10.10.1.2. Small Mammals
10.10.1.3. Reptiles

10.10.2. Computed Tomography (CT)

10.10.2.1. Birds
10.10.2.2. Small Animals
10.10.2.3. Reptiles

10.10.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

10.10.3.1. Birds
10.10.3.2. Small Animals
10.10.3.3. Reptiles

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