This Hybrid Master's Degree is the opportunity you were looking for to update your knowledge in Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, with the help of the best specialists" 

The passion for animals has led to the increasing introduction of animals such as rodents, reptiles or birds, which are not found in their natural habitat, but become part of homes. This leads to the proliferation of diseases, which require precise and specialized attention from veterinarians. Their excellent mastery in this field makes them widely demanded by clinics, zoos and recovery centers, in charge of promoting research and conservation of species. 

In this scenario, the professional must be constantly updated, to be able to offer a much more accurate care in the diagnoses and treatments applied. That is why TECH has created this Hybrid Master's Degree in Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, which provides a theoretical and practical perspective through the knowledge provided by an excellent specialized teaching team. 

A Hybrid Master's Degree that deepens through a syllabus taught in 100% online mode in areas such as nutrition in lagomorphs and rodents, the facilities where fish should grow or clinical management and application of preventive medicine in the main exotic species. All this with multimedia teaching resources that can be easily accessed from any electronic device with an Internet connection.

This theoretical stage is followed by a Clinical Internship in a prestigious clinical center, which will allow the students to apply all the concepts covered in the syllabus in a first class scenario. Therefore, during 3 weeks, the professionals will be tutored by a specialist in exotic animals, who will show them the most innovative diagnostic and analysis techniques, as well as the most innovative surgical treatments in this field.  

This is an excellent opportunity offered by TECH to all professionals who wish to update their knowledge through a program that provides flexibility and the real practice they need to update their knowledge in a field where specialized veterinarians are increasingly in demand.  

Exotic animals often mask their pathologies, so it is increasingly necessary the presence of veterinarians specialized in these species" 

This Hybrid Master's Degree in Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• Development of more than 100 clinical cases presented by nursing professionals with expertise in exotic animal medicine and surgery
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Assessment and monitoring of exotic animals 
• Comprehensive systematized action plans for the main pathologies
• Practical clinical guides on approaching different pathologies 
• All of this will be complemented by theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection 
• In addition, you will be able to carry out a clinical internship in one of the best veterinary clinical centers

Take an intensive 3-week internship in a prestigious center and get an update in Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery with the best professionals" 

ThisHybrid Master's Degree, of a professionalizing nature and hybrid learning modality, the program is aimed at updating veterinary professionals who perform their functions in clinical centers, and who require a high level of qualification. The contents are based on the latest scientific evidence, and oriented in a didactic way to integrate theoretical knowledge in the practice of medicine and surgery applied to exotic animals, and the theoretical and practical elements will facilitate the updating of knowledge and allow decision making in the management of the animal.

Thanks to its multimedia content elaborated with the latest educational technology, it will allow the veterinary professional to obtain a situated and contextual learning, that is, a simulated environment that will provide an immersive learning programmed to practice in real situations. The design of this program is focused on Problem-Based Learning, through which you will have to try to solve the different situations of professional practice that arise throughout the program. For this purpose, the students will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts. 

This Hybrid Master's Degree will take you to delve into hyperadrenocorticism, the most frequent endocrine pathology in sterilized ferrets"

With this program you will be up to date with the latest nutritional developments in reptile care"  

The contents of this program have been developed by the different experts of this Hybrid Master's Degree, with the aim of offering the latest developments in the field of Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery. For this, TECH provides an advanced syllabus, which will lead the professional to deepen both preventive medicine, accurate diagnosis, as well as the latest surgical techniques used. All this, with a multimedia didactic material, which can be accessed at any time of the day, from an electronic device with Internet connection. In addition, thanks to the Relearning method, you will be able to reduce the long hours of study and memorization. 

A program specially designed for veterinarians to treat both domesticated and wild exotic animals with the latest techniques, in real situations requiring anesthesia and immobilization"  

Module 1. Relevant Aspects of Lagomorfs and Rodents 

1.1. Taxonomic Classification: Is it a Lagomorph a Rodent? 

1.1.1. Lagomorphs 
1.1.2. Hystricomorph Rodents 
1.1.3. Myomorph Rodents 
1.1.4. Visible Differences Between the Different Species 

1.2. Technical Requirements: The Importance of Adapting Installations to Each Species 

1.2.1. Types of Accommodation 
1.2.2. Absorbent Hygienic Bedding 
1.2.3. Accommodation During the Hospitalization of the Patients 

1.3. Nutritional Aspects: Nutritional Specifications of Diets 

1.3.1. Specific Feeding Patterns in Lagomorphs and Hystricomorph Rodents 
1.3.2. Nutritional Programs for Myomorph Rodents 
1.3.3. Nutritional Care in Special Situations 

1.4. Anatomical Review: Different Species, Different Anatomies 

1.4.1. The Domestic Rabbit 
1.4.2. Hystricomorph Rodents 
1.4.3. Myomorph Rodents 

1.5. Clinical Handling and Preventive Medicine: The Key Factor for Excellence in the Eyes of the Owner 

1.5.1. Clamping 

1.5.1.1. Handling Techniques for Examination in the Practice 

1.5.2. Physical Examination 

1.5.2.1. Sexing: Sexual Dimorphism 

1.5.3. Preventive Medicine 

1.5.3.1. Current Legislation and Animal Identification System 
1.5.3.2. Vaccination Protocol 
1.5.3.3. Deworming Guidelines 
1.5.3.4. Information on Sterilization 

1.6. Sampling for Diagnosis and Pathways for Drug Administration 

1.6.1. Venepuncture 
1.6.2. Medication administration 
1.6.3. Urine Collection 
1.6.4. Radiographic Images Necessary to Reach the Correct Diagnosis and How to Perform Them

1.7. Diagnostic Techniques 

1.7.1. Sample Analysis: Key Factor for a Reliable Diagnosis 

1.7.1.1. Urine Sample. Interpretation of Results 
1.7.1.2. Blood Sample. Different Results

1.7.2. The X-Ray as a Basic Tool

1.7.2.1. Radiographic Interpretation and Diagnostic Imaging 

1.7.3. Ultrasound to Diagnose Specific Pathologies 

1.7.3.1. Main Approaches

1.7.4. Other Diagnostic Techniques 

1.8. Skin and Gastrointestinal Pathologies: Recompilation of the most Frequent Pathologies 

1.8.1. External Parasites 
1.8.2. Fungal Infections 
1.8.3. Bacterial Infections 
1.8.4. Viral Infections
1.8.5. Dermal Neoplasms: 
1.8.6. Other Dermal Alterations 
1.8.7. Dental Problems
1.8.8. Mucocele 
1.8.9. Foreign Bodies and Impaction 
1.8.10. Internal Parasites: 
1.8.11. Bacterial Enteritis
1.8.12. Ileum 

1.9. Respiratory and Genitourinary Disorders 

1.9.1. Respiratory Diseases of Rabbits and Rodents 
1.9.2. Cystitis and Urolithiasis 
1.9.3. Dystocia
1.9.4. Hyperestrogenism
1.9.5. Mammary Tumors
1.9.6. Gestational Toxemia 
1.9.7. Ovarian Cysts 
1.9.8. Paraphimosis 
1.9.9. Pyometra and Hemometra

1.10. Other Less Frequent Pathologies of Interest, But of Equal Importance 

1.10.1. Musculoskeletal Alterations 

1.10.1.1. Vitamin C Deficit
1.10.1.2. Fractures and Dislocation of the Rachis in Rabbits 

1.10.2. Neurological Alterations: 

1.10.2.1. Vestibular Syndrome in Rabbits 
1.10.2.2. Epilepsy in Gerbils 

1.10.3. Other Pathologies 

1.10.3.1. Viral Hemorrhagic Disease 
1.10.3.2. Myxomatosis 
1.10.3.3. Lymphomas 

Module 2. Advanced Criteria in Rabbits and Rodents 

2.1. Anatomo-Physiological Reminder of the Oral Cavity 

2.1.1. Anatomy of the Oral Cavity 

2.1.1.1. Dental Formula 
2.1.1.2. Types of Dentition 
2.1.1.3. Types of Mastication 

2.1.2. Origin of Dental Pathologies 

2.1.2.1. Genetic Origin
2.1.2.2. Traumatic Origin
2.1.2.3. Systemic Origin
2.1.2.4. Dietary Origin

2.1.3. Types of Oral Pathologies 

2.1.3.1. Malocclusion of Incisors 
2.1.3.2. Malocclusion of Premolars and Molars 

2.2. Oral Pathologies 

2.2.1. Symptoms Associated With Dental Pathologies. Early Diagnosis

2.2.1.1. Symptoms According to Location 
2.2.1.2. Presumptive Diagnosis and Work Plan 
2.2.1.3. Complementary Diagnostic Tests 
2.2.1.4. Firm Diagnosis 

2.2.2. Prevention, Treatment and Prognosis of Patients With Oral Pathologies 

2.2.2.1. Medical Treatment 
2.2.2.2. Surgical Treatment: New Advances in the Treatment of Oral Abscesses 

2.3. Fundamental Zoonoses in Lagomorphs and Rodents 

2.3.1. Basic Features of Prevention and Protection of the Veterinary Professional 
2.3.2. Diseases of Bacterial Origin 

2.3.2.1. Francisella Tularensis
2.3.2.2. Pasteurellosis 
2.3.2.3. Salmonellosis 
2.3.2.4. Bordetella Pertussis 
2.3.2.5. Brucellosis 
2.3.2.6. Yersinia Pestis 
2.3.2.7. Q fever 

2.3.3. Parasitic Diseases 

2.3.3.1. Internal Parasites: 
2.3.3.2. External Parasites 

2.4. Advanced Zoonoses in Lagomorphs and Rodents 

2.4.1. Diseases Caused by Protozoos 

2.4.1.1. Encephalitozoonosis 
2.4.1.2. Toxoplasmosis 
2.4.1.3. Giardiasis 

2.4.2. Viral Diseases 

2.4.2.1. Herpesvirus 

2.4.3. Diseases of Fungal Origin 

2.4.3.1. Dermatophytosis
2.4.3.2. Microsporum sp
2.4.3.3. Trichophyton Mentagrophytes

2.5. Most Commonly Used Anesthesia Techniques in Rodent and Lagomorph Clinics 

2.5.1. Basic Concepts 
2.5.2. Anesthesia- Analgesic Epidural 
2.5.3. Sedation and General Anaesthesia 

2.6. Updated Anesthesia Techniques 

2.6.1. Anatomical Review of the Facial Nerves 
2.6.2. Local Anesthesia and Cranial Nerve Block 
2.6.3. Jaw Nerve Blockade 
2.6.4. Infraorbital Nerve Block 
2.6.5. Palatine Nerve Block 
2.6.6. Mandibular Nerve Block 
2.6.7. Mental Nerve Block 
2.6.8. Emergency Room Anesthesia: Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation 

2.7. Ophthalmology in Lagomorphs and Rodents 

2.7.1. Common Ocular Infections 
2.7.2. Corneal Ulcers. Diagnosis and Treatment 
2.7.3. Protrusion of the Nictitating Membrane 
2.7.4. Pseudopterygium 
2.7.5. Naso-lacrimal Duct Catheterization in Rabbits 

2.8. Updated Medical Treatments 

2.8.1. Relevant Aspects
2.8.2. Safe Drugs and Suitable Dosage 
2.8.3. Common Drugs in Other Species, But Banned For Lagomorphs and Rodents 

2.9. Basic Surgical Techniques 

2.9.1. Pre-Surgical Factors 
2.9.2. Surgery Factors
2.9.3. Post-Surgical Factors
2.9.4. Lagomorph and Rodent Sterilization Techniques 

2.10. Advanced Surgical Techniques 

2.10.1. Cystotomy in Rabbits and Guinea Pigs 
2.10.2. Urethrotomy and Perineal Urethrostomy in Rabbits 
2.10.3. Gastrotomy in Lagomorphs and Rodents 
2.10.4. Enterotomy and Enterectomy in Lagomorphs and Rodents 

Module 3. Symptoms and Therapeutics for Ferrets 

3.1. Introduction to the Ferret Symptoms. Reinforced Basis to Move Towards a Diagnosis 

3.1.1. Anatomy 

3.1.1.1. Taxonomic Classification 
3.1.1.2. Anatomophysiological Peculiarities 
3.1.1.3. Noticeable Differences With Other Domestic Carnivores 
3.1.1.4. Sexual Dimorphism: 
3.1.1.5. Physiological Parameters

3.1.2. Maintenance and Nutritional Requirements of Ferrets 

3.1.2.1. Interior and Exterior Accommodation 
3.1.2.2. Specific Facilities
3.1.2.3. Absorbent Hygienic Bedding 
3.1.2.4. Hospitalization Maintenance Requirements 

3.1.2.4.1. Nutritional Classification
3.1.2.4.2. Feeding Guidelines 
3.1.2.4.3. Nutritional Requirements in Special Physiological Situations 

3.2. Clinical Handling and Preventive Medicine: The Importance of the First Visit to the Veterinarian Center 

3.2.1. Receiving the Patient and Clinical History 
3.2.2. Physical Examination: Systematic Physical Examination Protocol 
3.2.3. Clinical Handling and Veterinary Actions. Physical Containment of the Ferret for Examination, Diagnostic Techniques and How to Apply Treatments 

3.2.3.1. No Contact With the Patient 
3.2.3.2. Light Containment
3.2.3.3. Light Immobilization
3.2.3.4. Full Immobilization

3.2.4. Sexing: Sexual Dimorphism 
3.2.5. Preventive Medicine 

3.2.5.1. Current Legislation and Animal Identification System 
3.2.5.2. Vaccination Protocol 
3.2.5.3. Deworming Guidelines 
3.2.5.4. Information on Sterilization 

3.3. Pathways for Administering Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques 

3.3.1. Venepuncture 

3.3.1.1. Access to the Cephalic Vein 
3.3.1.2. Vena Cava: Location and Common Use 
3.3.1.3. Lateral Saphenous Vein 

3.3.2. Medication administration 

3.3.2.1. Oral Posology 
3.3.2.2. Subcutaneous Route 
3.3.2.3. Intramuscular Route 
3.3.2.4. Intravenous Route 
3.3.2.5. Intracardiac Route 
3.3.2.6. The Importance of Nebulizations 

3.3.3. Urine Collection 
3.3.4. Radiographic Images Necessary to Reach the Correct Diagnosis and How to Perform Them 

3.3.4.1. Handling Techniques for Performing X-Rays Without Sedation 
3.3.4.2. The X-Ray as a Basic Tool

3.3.5. Laboratory Samples: Interpretation and Results 

3.3.5.1. Urine Sample. Interpretation of Results 
3.3.5.2. Blood Sample. Different Results

3.3.6. Ultrasound to Diagnose Specific Pathologies 

3.3.6.1. Main Ultrasound Approaches 

3.4. Skin Diseases. Update on Dermatological Cases in Ferrets 

3.4.1. Alopecia: Very Common in Clinical Practice 

3.4.1.1. Non-Specific Symptoms That Should Not Be Forgotten 

3.4.2. Ectoparasites. Symptoms and Treatment Discussion 

3.4.2.1. Ear Mites 
3.4.2.2. Fleas. Ctenocephalides Felis and C. Canis 
3.4.2.3. Ticks 

3.4.3. Dermal Neoplasms: Very Frequent in Ferrets

3.4.3.1. Carcinomas
3.4.3.2. Sebaceous Adenomas
3.4.3.3. Epitheliomas
3.4.3.4. Cystadenomas
3.4.3.5. Epitheliotropic Cutaneous Lymphomas 

3.5. Oral Cavity Problems: Pathologies Similar to Those of Other Domestic Carnivores 

3.5.1. Dental Malocclusion: Congenital Causes 
3.5.2. Double Dentition: Supranumerary Incisors 
3.5.3. Dental Fractures: The Most Common Dental Pathology 
3.5.4. Periodontal Disease: Middle-aged Ferrets. Geriatrics 
3.5.5. Tooth Abscesses

3.5.5.1. Advanced Periodontal Disease 
3.5.5.2. Malpractice

3.5.6. Alterations in Dental Coloring. There are Two Classifications 

3.5.6.1. Dental Stains

3.5.6.1.1. Intrinsic Staining of the Teeth 
3.5.6.1.2. Extrinsic Staining

3.5.6.2. Dental Coloring

3.6. Gastrointestinal Pathologies. The Importance of Diagnostic Tools 

3.6.1. Gastritis 

3.6.1.1. Gastric Ulcers 
3.6.1.2. Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment 

3.6.2. Diarrhoeal Processes: The Most Common Condition in Ferrets
3.6.3. Presence of Internal Parasites 

3.6.3.1. Leonine Toxascaris 
3.6.3.2. Toxocara Cati 
3.6.3.3. Ancylostoma Sp
3.6.3.4. Dipylidium Caninum
3.6.3.5. Giardia Sp
3.6.3.6. Coccidiosis 

3.6.4. Inflammatory Bowel Disease 

3.6.4.1. Lymphoplasmacytic
3.6.4.2. Eosinophilic

3.6.5. Epizootic Catarrhal Enteritis (Coronavirus) 

3.6.5.1. Frequency, Clinical Picture and Diagnosis 

3.6.6. Infectious Peritonitis (Systemic Coronavirus)

3.6.6.1. High Frequency 
3.6.6.2. Symptoms and Diagnosis 
3.6.6.3. Prognosis of the Disease 

3.7. Respiratory Pathologies: 

3.7.1. Human Influenza: Orthomyxovirus

3.7.1.1. Transmission 
3.7.1.2. Clinical Picture 
3.7.1.3. Diagnosis 
3.7.1.4. Treatment 

3.7.2. Distemper Virus: Paramyxovirus

3.7.2.1. Progression of the Disease 
3.7.2.2. Diagnosis 
3.7.2.3. Prevention: The Best Tool Currently Available 

3.8. Endocrine Pathologies. The Main Issue With Ferrets 

3.8.1. Hyperadrenocorticism in Ferrets 

3.8.1.1. Definition and General Concepts 
3.8.1.2. Adrenal Gland Anatomy. Localization 
3.8.1.3. Endocrinological Functioning of the Adrenal Glands 

3.8.1.3.1. Reminder of Hormonal Functioning 

3.8.1.4. Typical and Non-Specific Symptoms

3.8.1.4.1. Alopecia 
3.8.1.4.2. General Malaise: Anorexia 
3.8.1.4.3. Genital Inflammation
3.8.1.4.4. Other Symptoms 

3.8.1.5. Establishing a Diagnosis 

3.8.1.5.1. Differential Diagnosis and Work Plan 
3.8.1.5.2. Complementary Tests: The Importance of Ultrasound 

3.8.1.5.2.1. Studies on the Measurement of Adrenal Glands 

3.8.1.5.3. Other Complementary Tests 

3.8.1.6. Management Patient Stabilization 

3.8.1.6.1. Surgical: Left or Bilateral, Total or Partial Adrenalectomy 
3.8.1.6.2. Doctor 

3.8.1.6.2.1. Deslorelin Implant 
3.8.1.6.2.2. Agonists of the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
3.8.1.6.2.3. Other Medical Treatments Used 

3.8.2. Hyperestrogenism

3.8.2.1. Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment 

3.9. Other Important Pathologies 

3.9.1. Urinary Pathologies

3.9.1.1. Renal Cysts

3.9.1.1.1. Clinical Findings 
3.9.1.1.2. Treatment 

3.9.1.2. Bladder Uroliths

3.9.1.2.1. Frequency (F) 
3.9.1.2.2. Types of Calculi and Recommended Treatment 

3.9.2. The Cardiac Patient 

3.9.2.1. The Most Common Symptoms 
3.9.2.2. Diagnostic Tools: X-Rays, Electrocardiograms, Ultrasound Scans 
3.9.2.3. Common Treatments and Case Monitoring 

3.9.3. Aleutian Disease

3.9.3.1. Causes 
3.9.3.2. Characteristic Symptomatology
3.9.3.3. Early Diagnosis

3.9.4. Neoplasms 

3.9.4.1. Insulinoma: Very Common Pathology in Middle-Aged Ferrets 

3.9.4.1.1. Causes. Symptoms 
3.9.4.1.2. Diagnostic Plan 
3.9.4.1.3. Effective Treatment 

3.9.4.2. Lymphoma 

3.9.4.2.1. Causes 
3.9.4.2.2. Diagnostic Plan 

3.10. Surgical Techniques in Ferrets 

3.10.1. Most Commonly Used Anesthesia and Analgesia in Ferrets 

3.10.1.1. Analgesia 
3.10.1.2. Sedation 
3.10.1.3. General Anesthesia 
3.10.1.4. Emergency Room Anesthesia: Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation 

3.10.2. Basic Surgical Techniques 

3.10.2.1. Pre-Surgical, Surgical and Post-Surgical Factors 
3.10.2.2. Lagomorph and Rodent Sterilization Techniques 

3.10.3. Advanced Surgical Techniques 

3.10.3.1. Adrenalectomy in Ferrets 

3.10.3.1.1. Surgical Technique: Bilateral, Unilateral, Total or Partial Decisions Prior 

3.10.3.2. Saculectomy: Anal Sacs Located in the Perineal Space 

3.10.3.2.1. The Most Common Approaches Currently Used 
3.10.3.2.2. When It Goes Wrong: Complications 

3.10.3.3. Cystotomy

3.10.3.3.1. Indications: Neoplasms and Urinary Obstructions 
3.10.3.3.2. Surgical Technique 

3.10.3.4. Urethrotomy and Urethrostomy in Ferrets 

3.10.3.4.1. Anatomical Review: Os Penis (Penile Bone) 
3.10.3.4.2. Indications: Neoplasms, Distal Urethral Strictures and Urinary Obstructions 
3.10.3.4.3. Surgical Technique 

3.10.3.5. Gastrotomy, Enterotomy and Enterectomy in Ferrets 

3.10.3.5.1. Indications: Gastrointestinal Obstructions, Foreign Bodies,    Neoplasms and Biopsies 
3.10.3.5.2. Surgical Technique  

Module 4. New Pets 

4.1. Taxonomic Classification: Notable Differences Between Species 

4.1.1. Squirrels, Prairie Dogs (PP) and Richardson's Squirrels: Small Rodents of Worldwide Distribution

4.1.1.1. Common or Red Squirrel (Sciurus Vulgaris) 
4.1.1.2. Grey Squirrel (Sciurus Carolinensis) 
4.1.1.3. Siberian Chipmunk (Eutamias Sibiricus) 
4.1.1.4. Eastern Chipmunk (Tamias Striatus) 
4.1.1.5. Prairie Dog (Cynomys Spp) 
4.1.1.6. Richardson’s Squirrels (Urocitellus / Spermophilus Rochardsonii) 

4.1.2. Hedgehogs: The Most Common Species 

4.1.2.1. African White-Bellied, 4-Toed or Pygmy Hedgehog (Atelerix Albiventris) 
4.1.2.2. Egyptian Hedgehog (Hemiechinus Auritus) 
4.1.2.3. European Hedgehog (Erinaceus Europaeus) 
4.1.2.4. Moorish Hedgehod (Erinaceus Algirus) 

4.1.3. Pet Pigs 

4.1.3.1. Vietnamese Pig (Sus Scrofa Domestica) 
4.1.3.2. Kune Pig (Sus Scrofa Domestica) 

4.2. Maintenance in Captivity: Specific Facilities. Furniture and Special Features 

4.2.1. Sciuromorphs. Thermal Factor 

4.2.1.1. Body and Environmental Temperature in Each Species 

4.2.2. Hedgehogs: Nocturnal, Territorial and Solitary Animals 

4.2.2.1. Body and Environmental Temperature 
4.2.2.2. Behavior in the Wild and in Captivity 
4.2.2.3. The "Self-Anointing". A Characteristic Behavior of the Species 

4.2.3. Pet Pigs: Dwarf Pigs 

4.2.3.1. Body and Environmental Temperature 
4.2.3.2. Interior and Exterior Facilities 
4.2.3.3. Environmental Enrichment: Techniques for Preventing Destructive Behavior 
4.2.3.4. Behavior in the Wild: Extrapolation to Captivity 

4.3. Nutritional Aspects: Nutritional Specifications of Diets Different Nutritional program for Each Species 

4.3.1. Sciuromorphs 

4.3.1.1. Classification According to their Habits 

4.3.1.1.1. Arboreal 
4.3.1.1.2. Mixed 
4.3.1.1.3. Land 

4.3.1.2. General Dental Distribution 

4.3.1.3. Changes in Feeding for Hibernation 
4.3.1.4. Nutritional Deficiencies 

4.3.2. Hedgehogs: Very Different Nutrition in Captivity Compared to in the Wild 
4.3.3. Pet Pigs: They are Omnivorous Animals

4.4. Anatomical Review: Different Species, Different Anatomies 

4.4.1. Sciuromorphs 

4.4.1.1. Oral Cavity. Types of Dentition 
4.4.1.2. Sexual Dimorphism: Only Clear in Adult Specimens 
4.4.1.3. Special Breeding Criteria: One Litter Per Year 
4.4.1.4. Differences Between Species 

4.4.2. Hedgehogs: They Are Polygamous

4.4.2.1. Sexual Dimorphism: 
4.4.2.2. Special Criteria for Reproduction 
4.4.2.3. Anatomic Considerations 

4.4.3. Pet Pigs 

4.4.3.1. Special Criteria for Reproduction 
4.4.3.2. Anatomy Recap

4.5. Clinical Handling and Preventive Medicine: The Key Factor for Excellence in the Eyes of the Owner. Key Questions 

4.5.1. Sciuromorphs 

4.5.1.1. Handling Techniques for Examination in the Practice 

4.5.2. Hedgehogs 
4.5.3. Pet Pigs 
4.5.4. Preventive Medicine 

4.5.4.1. Current Legislation and Animal Identification System 
4.5.4.2. Vaccination Protocol 
4.5.4.3. Deworming Guidelines 
4.5.4.4. Information on Sterilization 

4.6. Sampling for Diagnosis and Pathways for Drug Administration 

4.6.1. Sciuromorphs 
4.6.2. Hedgehogs 
4.6.3. Pet Pigs 

4.7. The Most Important Zoonoses: Protection as a Key Factor in the Veterinarian’s Practice

4.7.1. Sciuromorphs 

4.7.1.1. Animals Born in Captivity 
4.7.1.2. Captured Animals That Live in Captivity 

4.7.2. Hedgehogs 

4.7.2.1. Demodex Spp
4.7.2.2. Notoedrees Cati 

4.7.3. Pigs 

4.7.3.1. Hydatidosis

4.8. Most Common Pathologies in Sciuromorphs 

4.8.1. Update on Dermatology in Squirrels, Prairie Dogs and Richardson’s Squirrels

4.8.1.1. Alopecia 
4.8.1.2. Scabies: Sarcoptes Scabiei and Notoedres Cati 
4.8.1.3. Dermatophytosis 

4.8.2. Oral Cavity Pathologies: Most Common Dental Problems 

4.8.2.1. Most Frequent Causes 
4.8.2.2. Treatment 
4.8.2.3. The Pseudo-Odontoma: The Most Common Dental Problem in Prairie Dogs 

4.8.2.3.1. Predisposing Causes: Repeated Trauma 
4.8.2.3.2. Symptoms: The Reason for Coming to the Practice 
4.8.2.3.3. Effective Diagnosis 
4.8.2.3.4. Definitive Treatment 

4.9. The Most Common Pathologies in Hedgehogs 

4.9.1. Scabies: Loss of Spikes That Scares the Owner 

4.9.1.1. Caparinia Tripilis 
4.9.1.2. Symptoms and Treatment 

4.9.2. Dermatophytosis 

4.9.2.1. Trichophyton Mentagrophytes and Microsporum Spp
4.9.2.2. Symptoms and Treatment 

4.9.3. Respiratory Pathologies: Pneumonias 

4.9.3.1. Bordetella Bronchiseptica 
4.9.3.2. Multicide Pasteurella 
4.9.3.3. Mycoplasma Spp 

4.9.4. Nerve Pathologies: Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome 

4.9.4.1. Definition 
4.9.4.2. Symptoms 

4.10. The Most Common Pathologies in Dwarf Pigs 

4.10.1. Dermal Pathologies: A Common Consultation Problem 
4.10.2. Parasitosis 

4.10.2.1. Sarcoptes Scabiei 
4.10.2.2. Haematopinus Suis

4.10.3. Botulism: Similar Symptoms to Other Dermal Lesions 

4.10.3.1. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae 

4.10.4. Nail Overgrowth 

4.10.4.1. Specific Anatomy of the Nails 

4.10.5. Obesity: A Common Issue with Pigs in Captivity 
4.10.6. Swine Pleuropneumonia: Low Incidence but High Mortality 

4.10.6.1. Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae 

Module 5. Relevant Aspects of Birds 

5.1. Taxonomic Classification of Psittaciformes: The Majority of Birds Brought to the Practice 

5.1.1. Taxonomic Classification 
5.1.2. Worldwide Distribution
5.1.3. Anatomic Differences 

5.2. Taxonomic Classification of Psittaciformes: The Vast Majority of Wild Birds 

5.2.1. Taxonomic Classification 
5.2.2. Worldwide Distribution
5.2.3. Anatomic Differences 

5.3. Taxonomic Classification of Falconiformes: Birds of prey 

5.3.1. Taxonomic Classification 
5.3.2. Worldwide Distribution
5.3.3. Anatomic Differences 

5.4. Anatomy Recap

5.4.1. Generalized Anatomy Among Species 
5.4.2. Anatomy of the Skeletal System 
5.4.3. Anatomy of the Organs 

5.5. Maintenance: Suitable Facilities for Each Species 

5.5.1. Special Equipment: Types of Cages 
5.5.2. Stress
5.5.3. Physical exercise 
5.5.4. Ultraviolet Light 
5.5.5. Bird Maintenance in Captivity 
5.5.6. Feathers Coloring 
5.5.7. Water Availability 
5.5.8. Medication Added to the Water 
5.5.9. Water Baths and Sprays 

5.6. Nutritional Requirements: Food 

5.6.1. Feeding Guidelines 
5.6.2. Nutritional Composition Feed 

5.6.2.1. Carbohydrates 
5.6.2.2. Proteins 
5.6.2.3. Fats 
5.6.2.4. Vitamins

5.6.2.4.1. Liposoluble Vitamins 
5.6.2.4.2. Hydrosoluble Vitamins 
5.6.2.4.3. Antivitamins 

5.6.2.5. Minerals 

5.7. Type of Nutrition in Psittacine Birds 

5.7.1. Seed Mix: Nature in Captivity 
5.7.2. Feed: Differences Between Granulated and Extruded 
5.7.3. Fruits and Vegetables: Environmental Enrichment 
5.7.4. Germinated Seeds: With High Amounts of Vitamins 
5.7.5. Cooked Legumes: In Raw Form They Generate Digestive Alterations 
5.7.6. Eggfood: Desirable and Undesirable Effects 
5.7.7. Other Products
5.7.8. Calculating Energy Needs: Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Maintenance Energy Requirements (MER) 

5.8. Generalized Diet for the Most Common Psittacines in Clinics 

5.8.1. Australian Parakeet (Melopsittacus Undulattus) 
5.8.2. Nymph, Cocotilla or Carolina (Nymphicus Hollandicus) 
5.8.3. Lovebirds (Agapornis Spp) 
5.8.4. African Grey Parrot, Yaco (Psithacus Erithacus) 

5.9. Generalized Diet for the Least Common Psittacines in Clinics 

5.9.1. Amazon Parrot (Amazona Sp) 
5.9.2. Macaw (Ara Sp) 
5.9.3. Cockatoo (Cacatua Sp) 
5.9.4. Ecleptus Parrot (Ecleptus Roratus) 
5.9.5. Loris 
5.9.6. Psittacine Diet Conversion 

5.10. Other Dietary Aspects 

5.10.1. Relevant Aspects
5.10.2. Feeding in Passerine Birds 
5.10.3. Diet in Hospitalized Patients 

Module 6. Diagnostic Criteria and Treatments in Birds 

6.1. The Most Important Zoonoses 

6.1.1. Prevention and Protection of the Veterinary Professional 
6.1.2. Risk of Zoonosis from Handling 
6.1.3. Risk of Zoonosis from Ingesting 

6.2. Clinical Management and Preventive Medicine 

6.2.1. Physical Examination: Comprehensive and Orderly 
6.2.2. Bird Containment 
6.2.3. Sampling and Drug Administration 

6.2.3.1. Intravenous Route 
6.2.3.2. Intraosseous Route 
6.2.3.3. Oral Posology 
6.2.3.4. Intramuscular Route 
6.2.3.5. Subcutaneous Route 
6.2.3.6. Topical Route 

6.2.4. Preventive Medicine 

6.2.4.1. Vaccination 
6.2.4.2. Deworming 
6.2.4.3. Sterilization 

6.3. Diagnostic Imaging: Avian Radiology 

6.3.1. Ultrasound Equipment 
6.3.2. Handling Techniques in Radiography 
6.3.3. Ultrasound Visualization

6.4. Advanced Diagnostic Imaging 

6.4.1. Avian Ultrasound: The Use of Ultrasound 
6.4.2. Technical Problems 
6.4.3. Preparing and Positioning the Patient 
6.4.4. Avian Endoscopy: Instrumentation Required 

6.5. Pathologies of the Skin 

6.5.1. Acariasis: in Budgerigars and Canaries 
6.5.2. Follicular Cysts: Usual Reason for Attending a Practice in Canaries 
6.5.3. Itching: A Major Disorder 
6.5.4. Cutaneous Lipomas: Very Common in Parakeets and Other Species 

6.6. Other Important Diseases 

6.6.1. Avian Smallpox: Poxvirus 
6.6.2. Circovirus: Diseases of the Beak and Feathers 
6.6.3. Gout: Visceral or Articular 
6.6.4. Lameness: Multifactorial Causation 
6.6.5. Spikes: “Bumblefoot” 

6.7. Reproductive Diseases 

6.7.1. Introduction 
6.7.2. Egg Retention 
6.7.3. Chronic Egg Laying Nymphs, Parakeets and Lovebirds 

6.8. Review of Frequent Pathologies 

6.8.1. Macrorhabdus Ornithogaster: The Megabacteria 
6.8.2. Vomiting and Regurgitations: Non-specific Type 
6.8.3. PDD: Proventricular Dilatation Disease 
6.8.4. The Most Common Liver Problem 
6.8.5. Non-specific Diarrhea: In Passerines and Psittaciformes

6.9. Other Pathologies 

6.9.1. Psittacosis: Potential Zoonosis 
6.9.2. Hypovitaminosis A: Common in Birds Fed Exclusively on Seeds 
6.9.3. Aspergillosis: Fungi of the Aspergillus Genus 
6.9.4. Non-specific Respiratory Problems: The Big Problem 
6.9.5. Heavy Metal Poisoning 
6.9.6. Hypocalcemia: Very common in Yacos 

6.10. Treatment 

6.10.1. Key Aspects to Perform a Surgical Procedure 
6.10.2. Making Bandages 

6.10.2.1. Bandaging Wings 
6.10.2.2. Bandaging Spikes 

6.10.3. Feather Cutting 

Module 7. Relevant Aspects of Reptiles I 

7.1. Introduction 

7.1.1. Taxonomic Classification 
7.1.2. The Most Common Species of Reptiles in Captivity 
7.1.3. Other Reptiles Kept in Captivity 

7.2. Anatomy 

7.2.1. Common Aspects in Reptiles 

7.2.1.1. Skeletal System 
7.2.1.2. Circulatory System 
7.2.1.3. Digestive System 

7.2.2. Particular Anatomy of Turtles 
7.2.3. Anatomy of Lizards 
7.2.4. Anatomy of Snakes 

7.3. Maintenance: Suitable Facilities for Each Species 

7.3.1. Special Equipment: Types of Terrariums and Their Dimensions 
7.3.2. Water: Calculation of Daily Water Requirements 
7.3.3. The Material of the Terrarium 
7.3.4. The Importance of temperature: POTZ (Preferred Optimum Temperature Zone) 
7.3.5. The Importance of Humidity 
7.3.6. Light Control: Effects on the Organism 

7.3.6.1. Types of Radiation 
7.3.6.2. Existing Materials on the Market 

7.3.7. Living Together 

7.3.7.1. Interspecific 
7.3.7.2. Intraspecific 

7.4. Hibernation or Diapause 

7.4.1. Relevant Concepts
7.4.2. Types of Hibernation 
7.4.3. Species that Hibernate 
7.4.4. Problems Derived from Hibernation 

7.5. Nutritional Requirements: Food 

7.5.1. Classification Depending on the Type of Diet 
7.5.2. Factors to be Assessed in Each Physiological State 
7.5.3. Diet for Herbivore Species 
7.5.4. Diet for Insectivore Species 
7.5.5. Diet for Carnivore Species 

7.6. Clinical Management 

7.6.1. Reptile Transportation 

7.6.1.1. How Attend the Practice 
7.6.1.2. Long-Haul Transportation 
7.6.1.3. Legislation 

7.6.2. Containing the Reptile for its Examination 
7.6.3. Caudal Autotomy 
7.6.4. Physical Examination 
7.6.5. Sexing Techniques 

7.6.5.1. Turtles 
7.6.5.2. Lizards 
7.6.5.3. Ophidians 

7.6.6. Handing During Hospitalization 

7.7. Sampling and Drug Administration 

7.7.1. Oral Posology 

7.7.1.1. Suitable Techniques 
7.7.1.2. Administering Food During Hospitalization 

7.7.2. Subcutaneous Route 
7.7.3. Intramuscular Route 
7.7.4. Intravenous Route: Intravenous Catheterization 

7.7.4.1. Chelonids 
7.7.4.2. Lizards 
7.7.4.3. Ophidians 

7.7.5. Intraosseous Route: Interosseous Catheterization 
7.7.6. Intracellular Route: Similar to the Intraperitoneal Route in Mammals 

7.8. The X-Ray as a Basic Diagnostic Technique 

7.8.1. Radiological Technique: Machinery and Optimum Radiographic Contrast 
7.8.2. Handling During X-Rays and Radiographic Visualization 

7.8.2.1. Chelonids 
7.8.2.2. Lizards 
7.8.2.3. Snakes 

7.9. Other Diagnostic Imaging Techniques Used: Ultrasound and Endoscopy

7.9.1. Ultrasound in Reptiles: The Complement to Radiography 
7.9.2. Endoscopy: With a Variety of Uses 

7.10. Other Diagnostic Techniques  

7.10.1. Biopsies: Very Valuable Information 
7.10.2. Clinical Biochemistry 
7.10.3. Cytological Techniques 
7.10.4. Coprology in Reptiles 
7.10.5. Microbiology: Detecting Viruses, Bacteria and Parasites 
7.10.6. Necropsy: Postmortem Examination 

Module 8. Relevant Aspects of Reptiles II 

8.1. The Most Important Zoonoses 

8.1.1. Prevention and Protection 
8.1.2. Risk of Zoonosis from Handling 
8.1.3. Risk of Zoonosis from Ingesting 

8.2. Dermal Diseases: 

8.2.1. Injuries: Trauma and Aggressions 
8.2.2. Dysecdysis: Alteration of Skin Shedding 
8.2.3. Thermal Burns Caused by a Lack of Information Provided to the Owner 
8.2.4. Pyramiding: Deformation of the Shell 
8.2.5. Otic Abscesses: Common in Chelonians 
8.2.6. Ectoparasites 
8.2.7. Hypovitaminosis A: Multifactorial Cause 

8.3. Digestive Alterations 

8.3.1. Stomatitis: Very Common in Reptiles 
8.3.2. Intestinal Obstruction: Causes 
8.3.3. Hepatic Lipidosis: Obesity in Reptiles 
8.3.4. Internal Parasites: Different Species 

8.4. Other Pathologies 

8.4.1. Rhinitis: Dyspnea and Urgency 
8.4.2. Pneumonia: The Deficient Mucociliary System of The Lungs 
8.4.3. Renal Insufficiency: Very Frequent in Reptiles
8.4.4. Gout: Multifaceted Causation 

8.5. What Dose of a Drug to Use? 

8.5.1. Minimum Energy Cost 
8.5.2. MEC (Metabolic Energy Constant) and SMEC (Specific Minimum Energy Cost) Dose Values 
8.5.3. Dose Examples 

8.6. Common Treatments 

8.6.1. Antibiotics 
8.6.2. Disinfectants 
8.6.3. Nutritional Treatments 
8.6.4. Antimycotics 
8.6.5. Antiparasitics II 
8.6.6. Harmful Treatments 

8.7. The Success of Anesthesia 

8.7.1. Anesthetic Evaluation 
8.7.2. Pre-Medication 
8.7.3. Induction With Anesthetic Gas 

8.7.3.1. Types of Gases 
8.7.3.2. Anesthetic Circuitry 

8.7.4. Anesthetic Recovery 

8.8. Techniques and Applications of Basic Surgery 

8.8.1. Esophagotomy
8.8.2. Intracellular Access in Saurians and Ophidians: Celiotomy 
8.8.3. Cloacal Replacement 
8.8.4. Tympanic Removal Due to Abscesses 

8.9. Advanced Surgical Techniques 

8.9.1. Cloacal or Penile Prolapse 
8.9.2. Egg Retention 
8.9.3. Hepatic biopsy 
8.9.4. Renal Biopsy

8.10. Common Orthopedic Surgeries 

8.10.1. Metabolic Bone Disease: SNHP (Secondary Nutritional Hyperparathyroidism) 
8.10.2. Tail Amputation 
8.10.3. Limb Amputation and Fractures 
8.10.4. Shell Fractures 

Module 9. Wild Animal Medicine and Surgery 

9.1. Triage and Emergency Care of Wildlife 

9.1.1. Legislation, Organization and Function of Animal Centers 
9.1.2. The Philosophy and Ethics of Wild Life 
9.1.3. Answering Questions About Treatment and Release into the Wild 
9.1.4. The Relationship With the Wildlife Rehabilitator 
9.1.5. Emergency Treatment of Wildlife 
9.1.6. Animal Identification Techniques: Essential for Population Control 

9.2. Selection and Emergency Treatment in Wild Patients 

9.2.1. Trauma 
9.2.2. Oil Spills 
9.2.3. Intoxications 
9.2.4. Infectious Diseases 
9.2.5. Geriatric Animals 
9.2.6. Natural Disasters 
9.2.7. Rehabilitation and Release of Wild Patients 

9.3. Real Situations in Wildlife Anesthesia and Immobilization 

9.3.1. Ideal Situation 
9.3.2. Real Situation 
9.3.3. Anesthetic Considerations 
9.3.4. Public Safety 

9.4. The Anesthetic Procedure in Relation to Wildlife 

9.4.1. The Immobilization Process 
9.4.2. Non-Injectable Anesthetics 
9.4.3. Non-Injectable Anesthetics
9.4.4. Anesthetic Recovery: Capture Myopathy 

9.5. Bacterial Diseases of Wildlife I 

9.5.1. Leptospirosis: Leptospira Spp
9.5.2. Brucellosis: Undulant Fever 
9.5.3. The Bubonic plague: Yersinia Pestis 

9.6. Bacterial Diseases of Wildlife II 

9.6.1. Psittacosis: Ornithosis and Chlamydiosis 
9.6.2. Salmonellosis: Salmonella Spp 
9.6.3. Tetanus: Clostridium Tetanii 
9.6.4. Tularemia: Rabbit Fever 

9.7. Other Important Diseases in Wildlife III 

9.7.1. Aspergillosis: Aspergillus Fumigatus 
9.7.2. Histoplasmosis: Histoplasma Capsulatum 
9.7.3. Rabies: Rhabdovirus 
9.7.4. Helminth Diseases: Parasites 

9.8. Ursid Medicine 

9.8.1. Taxonomy: Ursidae Family 
9.8.2. Most Common Species of Bears 
9.8.3. Eye Anesthesia: Necessary Medicines 
9.8.4. Most Common Infectious Diseases 
9.8.5. Biometrics 
9.8.6. Diagnostic Techniques 
9.8.7. Vaccination: Types and Protocols 

9.9. Wild Feline Medicine 

9.9.1. Taxonomy: Felidae Family 
9.9.2. Most Common Species of Wild Felines 
9.9.3. Anesthesia in Wild Felines: Common Drugs 
9.9.4. Most Common Infectious Diseases 
9.9.5. Other Important Diseases 
9.9.6. Biometrics 
9.9.7. Diagnostic Techniques 

9.10. Medicine in Primates 

9.10.1. Taxonomic Classification: Primates of the New World and the Old World 
9.10.2. The Most Common Species of Primates 
9.10.3. Anesthesia in Primates: Common Drugs 
9.10.4. Most Common Infectious Diseases 

Module 10. Care and Pathologies in Fish 

10.1. Veterinary Clinic Activity in Fish: Basis for Clinical Diagnosis 

10.1.1. Profile of the Clinic: The Global Picture 
10.1.2. The Different Aquatic Environments 

10.1.2.1. Natural Aquatic Environment and Ornamental Fish Keeping Facilities 
10.1.2.2. The Role of Technology in Water Maintenance 

10.1.3. Chemical Properties of the Water 

10.1.3.1. Chemical Criteria 
10.1.3.2. Biological Criteria 

10.2. Anatomic Review: Guidelines to Achieve Cross-Species Identification 

10.2.1. Taxonomic Classification 
10.2.2. Most Common Species of Fish 

10.2.2.1. Ornamental Fish 
10.2.2.2. Fish for Consumption 
10.2.2.3. Laboratory Fish 

10.3. Clinical Handling: Guidelines for Correct Handling 

10.3.1. Appropriate Anamnesis 
10.3.2. Accurate Physical Evaluation 
10.3.3. Basic Handling Techniques 
10.3.4. Specialized Methods in Clinical Techniques 

10.3.4.1. Taking Samples for Complementary Tests 

10.4. Clinical Guidelines: The Definitive Diagnosis 

10.4.1. Identifying Clinical Problems 
10.4.2. Post-Mortem Diagnostic Techniques: the Big Finding 

10.4.2.1. Necropsy Technique 

10.4.3. Interpreting Clinical Findings 
10.4.4. Zoonosis: The Importance of Knowledge for Our Protection 
10.4.5. Biosecurity 
10.4.6. Patient Protection 
10.4.7. Food Safety 
10.4.8. Environmental Safety 

10.5. Pathologies Diagnosed with Simple Water Analysis Kits: Incorrect Management of the Aquatic Environment 

10.5.1. Low Concentration of Oxygen 
10.5.2. Adequate Temperature Control 

10.5.2.1. Thermal Gradients 

10.5.3. Toxicity Due to Ammonia Concentration 
10.5.4. Toxicity Due to Nitrite Concentration 
10.5.5. Controlling the pH of the Water 
10.5.6. Appropriate Use and Measurement of the Water pH 
10.5.7. Concentration of Solutes in Water 

10.5.7.1. Hard Water 
10.5.7.2. Inadequate Salinity 

10.6. Pathologies Resulting from Improper Maintenance: The Fish as an Individual Patient 

10.6.1. Nutritional Deficiency 
10.6.2. Presence of Inappropriate Toxic Substances: Poisons 
10.6.3. Pathologies Due to the Presence of Algae 
10.6.4. Trauma 
10.6.5. Genetic Alterations 

10.7. Pathologies Caused by Microorganisms 

10.7.1. Viral 
10.7.2. Bacterial 
10.7.3. Parasitic 

10.8. Pathologies that Require Complementary Diagnostic Tests 

10.8.1. Incorrect Concentration of Gas 
10.8.2. Trematode Infections 
10.8.3. Nematode Infections 
10.8.4. Cestode Infections 
10.8.5. Ceratomyxa Shasta Infection 
10.8.6. Microsporidiosis 
10.8.7. Coccidiosis 
10.8.8. Processes of Renal Destruction 

10.9. Treatment Administration: General Concepts and the Most Utilized Methods 

10.9.1. Guide of Treatments Used 
10.9.2. Medicine Administration Routes 
10.9.3. Choosing the Right Dosage 

10.10. Most Commonly Used Anesthesia Techniques: Administration of Anesthesia 

10.10.1. Patient Response to Aesthesia 
10.10.2. Euthanasia 
10.10.3. Toxicity and Residues Generated by the Environment

This program will allow you to advance in your career comfortably"