Become a doctor able to detect the various pathologies that affect the optic nerve with this program. In this way you can position yourself at the top of your profession" 

Neuro-Ophthalmology is a border discipline between Ophthalmology and Neurology. This means that both ophthalmologists and neurologists need to manage knowledge not strictly included in their specialty. In addition, some of the treatments available correspond to Neurosurgery. All this makes this subspecialty one of the most complex in the approach, which in some cases can only be multidisciplinary.

Therefore, this program will enable the student to correctly approach complex Neuro-Ophthalmological problems, which in many cases are potentially dangerous to the vision or even the life of patients.

On the other hand, the contents of this Master's Degree have been elaborated by ophthalmologists, neurologists and neurosurgeons, with the aim of enriching to the maximum the experience of the student. In this way, the professional will acquire diagnostic and therapeutic skills of the various Neuro-Ophthalmological pathologies known, including COVID-19. In this way, you will be able to make a correct diagnostic approach by knowing the proper use of the most innovative technologies.

Finally, the student will have the necessary knowledge to use the latest medical therapeutic options, make a coherent genetic advice or refer the surgical specialist to facilitate the resolution or improvement of the patient’s disease.

All this, taught in an online format and supported with rich multimedia content, which makes this program a fundamental resource in the training of neurologists and ophthalmologists who want to deepen knowledge of this subspecialty, and take their career a step further in this exciting field

It approaches the pathologies of vision and the central nervous system from a differential perspective thanks to the contents offered by this Master's Degree” 

This Master's Degree in Neuro-Ophthalmology contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features of the program include:

• Practical cases presented by experts in medicine
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Practical exercises where the self-assessment process can be carried out to improve learning
• Its special emphasis on innovative methodologies
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

This program makes a complete review of the subspecialty of Neuro-Ophthalmology. Thus the doctor will learn to treat and diagnose patients of all ages with this type of pathology"

The program’s teaching staff includes professionals from the sector who contribute their work experience to this training program, as well as renowned specialists from leading societies and prestigious universities.

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide immersive training programmed to train in real situations.

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the professional must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise during the academic year. For this purpose, the student will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts.   

TECH proven teaching methodology will help you reach the top of your profession. Do not hesitate and come to study at this great university" 

This Master's Degree is unique for offering the student advanced knowledge in the Neuro-Ophthalmological impact of the new COVID-19 disease"

The structure and contents of this Master's Degree have been designed following the criteria of topicality and maximum scientific rigor. All this, with the aim of bringing to the physician a didactic material adapted to the demands of this area of work to become a highly useful tool and a guide for action that supports the processes of diagnosis, approach and treatment in the area of Neuro-Ophthalmology . 

Learn from the best didactic material and become an expert in Neuro-Ophthalmology "  

Module 1. Medical History and Examination 

1.1. Current and Future Situation of Neuro-Ophthalmology

1.1.1. New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Methods
1.1.2. Utility of Information Technologies: Telemedicine, Artificial Intelligence
1.1.3. Neuro-Ophthalmology in Space Travel

1.2. Anamnesis and Examination

1.2.1. Medical History
1.2.2. Eye Function Examination

1.3. Anamnesis and Examination II

1.3.1. Contrast Sensitivity
1.3.2. Chromatic Vision
1.3.3. Stereopsis
1.3.4. Fundus Examination

1.4. Ocular Motility

1.4.1. Accommodation
1.4.2. Convergence
1.4.3. Pupil Examination
1.4.4. Fundus Examination

1.5. Campimetry

1.5.1. Utility of Campimetry
1.5.2. Types of Campimetry

1.6. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) 

1.6.1. Function and Types of the OCT
1.6.2. Utility of OCT in the Detection of Neurological and Neuro-Ophthalmological Pathology 

1.7. Electrophysiology 

1.7.1. Visual Evoked Potentials 
1.7.2. Electroretinogram 
1.7.3. Electrooculogram 

1.8. Neuroimaging 1: CAT 
1.9. Neuroimaging 2: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 
1.10. Neuroimaging 3: Ultrasound

Module 2. Embryology, Anatomy and Physiology

2.1. Embryology of the Visual System

2.1.1. Columnar Model of the Embryology of the Visual System and CNS
2.1.2. Prosomeric Model of the Embryology of the Visual System and CNS
2.1.3. Ocular Teratology

2.2. Bone Anatomy: The Skull
2.3. Vascular Anatomy 
2.4. Muscular Anatomy 
2.5. Afferent Visual Pathway

2.5.1. Prechiasmatic Optic Pathways 
2.5.2. Postchiasmatic Optic Pathways 

2.6. Efferent Pathway 

2.6.1. Anatomy of the Cranial Nerve Pairs 
2.6.2. Brainstem Motor Nuclei 

2.7. Sensory Innervation 
2.8. Motor Innervation 
2.9. Ocular Autonomic Nervous System 

2.9.1. Sympathetic System 
2.9.2. Parasympathetic System 

2.10. Topographic Diagnosis of Visual Field Disturbances

Module 3. Nuclear and Infranuclear Motility Disorders 

3.1. Horner Syndrome 

3.1.1. Anatomical Bases and Pathophysiology of the Oculosympathetic Pathway 
3.1.2. Causes of Horner’s Syndrome 
3.1.3. Clinical Findings
3.1.4. Diagnosis 
3.1.5. Treatment 

3.2. Paralysis of the III Pair 

3.2.1. Anatomical and Pathophysiology Bases 
3.2.2. Etiology 
3.2.3. Clinical Findings 
3.2.4. Aberrant Regeneration of the III Cranial Nerve 
3.2.5. Diagnosis 
3.2.6. Treatment 

3.3. Paralysis of the IV Pair 

3.3.1. Anatomical and Pathophysiology Bases 
3.3.2. Etiology 
3.3.3. Clinical Findings 

3.4. Paralysis of the VI Pair 

3.4.1. Anatomical and Pathophysiology Bases 
3.4.2. Etiology 
3.4.3. Clinical Findings 

3.5. Paralysis of the VII Pair 

3.5.1. Anatomical and Pathophysiology Bases 
3.5.2. Etiology 
3.5.3. Clinical Findings 

3.6. Treatment of Facial Paralysis 

3.6.1. Management of Facial Paralysis 
3.6.2. Prognosis 
3.6.3. New Treatments 

3.7. Combined Paralysis of the cranial Nerves 

3.7.1. Keys in the Diagnosis of Multiple Cranial Paralysis 
3.7.2. Most Common Causes of Multiple Cranial Pair Involvement 
3.7.3. Useful Complementary Tests and Diagnostic Algorithm 

3.8. Other Neuropathies 

3.8.1. Hyperkinetic Facial Disorders
3.8.2. Infectious and Immune-Mediated Neuropathies
3.8.3. Trauma and Tumors 

3.9. Myopathies I 

3.9.1 .Myasthenia Gravis 
3.9.2. Pseudomyasthenic Syndromes

3.10. Myopathies II 

3.10.1. Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia
3.10.2. Myotonic Dystrophy 

Module 4. Supranuclear Disorders of Motility. Nystagmus

4.1. Anatomical Relationships. Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation (PPRF) and Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF) 

4.1.1. Anatomical Constituents of the Supranuclear Eye Movement
4.1.2. Functional Anatomy of Saccadic and Tracking Movements
4.1.3. Functional Anatomy of Horizontal Versions
4.1.4. Functional Anatomy of Vertical Versions
4.1.5. Functional Anatomy of Convergence/Divergence 
4.1.6. Non-Optic or Vestibular Reflexes

4.2. Ophthalmological Manifestations in Pathology of the Trunk 

4.2.1. Horizontal Gaze Pathology 
4.2.2. Vertical Gaze Pathology 
4.2.3. Pathology of Convergence and Divergence 

4.3. Ophthalmological Manifestations in Pathology of the Cerebellum 

4.3.1. Localization of Lesions in the Cerebellum According to Ophthalmological Manifestations
4.3.2. Ophthalmologic Manifestations in Cerebellar Vascular Pathology
4.3.3. Ophthalmological Manifestations in Cerebellar Developmental Pathology

4.4. Ophthalmological Manifestations in Pathology of the Vestibular System 

4.4.1. Ophthalmological Manifestations of Central Oculo-Vestibular Dysfunction 
4.4.2. Ophthalmological Manifestations of Peripheral Oculo-Vestibular Dysfunction
4.4.3. Oblique Deflection (Skew)

4.5. Ophthalmological Manifestations in Degenerative Neurological and Other Diseases

4.5.1. Parkinson’s Disease 
4.5.2. Huntington’s Disease 
4.5.3. Epilepsy 
4.5.4. Coma 

4.6. Phacomatosis 

4.6.1. Neurofibromatosis 
4.6.2. Tuberous Sclerosis 
4.6.3. Von-Hippel-Lindau Disease 

4.7. Nystagmus 

4.7.1. Definition and Pathophysiology 
4.7.2. Classification 
4.7.3. Examination and Recording Methods 
4.7.4. Physiological Nystagmus 

4.8. Nystagmus in Adults 

4.8.1. Vestibular Nystagmus 
4.8.2. Eccentric Gaze Nystagmus 
4.8.3. Acquired Pendular Nystagmus 
4.8.4. Treatment 

4.9. Nystagmus in Childhood 

4.9.1. Sensory Nystagmus 
4.9.2. Idiopathic Motor Nystagmus 
4.9.3. Nystagmus due to Fusional Maldevelopment 
4.9.4. Other Childhood Nystagmus 
4.9.5. Diagnostic Protocol 
4.9.6. Treatment 

4.10. Saccadic Intrusions and Oscillations 

4.10.1. Saccadic Intrusions 
4.10.2. Saccadic Oscillations 
4.10.3. Other Ocular Oscillations 

Module 5. Pupils. Optic Nerve 

5.1. Pupillary Assessment

5.1.1. Importance of Proper Pupillary Assessment
5.1.2. Pupillary Reflexes
5.1.3. Accommodation and Convergence 

5.2. Anisocoria 

5.2.1. Physiological Anisocoria 
5.2.2. Major Anisocoria in Darkness: Mechanical Anisocoria, Pharmacological Anisocoria, Horner’s Syndrome

5.3. Greater Anisocoria in Light

5.3.1. Introduction 
5.3.2. Iris Lesion 
5.3.3. Pharmacological Mydriasis 
5.3.4. Tonic Pupil 
5.3.5. III Cranial Nerve Paralysis 

5.4. Alterations of Pupillary Reactivity:

5.4.1. Light-Near Dissociation 
5.4.2. Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect 
5.4.3. Argyll-Robertson Pupil 
5.4.4. Aberrant Regeneration 
5.4.5. Other Pupillary Alterations: Benign Episodic Mydriasis 

5.5. Anatomy and Physiology of the Optic Nerve

5.5.1. Anatomy and Physiology
5.5.2. Intraocular and Intraorbital Optic Nerve 
5.5.3. Intracanalicular and Intracranial Optic Nerve
5.5.4. Physiology 

5.6. Vascular Pathology of the Optic Nerve

5.6.1. Non-Arteritic Ischemic Optic Neuropathy 
5.6.2. Arteritic Ischemic Optic Neuropathy 
5.6.3. Other Ischemic Optic Neuropathies: Hypovolemia and Diabetic Papillopathy

5.7. Inflammatory Pathology of the Optic Nerve

5.7.1. Inflammatory Pathology of the Optic Nerve
5.7.2. Demyelinating Optic Nerve Pathology
5.7.3. Infectious Pathology of the Optic Nerve
5.7.4. Other Inflammatory Neuropathies: Perineuritis, Sarcoidosis and Autoimmune 

5.8. Infiltrative and Compressive Pathology

5.8.1. Tumor Pathology of the Optic Nerve
5.8.2. Optic Nerve Metastases, Lymphoma and Leukemia
5.8.3. Aneurysms and Compressive Bone Pathology of the Optic Canal

5.9. Metabolic and Nutritional Pathology

5.9.1. Metabolic Neuropathies
5.9.2. Nutritional Neuropathies
5.9.3. Toxic Neuropathies 

5.10. Traumatic Pathology

5.10.1. Direct Trauma
5.10.2. Indirect Trauma
5.10.3. Clinical Management 

Module 6. Neuro-Ophthalmological Manifestations of COVID-19. Headaches and Cranial Neuralgia 

6.1. Neuro-Ophthalmological manifestations of COVID-19 I: Pathogenesis

6.1.1. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 
6.1.2. Pathogenic Mechanisms 
6.1.3. Neurotropism and Autoimmunity 

6.2. Neuro-Ophthalmological Manifestations of COVID-19 II: Neuropathies
6.3. Neuro-Ophthalmological Manifestations of COVID-19 III: Headache. Papillitis 
6.4. Clinical Approach to Headache 
6.5. Migraine with Aura 

6.5.1. Characteristics of Migraine 
6.5.2. Neuro-Ophthalmologic Phenomena Associated to Migraine 

6.6. Other Primary Headaches with Orbital Pain 
6.7. Cranial Neuralgia and Neuropathies 
6.8. Neuro-Ophthalmologic Manifestations and Ocular Pain in Secondary Headaches 
6.9. Diagnosis of Headaches 

6.9.1. Diagnostic Techniques 
6.9.2. Indications 
6.9.3. Referral Criteria 

6.10. Treatment of Headaches 

6.10.1. Anesthetic Blocks 
6.10.2. Botulinum Toxin 
6.10.3. Neurostimulation 

Module 7. Vascular and Tumor Pathology 

7.1. Vascular Pathology I 

7.1.1. Aneurysms 
7.1.2. Arteriovenous Malformations 
7.1.3. Carotid-Cavernous Fistulas 

7.2. Vascular Pathology II

7.2.1. Temporal Arteritis
7.2.2. Vasculitis
7.2.3. Carotid Dissection 

7.3. Visual Disturbances in Stroke 

7.3.1. Parietal Lobe Involvement 
7.3.2. Temporal Lobe Involvement 
7.3.3. Occipital Lobe Involvement 
7.3.4. Bihemispheric Syndromes 

7.4. Optic Nerve Tumors I 

7.4.1. Meningioma 

7.5. Optic Nerve Tumors II 

7.5.1. Glioma 

7.6. Chiasm Pathology I

7.6.1. Pituitary Tumors 

7.7. Chiasm Pathology II

7.7.1. Cysts 
7.7.2. Metastatic Diseases 
7.7.3. Sphenoidal Mucocele 
7.7.4. Trauma 
7.7.5. Empty Sella Syndrome 
7.7.6. Other Alterations 

7.8. Suprasellar Neoplasms 

7.8.1. Craneofaringioma 
7.8.2. Other Tumors of the Sellar and Suprasellar Region 

7.9. Intracranial Hypertension

7.9.1. Etiology 
7.9.2. Symptoms 
7.9.3. Signs 
7.9.4. Diagnosis 
7.9.5. Differential Diagnosis 

7.10. Treatment of Intracranial Hypertension 

7.10.1. Weight Loss 
7.10.2. Medical Treatment 
7.10.3. Surgical Management 
7.10.4. Prognosis 

Module 8. Strabismus 

8.1. Applied Anatomy of the Extraocular Musculature 
8.2. Development of the Visual System 
8.3. Exploration

8.3.1. Assessment of Fusion, Suppression and Diplopia 
8.3.2. Parks Test. Lancaster Screen
8.3.3. Differential Diagnosis between Strabismus and Neurological Disorder

8.4. Amblyopia 

8.4.1. Strabismic Amblyopia
8.4.2. Amblyopia due to Anisometropia
8.4.3. Amblyopia due to Media Opacity 

8.5. Esotropia 

8.5.1. Acute Esotropia
8.5.2. Age-Related Esotropia 

8.6. Exotropia 

8.6.1. Acute Exotropia 

8.7. Vertical Strabismus 

8.7.1. Differential Diagnosis 
8.7.2. Sagging Eye

8.8. Combined and Restrictive Syndromes 

8.8.1. Duane Syndrome. Brown Syndrome 
8.8.2. Myopic Myopathy 
8.8.3. Thyroid Orbitopathy
8.8.4. Iatrogenic Myopathy 

8.9. Refractive and Orthoptic Treatment

8.9.1. Optical Correction 
8.9.2. Correction with Prisms 

8.10. Surgical Management

8.10.1. Botulinum toxin
8.10.2. Extraocular Muscles Surgery

Module 9. Pediatric Neuro-Ophthalmology 

9.1. Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination in Children 

9.1.1. Examination Techniques in the Pediatric Patient 
9.1.2. Electrophysiology 

9.2. The child With Low Vision. Delayed Visual Maturation 
9.3. Cerebral Visual Impairment 
9.4. Congenital Anomalies of the Anterior Optic Pathway 

9.4.1. Hypoplasia 
9.4.2. Colobomas and Optic Pits 
9.4.3. Optic Nerve Drusen 

9.5. Papillary Effacement

9.5.1. Intracranial Hypertension (IH) in Children 

9.6. Optic Neuropathies in Childhood I 

9.6.1. Inflammatory 
9.6.2. Pathology 

9.7. Optic Neuropathies in Childhood II Hereditary 

9.7.1. Dominant Optic Atrophy 
9.7.2. Leber Optic Neuropathy 

9.8. Optical Atrophy and Papillary Excavation in the Child 
9.9. Pediatric Tumor Pathology 

9.9.1. Primary Tumors of the Optic Nerve 
9.9.2. Midline Tumors 
9.9.3. Posterior Fossa Tumors 

9.10. Oculomotor Apraxia 

Module 10. Diagnostic Strategies and Decision Trees 

10.1. Blurred Vision, Transient Loss of Vision 

10.1.1. Introduction 
10.1.2. Etiology 
10.1.3. Differential Diagnosis 
10.1.4. Decision Tree 

10.2. Campimetric Alteration 

10.2.1. Introduction 
10.2.2. Etiology 
10.2.3. Differential Diagnosis 
10.2.4. Decision Tree 

10.3. Swollen Optic Nerve (Papilledema) 

10.3.1. Introduction 
10.3.2. Etiology 
10.3.3. Differential Diagnosis 
10.3.4. Decision Tree 

10.4. Double Vision (Diplopia) 

10.4.1. Introduction 
10.4.2. Etiology
10.4.3. Differential Diagnosis 
10.4.4. Decision Tree 

10.5. Image Movement 

10.5.1. Introduction 
10.5.2. Etiology 
10.5.3. Differential Diagnosis 
10.5.4. Decision Tree 

10.6. Abnormal Movement of the Eyes 

10.6.1. Introduction 
10.6.2. Etiology 
10.6.3. Differential Diagnosis 
10.6.4. Decision Tree 

10.7. Ptosis 

10.7.1. Introduction 
10.7.2. Etiology 
10.7.3. Differential Diagnosis 
10.7.4. Decision Tree 

10.8. Anisocoria 

10.8.1. Introduction 
10.8.2. Etiology 
10.8.3. Differential Diagnosis 
10.8.4. Decision Tree 

10.9. Alteration of Facial Mobility 

10.9.1. Introduction 
10.9.2. Etiology 
10.9.3. Differential Diagnosis 
10.9.4. Decision Tree 

10.10. Pain 

10.10.1. Introduction 
10.10.2. Etiology 
10.10.3. Differential Diagnosis 
10.10.4. Decision Tree

Welcome to the best academic program in Neuro-Ophthalmology . You’re just one step away from taking your career to the next level"