Master the latest innovations in Optical Technologies and Clinical Optometry with a practical and up-to-date approach through this Master's Degree”

Advances in Optical Technologies and Clinical Optometry have significantly transformed visual care, enabling more accurate diagnoses and more effective treatments. In a context where visual pathologies affect millions of people worldwide, having highly trained professionals in the latest tools and techniques is essential. Moreover, the constant evolution of this field requires continuous updates to provide care based on the best scientific evidence and to address the challenges in both clinical practice and research.

In this regard, this qualification covers key areas such as the adaptation of special contact lenses, preoperative tests for cataract surgery, biostatistics applied to research in Optics and Optometry, clinical treatment of low vision, pediatric optometry, and visual therapy with an interdisciplinary approach.

Thanks to a faculty composed of active experts, the content is presented from a practical and applied perspective, allowing the development of essential skills to perform in demanding clinical environments. Additionally, this specialization not only optimizes professional performance but also broadens career opportunities in both the public and private health sectors, as well as in research.

Finally, the 100% online methodology provides the flexibility needed to access updated materials anytime, anywhere. This allows the study to adapt to the needs and pace of each professional without interfering with their daily responsibilities, ensuring specialization aligned with the current demands of the optical and optometric sector.

You will delve into advanced diagnosis, specialized contact lenses, visual therapy, ocular rehabilitation, and new digital tools for visual assessment”

This Master's Degree in Optical Technologies and Clinical Optometry contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• The development of practical case studies presented by experts in Medicine
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Practical exercises where the self-assessment process can be carried out to improve learning
• Special emphasis on innovative methodologies in Medicine
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

Explore the connection between the visual system and the brain, diving deeper into evaluation and rehabilitation techniques for patients with Neurological Disorders affecting vision”

The teaching staff includes professionals belonging to the field of medicine, who contribute their work experience to this program, as well as renowned specialists from reference societies and prestigious universities.

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide an immersive learning experience designed to prepare for real-life situations.

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the student must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise throughout the program. For this purpose, the professional will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts.

Acquire knowledge on the most innovative strategies for managing myopia, including specialized lenses, medications, and therapies”

Learn the key approaches for visual care in older adults, addressing everything from presbyopia to conditions such as Glaucoma and Macular Degeneration”

This syllabus has been designed with a comprehensive approach, covering everything from advanced visual function assessment to the latest innovations in therapy and ocular rehabilitation. Furthermore, it combines theoretical knowledge with practical application based on the most recent scientific evidence. In this way, it ensures specialization aligned with the current demands of the sector, providing key tools to navigate clinical and research environments.

You will design personalized visual treatments for each patient, based on a precise evaluation of their ocular health”

Module 1. Optometric Procedures in Corneal, Intraocular and Cataract Refractive Surgery

1.1. Physical Basis of Refractive Change in the Corneal Plane

1.1.1. Solution of the Theoretical Eye

1.1.1.1. Theoretical Emeropic Eye
1.1.1.2. Theoretical Ametropic Eye

1.1.2. Change in Refraction Based on Changes in the Anterior Chamber Depth (ACD)
1.1.3. Change in Refraction as a Function of Change in Corneal Power

1.2. Corneal Refractive Surgery Techniques

1.2.1. Corneal Anatomy and Physiology
1.2.2. Optical Foundation
1.2.3. LASIK
1.2.4. PRK
1.2.5. LASEK
1.2.6. SMILE
1.2.7. PRESBILASIK
1.2.8. Restorations

1.3. Types of Laser

1.3.1. The Excimer Laser
1.3.2. Ablation Profiles
1.3.3. Optometrist in the Laser Refractive Surgery Operating Room
1.3.4. Surgery Scheduling and Safety Protocols
1.3.5. Creation of a Nomogram

1.4. Preoperative Testing for Corneal Refractive Surgery

1.4.1. Corneal Topography and Tomography

1.4.1.1. Normal Corneal Topography
1.4.1.2. Corneal Astigmatism vs. Refractive: Application of Javal's Rule
1.4.1.3. Pathological Topographies
1.4.1.4. Suspicious Topographies

1.4.2. Pachymetry

1.4.2.1. Normal Values, Limits and Fine Pachymetries
1.4.2.2. Limitations of Surgery Due to Pachymetry

1.4.3. Refraction

1.4.3.1. Visual Acuity
1.4.3.2. Subjective Refraction vs. Objective Refraction
1.4.3.3. Cycloplegic Refraction
1.4.3.4. Surgical Indication

1.4.4. Test Verification

1.4.4.1. Preoperative Briefing

1.5. Postoperative Period and Complications in Corneal Refractive Surgery

1.5.1. Intra-Operative

1.5.1.1. Correction of Programming Errors Using Dioptric Power Vectors  1.5.1.2. Incomplete Lenticule
1.5.1.3. Complete Lenticule
1.5.1.4. Loss of Epithelium

1.5.2. Post-Operatives

1.5.2.1. Flap Dislocation
1.5.2.2. Keratitis Sicca
1.5.2.3. Infections
1.5.2.4. Epithelial Growth at the Interphase
1.5.2.5. Interphase Fluid Syndrome
1.5.2.6. Cortico-Dependent Increase in Intraocular Pressure
1.5.2.7. Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome (TASS)
1.5.2.8. Loss of Visual Quality

1.6. Physical Basis of Refractive Change Induced by Intraocular Lenses

1.6.1. Solution of the Theoretical Eye

1.6.1.1. Phakic Lenses
1.6.1.2. Pseudophakic Lenses in Clear Lens and Cataracts

1.7. Preoperative Testing for Intraocular Surgery

1.7.1. Phakic Lenses
1.7.2. Lens Surgery

1.8. Ocular Biometry and Intraocular Lens Calculation

1.8.1. Calculation Formula for Pseudophakic Intraocular Lenses
1.8.2. Calculation Formula for Phakic Intraocular Lenses
1.8.3. Ultrasonic and Optical Ocular Biometry
1.8.4. Intraocular Lens Power Calculation Formulas
1.8.5. Calculation in Eyes Undergoing Corneal Laser Refractive

1.8.5.1. Haigis Method
1.8.5.2. Shammas’ Method
1.8.5.3. Barrett True-K

1.9. Types of Intraocular Lens

1.9.1. Monofocal
1.9.2. Multifocal
1.9.3. O-rings
1.9.4. Accommodating

1.10. Postoperative Period and Complications in Intraocular Refractive Surgery

1.10.1. Intra-Operative
1.10.2. Early Preoperatives
1.10.3. Late Preoperatives

Module 2. Biostatistics for Optics and Optometry Research

2.1. Concept of Biostatistics and Epidemiology

2.1.1. Definition of Statistics and Biostatistics
2.1.2. Clinical Research
2.1.3. Evidence Levels
2.1.4. Evidence-Based Optics and Optometry

2.2. A Visual Acuity Measurement Experiment

2.2.1. The Teacher's Doubt
2.2.2. Random Error and Systematic Error
2.2.3. Answering a Question from Intuition or from Science
2.2.4. Point or Interval Estimation
2.2.5. The Confidence Interval: Concept and Utility
2.2.6. The Hypothesis Contrast: Concept and Utility

2.3. Descriptive Statistics

2.3.1. Types of Variables
2.3.2. Measures of Central Tendency
2.3.3. Measures of Dispersion
2.3.4. Graphical Representation of Research Project Results
2.3.5. Use of Software
2.3.6. Examples Applied to Optics and Optometry

2.4. Probability Distributions

2.4.1. Concept of Probability
2.4.2. Concept of Probability Distribution
2.4.3. Binomial Distribution
2.4.4. Normal Distribution
2.4.5. Concept of Normality and Homoscedasticity

2.4.5.1. Typified Normal Distribution

2.4.6. Use of Software
2.4.7. Examples Applied to Optics and Optometry

2.5. Confidence Intervals

2.5.1. Point or Interval Estimation
2.5.2. The 95% Confidence Interval
2.5.3. Sample Size Estimation
2.5.4. Estimation of an Average
2.5.5. Estimation of an Proportion
2.5.6. Confidence Interval for a Difference in Means
2.5.7. Confidence Interval for a Difference in Proportions
2.5.8. Use of Software
2.5.9. Examples Applied to Optics and Optometry

2.6. Hypothesis Contrast

2.6.1. The P-Value
2.6.2. Critical Analysis of P-Value
2.6.3. Normality Test

2.6.3.1. Kolmoronov-Smirnov
2.6.3.2. Shapiro-Wilk’s Test

2.6.4. Homoscedasticity Test
2.6.5. Use of Software
2.6.6. Examples Applied to Optics and Optometry

2.7. Test for the Comparison of Two Samples and Two Proportions

2.7.1. Parametric and Non-parametric Tests
2.7.2. Student’s T-Test
2.7.3. Welch’s Test
2.7.4. Wilcoxon’s Test
2.7.5. Mann-Whitney’s Test
2.7.6. Confidence Interval for the Difference of Means
2.7.7. Use of Software
2.7.8. Examples Applied to Optics and Optometry

2.8. Test for the Comparison of More than Two Samples or Proportions

2.8.1. ANOVA
2.8.2. Kruskal-Wallis
2.8.3. Post-Hoc Analysis
2.8.4. Use of Software
2.8.5. Examples Applied to Optics and Optometry

2.9. Regression Analysis

2.9.1. Simple Linear
2.9.2. Multiple Linear
2.9.3. Logistics
2.9.4. Use of Software
2.9.5. Examples Applied to Optics and Optometry

2.10. Comparison and Concordance Analysis Between Measurement Methods

2.10.1. Difference Between Concordance and Correlation
2.10.2. Bland-Altman’s Graphic Methhod
2.10.3. Use of Software
2.10.4. Examples Applied to Optics and Optometry

Module 3. Vision Therapy in Clinical Practice

3.1. Medical History

3.1.1. Patient’s Clinical History
3.1.2. Triad: Patient, Family and Optometrist

3.2. Assessment of Sensory and Accommodative Function

3.2.1. Sensory Function: Suppression and Stereopsis
3.2.2. Accommodative Dysfunctions
3.2.3. Necessary Material

3.3. Vergence and Oculomotor Function Assessment

3.3.1. Vergenital Dysfunctions
3.3.2. Oculomotor Dysfunctions
3.3.3. Necessary Material

3.4. Assessment of Visual Information Processing

3.4.1. Relationship Between Vision and Learning
3.4.2. Visuospatial Skills
3.4.3. Visual Analysis Skills
3.4.4. Visuomotor Integration Skills

3.5. Visual Therapy in Non-Strabismic Dysfunctions

3.5.1. Intervention in Accommodative Dysfunctions
3.5.2. Intervention in Binocular Dysfunctions
3.5.3. Intervention in Oculomotor Dysfunctions

3.6. Visual Therapy in Amblyopia and Strabismus

3.6.1. Types of Amblyopia Intervention
3.6.2. Interventions in Strabismus

3.7. Visual Therapy in Brain Damage with Visual Impairment

3.7.1. Classification of Brain Injuries
3.7.2. Visual Problems after Acquired Brain Injury
3.7.3. Eye Test
3.7.4. Prognosis and Intervention Plan

3.8. Vision Therapy in Sports and Other Professions

3.8.1. Sport Vision
3.8.2. Visual Skills According to Sports Discipline
3.8.3. Techniques and Procedures for the Selection and Training of Athletes
3.8.4. Vision Therapy in Other Professions

3.9. Vision Therapy in Comorbidity with Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Low Vision, People With Disabilities and Functional Diversity

3.9.1. Visual Examination in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
3.9.2. Intervention Protocols According to Current Evidence and Clinical Guidelines
3.9.3. Visual Therapy in Patients With Low Vision
3.9.4. Triad: Student, Family and School

3.10. Transdisciplinary Practice in Vision Therapy

3.10.1. Optometric Report Templates
3.10.2. Communication With the Family
3.10.3. Communication With the Patient
3.10.4. Communication With Healthcare Professionals
3.10.5. Communication With the school
3.10.6. Visual Intervention in the Classroom

Module 4. Metrics and Measures of Visual Quality

4.1. Principles of Aberrometry

4.1.1. Wavefront

4.1.1.1. Perfect Wavefront
4.1.1.2. Aberrated Wavefront

4.1.2. Perfect Optical System and Diffraction

4.1.2.1. Diffraction Rings

4.1.3. Classification of Optical Aberrations

4.1.3.1. High Order
4.1.3.2. Low Order

4.1.4. Decomposition Into Zernike Polynomials

4.1.4.1. Zernike Coefficients
4.1.4.2. Normal Values

4.2. Clinically Significant Optical Aberrations

4.2.1. Spherical aberration

4.2.1.1. Optical Foundation
4.2.1.2. Positive Spherical Aberration
4.2.1.3. Negative Spherical Aberration
4.2.1.4. Normal Values

4.2.2. Coma

4.2.2.1. Normal Values

4.3. Metrics for the Measurement of Visual Quality

4.3.1. Zernike Coefficients
4.3.2. Strehl's Ratio
4.3.3. CSF and MTF
4.3.4. RMS

4.4. External Ocular Aberrations

4.4.1. Corneal Geometry
4.4.2. Asphericity

4.4.2.1. Asphericity Coefficients
4.4.2.2. Aspherical and Spherical Aberration

4.4.3. Normal Distribution of Corneal Aberrations

4.4.3.1. Normal Eye Asphericity
4.4.3.2. Normal Eye Coma

4.5. Internal Ocular Aberrations

4.5.1. Lens
4.5.2. Methods

4.6. Aberrations in the Irregular Cornea

4.6.1. Keratoconus
4.6.2. Corneal Ectasia

4.7. Induced Aberrometric Changes on the Cornea

4.7.1. Orthokeratology

4.7.1.1. Focused Treatment Case
4.7.1.2. Off-Center Treatment Case

4.7.2. Aberrometric Changes Induced by Corneal Refractive Surgery

4.7.2.1. Myopia Surgery
4.7.2.2. Hyperopia Surgery
4.7.2.3. Decentered Ablations

4.8. Aberrometric Changes Induced by Crystalline Lens Surgery and Intraocular Lens Implantation

4.8.1. Intraocular Lens Aberrations
4.8.2. Asphericity and Aberrations in the Pseudophakic Eye

4.9. Instruments for Measuring Visual Quality

4.9.1. Surveyors
4.9.2. Hartman-Shack Aberrometry

4.10. Compensation of Ocular Aberrations

4.10.1. Contact Lenses
4.10.2. Corneal Topography Guided Laser Ablation

Module 5. Latest Advances in Amblyopia Management

5.1. General Information

5.1.1. Visual Acuity Development
5.1.2. Critical Period Vs. Plasticity

5.2. Definition
5.3. Types of Amblyopia

5.3.1. Refractive Amblyopia
5.3.2. Strabismic Amblyopia
5.3.3. Deprivation Amblyopia
5.3.4. Combination Amblyopia

5.4. Visual Alterations

5.4.1. Visual Acuity
5.4.2. Contrast Sensitivity
5.4.3. Accommodation System
5.4.4. Ocular Motility:
5.4.5. Spatial Localization (Spatial Uncertainty and Distortions)
5.4.6. Stacking Effect
5.4.7. Suppression and Stereopsis
5.4.8. Reading Performance
5.4.9. Visuomotor Tasks
5.4.10. Neurological Activity and Pupillary Reaction
5.4.11. Anatomical Changes

5.5. Visual Acuity

5.5.1. Contrast Sensitivity
5.5.2. Accommodation System
5.5.3. Ocular Motility:
5.5.4. Spatial Localization (Spatial Uncertainty and Distortions)
5.5.5. Stacking Effect
5.5.6. Suppression and Stereopsis
5.5.7. Reading Performance
5.5.8. Visuomotor Tasks
5.5.9. Neurological Activity and Pupillary Reaction
5.5.10. Anatomical Changes

5.6. Inclusion and Exclusion Evaluation and Diagnosis

5.6.1. Visual Acuity Evaluation
5.6.2. Refractive Status Evaluation
5.6.3. Binocular System Evaluation
5.6.4. Accommodating System Evaluation
5.6.5. Ocular Motility Assessment
5.6.6. Ocular Health Evaluation

5.7. Treatment with Refractive Status Correction Latest Studies

5.7.1. Optical Correction to Prescribe
5.7.2. Time Required for Effect
5.7.3. Effectiveness

5.8. Treatment with Occlusion and Pharmacological Penalty Latest Studies

5.8.1. Occlusion

5.8.1.1. Types of Occlusion
5.8.1.2. Occlusion Time
5.8.1.3. Effectiveness

5.8.2. Pharmacological Penalty

5.8.2.1. Atropine Dosage
5.8.2.2. Effectiveness
5.8.2.3. Comparison of Treatment with Occlusion vs Pharmacological Penalty
5.8.2.4. Treatment Compliance
5.8.2.5. Treatment Regression

5.8.3. Vision Therapy Treatment Latest Studies

5.8.3.1. Advantages and Disadvantages
5.8.3.2. Monocular Activities
5.8.3.3. Near and Far Vision Activities
5.8.3.4. Antisuppressive Techniques and Binocular Therapy

5.8.4. Other Current and Future Treatments

5.8.4.1. Pharmacological Treatment
5.8.4.2. Acupuncture
5.8.4.3. Other Future Treatments

5.8.5. Comprehensive Management of the Amblyopia Patient

5.8.5.1. Action Protocol
5.8.5.2. Follow-Up Evaluation
5.8.5.3. Check-up Calendar

Module 6. Low Vision and Geriatric Optometry

6.1. Low Vision, Definition and Current Classifications

6.1.1. Definition, New Terms and Concepts
6.1.2. What Is a Low Vision Test?
6.1.3. Functional Vision
6.1.4. New Concept of Fragile Vision
6.1.5. Different Classifications, a Single Protocol?
6.1.6. Statistics Related to Visual Impairment of all Types
6.1.7. Concepts and Terminology
6.1.8. Low Vision Statistics
6.1.9. Low Vision Decalogue

6.2. Ocular Pathologies and Other Conditions Causing Low Vision

6.2.1. Degenerative and Non-Degenerative Pathologies
6.2.2. Classification of These Pathologies According to Their Condition
6.2.3. Physiopathogenesis
6.2.4. Risk Factors
6.2.5. Current Evolution of These Pathologies, Epidemiology
6.2.6. Adjustment Process to Visual Impairment
6.2.7. Low Vision in Children and Infants

6.3. Anamnesis in Low Vision and Multidisciplinary Intervention

6.3.1. Preliminary Considerations
6.3.2. Guidelines for Interaction With People With Low Vision
6.3.3. Role of the Patient’s Family And/or Companions
6.3.4. How to Communicate the Information?
6.3.5. Accompanying the Person With Low Vision
6.3.6. Patient Selection, Success or Failure, Outcome Prognoses

6.4. Clinical Intervention Protocol for People With Low Vision or Moderate to Severe Visual Loss

6.4.1. WHO Diagram
6.4.2. Individuals Eligible for Low Vision Adaptive Aids and Visual Rehabilitation
6.4.3. Improved Intervention for People with Low Vision, Fragile Vision, or Neurological Injuries
6.4.4. Tips for Professionals to Help Patients and Family Members
6.4.5. Interdisciplinary Referral Protocol
6.4.6. Interaction With People With Visual Impairment
6.4.7. Same Conditions, Different Solutions

6.5. Low Vision Consultation Material

6.5.1. Attitude and Aptitude
6.5.2. Equipment in Low Vision and Geriatrics
6.5.3. Tests Required for Evaluation
6.5.4. Which Commercial Products Are Useful?
6.5.5. Organizing a Low Vision Consultation
6.5.6. Patient and Family Support Reports

6.6. Low Vision and Geriatric Vision Patient Examination

6.6.1. Core Values for the Care of Low Vision and Geriatric Patients
6.6.2. Dunning-Kruger Syndrome in the Professional
6.6.3. Refraction of the Patient With Low Vision
6.6.4. Distant Vision
6.6.5. Near Vision
6.6.6. What Does the Patient Want?

6.7. Visual and Non-visual Aids in Visual Limitation, Low Vision and Geriatrics

6.7.1. Optical Aids, Classification
6.7.2. Non-Optical Aids Environment in Patients With Low Vision
6.7.3. Electronic Aids, Classification and Utilities
6.7.4. Latest Technologies and Artificial Intelligence for Low Vision
6.7.5. How to Create Positive Circumstances

6.8. Light, Its Importance and Basic Concepts Needed for Low Vision

6.8.1. Notions of Light Spectrum
6.8.2. Basic Concepts
6.8.3. Adaptation to Light and Darkness in Low Vision
6.8.4. Glare, a Fundamental Factor in Low Vision and Geriatrics
6.8.5. Variable of Objects Influencing Vision
6.8.6. Selective Filters: Not Everything Goes

6.9. Training in Low Vision Patient Support, Accompaniment and Follow Up

6.9.1. Optimal Choice in Patient Aids
6.9.2. Clear and Documented Information About Prescribed Aids
6.9.3. Guidelines for Training Aids
6.9.4. Specific Training in Distance, Medium and Near Vision
6.9.5. Expectations and Perceptions
6.9.6. Multidisciplinary Follow-up and Intervention, Training
6.9.7. Concepts of TR, and Patient Orientation

6.10. Geriatric Optometry Aging and Vision Problems

6.10.1. Pillars of Geriatrics
6.10.2. Aging and Visual Impairment
6.10.3. Significant Physical Changes
6.10.4. Assessment of Personal Autonomy
6.10.5. Most Relevant Neuropsychological Characteristics
6.10.6. Optometric Examination in Geriatric Patients
6.10.7. Appropriate Corrections in Geriatric Patients
6.10.8. Welfare Support

Module 7. Ophthalmic Pharmacology

7.1. General Principles of Pharmacology

7.1.1. Drug Concept
7.1.2. Drug Action Mechanisms

7.2. Pharmacogenetics

7.2.1. Routes of Drug Administration
7.2.2. LADME Process: Release, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of Drugs
7.2.3. Adverse Reactions of Drugs Administered by General and Topical Ocular Administration

7.3. Anesthetic Drugs in Ophthalmology

7.3.1. Pharmacological Effects of Anesthetics Applied at the Ocular Level
7.3.2. Use of Anesthetics in Ophthalmology
7.3.3. Adverse Reactions

7.4. Drugs That Modify the Diameter of the Pupil

7.4.1. Pharmacological Effects of Mydriatics, Miotics and Cycloplegics Applied at the Ocular Level
7.4.2. Use of Drugs in Ophthalmology
7.4.3. Adverse Reactions

7.5. Ocular Hypotensive Drugs

7.5.1. Glaucoma Pathology
7.5.2. Drug Action Mechanisms
7.5.3. Adverse Reactions

7.6. Anti-infective Drugs

7.6.1. Antibiotic Drugs
7.6.2. Antiviral Drugs
7.6.3. Antifungal Drugs

7.7. Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Antihistamines

7.7.1. AINES Drugs
7.7.2. Steroid Anti-inflammatory Drugs
7.7.3. Antihistamine Drugs

7.8. Antiangiogenic Drugs

7.8.1. Pathology of AMD
7.8.2. Mechanism of Action of Antiangiogenic Drugs

7.9. Botulinum Toxin

7.9.1. Botulinum Toxin Mechanism of Action
7.9.2. Use of Botulinum Toxin in Strabismus

7.10. Drugs Used in the Diagnosis of Ocular Surface Disorders. Artificial Tears and Ocular Moisturizers

7.10.1. Ocular Dyes
7.10.2. Artificial Tears and Ocular Moisturizers

Module 8. Latest Advances in Optical and Optometric Instrumentation

8.1. Characterization of the Tear

8.1.1. Characterization of the Meibomian Glands: Indications for Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) Treatment
8.1.2. Qualitative and Quantitative Techniques
8.1.3. Assessment of Tear Patterns

8.2. Characterization of the Cornea

8.2.1. Corneal Topography: Placido Systems and Scheimpflug Photography
8.2.2. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) of the Anterior Segment
8.2.3. Endothelial Microscopy
8.2.4. Corneal Biomechanics

8.3. Characterization of the Sclera: Scleral Topography

8.4. Evaluation of the Anterior Chamber and Iridocorneal Angle
8.4.1. Classic Techniques
8.4.2. Anterior Segment OCT
8.4.3. Gonioscopy
8.4.4. Ultrasonic Biomicroscopy (UBM)

8.5. Tonometry

8.5.1. Techniques
8.5.2. Instruments

8.6. Evaluation of the Crystalline Lens

8.6.1. Techniques
8.6.2. Instruments

8.7. Evaluation of the Optic Nerve, Retina (Vascular Tree, Parenchyma and Macular Area) and Choroid

8.7.1. Ophthalmoscopy
8.7.2. Posterior Segment OCT
8.7.3. Retinography
8.7.4. Other Techniques

8.8. Visual Field Evaluation

8.8.1. Computerized Campimetry
8.9. Systems for Assessing Visual Quality and Light Scattering

8.10. Ocular Biometry

8.10.1. Uses in Optometry
8.10.2. Ultrasound biometry
8.10.3. Optical biometrics

Module 9. Geriatric Optometry

9.1. Introduction

9.1.1. Optometric Goals in the Pediatric Population
9.1.2. Developmental Scale of the Child in the First Years of Life

9.2. Development of the Visual System

9.2.1. The Visual Pathway: Retina-Lateral Geniculate Body-Visual Cortex
9.2.2. Other Routes, Structures and Conexions

9.3. Epidemiology and Clinical Guidelines

9.3.1. Preliminary Considerations
9.3.2. Prevalence of Refractive Errors, Amblyopia, and Strabismus
9.3.3. Other Prevalences

9.4. Cabinet Design and Optometrist's Aptitude

9.4.1. The Optometrist and the Child
9.4.2. Pediatric Practice Design
9.4.3. Inclusion From Diversity

9.5. Medical History in the Pediatric Population

9.5.1. Anamnesis From 0 to 3 Years Old
9.5.2. Anamnesis From 3 to 7 Years Old
9.5.3. Anamnesis From 7 to 18 Years Old

9.6. Visual Acuity, Refractive Status and Contrast Sensitivity in the Pediatric Population

9.6.1. Development of Visual Acuity in Pediatric Population
9.6.2. Refraction and Its Evolution in the Pediatric Population
9.6.3. Contrast Sensitivity in Pediatric Population

9.7. Accommodation and Oculomotor Function in the Pediatric Population

9.7.1. Accommodation in Pediatric Population
9.7.2. Function in Pediatric Population

9.8. Binocular Function and Perceptual Assessment

9.8.1. Binocular Function
9.8.2. Perceptual Assessment and Other Skills

9.9. Detection of Pathological Alterations in the Pediatric Population

9.9.1. Detection of Alterations in the Anterior Pole
9.9.2. Detection of Posterior Pole Alterations

9.10. Transdisciplinary Involvement of the Optometrist in Vision Therapy

9.10.1. Communication With Other Health Care Providers
9.10.2. Communication With Educational Professionals

Module 10. Advanced Contactology

10.1. Cornea and Ocular Surface

10.1.1. Cornea
10.1.2. Tears
10.1.3. Lens-To-Eye Relationship

10.2. Corneal Topography

10.2.1. Introduction and Principles
10.2.2. Placid Disk-Based and Elevation-Based Topographies
10.2.3. Types of Maps and Their Application

10.3. Biomicroscopy

10.3.1. Introduction
10.3.2. Techniques and Uses
10.3.3. Photography and Image Capture

10.4. Fitting of Contact Lenses in Regular Cornea

10.4.1. When Is a Cornea Regular?
10.4.2. RGP Lenses

10.4.2.1. Materials
10.4.2.2. Designs

10.4.3. Custom Fitting of Soft Lenses

10.4.3.1. Introduction
10.4.3.2. Concept of Sagitta
10.4.3.3. Importance of Sagittal Height in Soft Lenses

10.5. Fitting of Contact Lenses in Irregular Cornea

10.5.1. Definition of Irregular Cornea
10.5.2. Corneal Lenses
10.5.3. Scleral Lenses
10.5.4. Other Possible Solutions

10.6. Principles of Orthokeratology

10.6.1. History
10.6.2. Treatment Mecanisms
10.6.3. Lens Design
10.6.4. Evaluation of the Fluorogram
10.6.5. Topography Evaluation

10.7. Advanced Orthokeratology

10.7.1. Myopia
10.7.2. Astigmatism
10.7.3. Hyperopia

10.8. Myopia Control with Contact Lenses

10.8.1. Introduction to Myopia
10.8.2. Orthokeratology
10.8.3. Multifocal Soft Lenses
10.8.4. Combined Treatments With Atropine

10.9. Fitting of Multifocal Lenses for Presbyopia

10.9.1. Blur Curve and Power Profiles
10.9.2. RGP Lenses
10.9.3. Soft Lenses

10.10. Complications in Contactology

10.10.1. Complications Arising From Adaptation
10.10.2. Complications Unrelated to the Adaptation

You will manage the latest optical technologies for the treatment of ocular diseases, such as retinal imaging systems and visual acuity evaluation equipment”