Dinamismo, actualidad y exhaustividad son las tres palabras que definen a esta Postgraduate diploma con el que, sin lugar a dudas, lograrás ponerte al día sobre la asistencia veterinaria a los NAC” 

La variedad de especies que están contempladas dentro de los denominados Nuevos Animales de Compañía (NAC) es amplia y diversa: aves, reptiles, anfibios, peces, artrópodos, etc. Sin embargo, todo ellos tienen una característica común: su reconocimiento reciente como mascotas cada vez más frecuentes en el hogar de millones de personas en todo el mundo. A pesar de que se trata de una cuestión que difiere en función a los distintos países, los profesionales veterinarios deben de contemplar la necesidad de actualizar sus conocimientos en función a la asistencia y al cuidado de los mismos, para así poder ofrecer un servicio clínico del máximo nivel de darse el caso.

Y para ello puede contar con este completísimo y exhaustivo programa en New Companion Animals and Birds, una experiencia académica vanguardista y dinámica en la que, sin lugar a dudas, encontrará toda la información que necesita para actualizar su praxis de manera garantizada. Se trata de una titulación diseñada por profesionales versados en Veterinaria de animales exóticos, por lo que comprende los aspectos más relevantes que el egresado debe dominar para su manejo. De esta manera, a lo largo de 600 horas, podrá ahondar en las novedades clínicas y terapéuticas de roedores y lagomorfos, en la clasificación taxonómica de diversos mamíferos y ovíparos y en las relacionadas con los aspectos más relevantes para el cuidado de las aves. Por último, tendrá la oportunidad de conocer al detalle los últimos avances relacionados con los criterios diagnósticos y de tratamiento de las distintas especies, permitiéndole implementar a su praxis las mejores estrategias y técnicas del momento.  

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El programa contempla un módulo específico dedicado a la clínica y terapéutica de los hurones, para que puedas actualizar tu praxis no solo en su manejo, sino en su cuidado efectivo y especializado”

Esta Postgraduate diploma en New Companion Animals and Birds contiene el programa científico más completo y actualizado del mercado. Sus características más destacadas son: 

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Tendrás acceso a un Campus Virtual de última generación en el cual estarán disponibles, desde el inicio del curso, las 600 horas de contenido teórico, práctico y adicional que incluye esta Postgraduate diploma”

El programa incluye en su cuadro docente a profesionales del sector que vierten en esta capacitación la experiencia de su trabajo, además de reconocidos especialistas de sociedades de referencia y universidades de prestigio. 

Su contenido multimedia, elaborado con la última tecnología educativa, permitirá al profesional un aprendizaje situado y contextual, es decir, un entorno simulado que proporcionará una capacitación inmersiva programada para entrenarse ante situaciones reales.  

El diseño de este programa se centra en el Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas, mediante el cual el profesional deberá tratar de resolver las distintas situaciones de práctica profesional que se le planteen a lo largo del curso académico. Para ello, contará con la ayuda de un novedoso sistema de vídeo interactivo realizado por reconocidos expertos.   

Si estás interesado en implementar a tu praxis las estrategias de medicina preventiva más innovadoras para los NAC, estás ante la opción perfecta para conseguirlo y de manera 100% online”  

¿Te gustaría perfeccionar tus competencias en el manejo de neoplasias y obstrucciones urinarias en pequeños roedores? Si la respuesta es afirmativa, matricúlate en este programa y podrás hacerlo”

The structure of the content has been designed by the best professionals in the Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery sector, with extensive experience and recognized prestige in the profession, backed by the volume of cases reviewed, studied, and diagnosed, and with extensive knowledge of new technologies applied to veterinary studies. 

We have the most complete and up-to-date academic program in the market. We strive for excellence and for you to achieve it too"  

Module 1. Symptoms and Therapeutics for Ferrets

1.1. Introduction to the Ferret Symptoms. Reinforced Basis Towards a Diagnosis

1.1.1. Anatomy: 

    1.1.1.1. Taxonomic Classification
    1.1.1.2. Anatomophysiological Peculiarities
    1.1.1.3. Noticeable Differences With Other Domestic Carnivores
    1.1.1.4. Sexual Dimorphism
    1.1.1.5. Physiological Parameters

1.1.2. Maintenance and Nutritional Requirements of Ferrets

    1.1.2.1. Interior and Exterior Accommodation
    1.1.2.2. Specific Facilities
    1.1.2.3. Absorbent Hygienic Bedding
    1.1.2.4. Hospitalization Maintenance Requirements

        1.1.2.4.1. Nutritional Classification
        1.1.2.4.2. Feeding Guidelines
        1.1.2.4.3. Nutritional Requirements in Special Physiological Situations

1.2. Clinical Handling and Preventive Medicine: The Importance of the First Visit to the Veterinarian Center

1.2.1. Receiving the Patient and Clinical History
1.2.2. Physical Examination: Systematic Physical Examination Protocol
1.2.3. Clinical Handling and Veterinary Actions. Physical Containment of the Ferret for Examination, Diagnostic Techniques and to Apply Treatments

    1.2.3.1. No Contact With the Patient
    1.2.3.2. Light Containment
    1.2.3.3. Light Immobilization
    1.2.3.4. Full Immobilization

1.2.4.     Sexing: Sexual Dimorphism
1.2.5.     Preventative Medicine

    1.2.5.1.    Current Legislation and Animal Identification System
    1.2.5.2.    Vaccination Protocol
    1.2.5.3.     Deworming Guidelines
    1.2.5.4.     Information on Sterilization

1.3. Pathways for Administering Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques

1.3.1. Venipuncture

    1.3.1.1. Access to the Cephalic Vein
    1.3.1.2. Vena Cava: Location and Common Use
    1.3.1.3. Lateral Saphenous Vein

1.3.2. Administering Drugs

    1.3.2.1. Oral Posology
    1.3.2.2. Subcutaneous Route
    1.3.2.3. Intramuscular Route
    1.3.2.4. Intravenous Route
    1.3.2.5. Intracardiac Route
    1.3.2.6. The Importance of Nebulizations

1.3.3. Urine Collection
1.3.4. Radiographic Images Necessary to Reach the Correct Diagnosis and How to Perform Them

    1.3.4.1. Handling Techniques for Performing X-Rays Without Sedation
    1.3.4.2. The X-ray as a Basic Tool

1.3.5. Laboratory Samples: Interpretation and Results

    1.3.5.1. Urine Sample. Interpreting Results
    1.3.5.2. Blood Sample. Different Results

1.3.6. Ultrasound to Diagnose Specific Pathologies

    1.3.6.1. Main Ultrasound Approaches

1.4.     Skin Diseases. Update on Dermatologic Cases in Ferrets

1.4.1. Alopecia: Very Common in Clinical Practice

    1.4.1.1. Non-Specific Symptoms That Should Not Be Forgotten

1.4.2. Ectoparasites. Symptoms and Treatment Discussion

    1.4.2.1. Ear mites
    1.4.2.2. Fleas. Ctenocephalides Felis and C. Canis
    1.4.2.3. Ticks

1.4.3. Dermal Neoplasms: Very Common in Ferrets

    1.4.3.1. Carcinomas
    1.4.3.2. Sebaceous Adenomas
    1.4.3.3. Epitheliomas
    1.4.3.4. Cystadenomas
    1.4.3.5. Epitheliotrophic Cutaneous Lymphomas

1.5.     Problems of the Oral Cavity: Pathologies Similar to Those of Other Domestic Carnivores 

1.5.1. Dental Malocclusion: Congenital Causes
1.5.2. Double Dentition: Supranumerary Incisors
1.5.3. Dental Fractures: The Most Common Dental Pathology
1.5.4. Periodontal Disease: Ferrets of Medium - Advanced Age. Geriatrics
1.5.5. Tooth Abscesses

    1.5.5.1. Advanced Periodontal Disease
    1.5.5.2. Malpractice 

1.5.6. Alterations in Dental Coloring. There are Two Classifications

    1.5.6.1. Dental Stains

        1.5.6.1.1. Intrinsic Staining of the Teeth
        1.5.6.1.2. Extrinsic Staining

    1.5.6.2. Dental Coloring.

1.6. Gastrointestinal Pathologies. The Importance of Diagnostic Tools

1.6.1. Gastritis

    1.6.1.1. Gastric Ulcers
    1.6.1.2. Causes. Diagnosis and Treatment

1.6.2. Diarrheic Processes: Most Common Symptoms in Ferrets
1.6.3. Presence of Internal Parasites

    1.6.3.1. Toxascaris Leonina
    1.6.3.2. Toxacara Cati
    1.6.3.3. Ancylostoma Sp
    1.6.3.4. Dipylidium Caninum
    1.6.3.5. Giardia Sp
    1.6.3.6. Coccidiosis 

1.6.4.     Inflammatory Bowel Disease

    1.6.4.1. Lymphoplasmacytic
    1.6.4.2. Eosinophilic

1.6.5. Epizootic Catarrhal Enteritis (Coronavirus)

    1.6.5.1. Frequency, Clinical Picture and Diagnosis 

1.6.6. Infectious Peritonitis (Systemic Coronavirus) 

    1.6.6.1. High Frequency
    1.6.6.2. Symptoms and Diagnosis
    1.6.6.3. Prognosis of the Disease

1.7. Respiratory Pathology

1.7.1. Human Influenza: Orthomyxovirus

    1.7.1.1. Transmission
    1.7.1.2. Clinical Picture
    1.7.1.3. Diagnosis
    1.7.1.4. Treatment

1.7.2. Distemper Virus: Paramyxovirus

    1.7.2.1. Progression of the Disease
    1.7.2.2. Diagnosis
    1.7.2.3. Prevention: The Best Tool Currently Available

1.8. Endocrine Pathologies. The Main Issue With Ferrets

1.8.1. Hyperadrenocorticism in Ferrets

    1.8.1.1. Definition and General Concepts
    1.8.1.2. Adrenal Gland Anatomy. Location
    1.8.1.3. Endocrinological Functioning of the Adrenal Glands

        1.8.1.3.1.    Reminder of Hormonal Functioning

    1.8.1.4. Typical and Non-Specific Symptoms

        1.8.1.4.1.    Alopecia
        1.8.1.4.2.    General Malaise: Anorexia
        1.8.1.4.3.    Genital Inflammation
        1.8.1.4.4.    Other Symptoms

    1.8.1.5. Establishing a Diagnosis

        1.8.1.5.1. Differential Diagnosis and Work Plan
        1.8.1.5.2. Complementary Tests: The Importance of Ultrasound

            1.8.1.5.2.1. Studies Measuring Adrenal Glands

        1.8.1.5.3. Other Complementary Tests

    1.8.1.6. Management Patient Stabilization

        1.8.1.6.1. Surgical: Left or Bilateral, Total or Partial Adrenalectomy
        1.8.1.6.2. Medical

            1.8.1.6.2.1. Deslorelin Implant
            1.8.1.6.2.2. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Agonists
            1.8.1.6.2.3. Other Medical Treatments Used

1.8.2. Hyperestrogenism

    1.8.2.1. Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

1.9. Other Important Pathologies

1.9.1. Urinary Pathologies

    1.9.1.1. Renal Cysts

        1.9.1.1.1. Clinical Findings
        1.9.1.1.2. Treatment

    1.9.1.2. Bladder Uroliths

        1.9.1.2.1. Frequency
        1.9.1.2.2. Types of Stones and Recommended Treatment

1.9.2. The Cardiac Patient

    1.9.2.1. The Most Common Symptoms
    1.9.2.2. The Diagnostic Tools: X-rays, Electrocardiograms, Ultrasound Scans
    1.9.2.3. Common Treatments and Case Monitoring

1.9.3. Aleutian Disease

    1.9.3.1. Causes
    1.9.3.2. Characteristic Symptomatology
    1.9.3.3. Early Diagnosis

1.9.4. Neoplasms

    1.9.4.1. Insulinoma: Very Common Pathology in Middle-Aged Ferrets

        1.9.4.1.1. Causes. Symptoms
        1.9.4.1.2. Diagnostic Plan
        1.9.4.1.3. Effective Treatment

    1.9.4.2. Lymphoma

        1.9.4.2.1. Causes
        1.9.4.2.2. Diagnostic Plan

1.10. Surgical Techniques in Ferrets

1.10.1. Most Commonly Used Anesthesia and Analgesia in Ferrets

    1.10.1.1. Analgesia
    1.10.1.2. Sedation
    1.10.1.3. General Anesthesia
    1.10.1.4. Anesthesia in the Emergency Department: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

1.10.2. Basic Surgical Techniques

    1.10.2.1. Pre-Surgical, Surgical and Post-Surgical Factors
    1.10.2.2. Lagomorph and Rodent Sterilization Techniques

1.10.3. Advanced Surgical Techniques

    1.10.3.1. Adrenalectomy in Ferrets.

        1.10.3.1.1. Surgical Technique: Bilateral, Unilateral, Total or Partial. Previous Decisions

    1.10.3.2. Saculectomy: Anal Sacs Located in the Perianal Space

        1.10.3.2.1. The Most Common Approaches Currently Used
        1.10.3.2.2. When It Goes Wrong: Complications

    1.10.3.3. Cystotomy.

        1.10.3.3.1. Indications: Neoplasms and Urinary Obstructions
        1.10.3.3.2. Surgical management

    1.10.3.4. Urethrotomy and Urethrostomy in Ferrets

        1.10.3.4.1. Anatomic Reminder: Os Penis (Penis Bone)
        1.10.3.4.2. Indications: Neoplasms, Distal Urethral Strictures and Urinary Obstructions
        1.10.3.4.3. Surgical management

    1.10.3.5. Gastrotomy, Enterotomy and Enterectomy in Ferrets

        1.10.3.5.1. Indications: Gastrointestinal Obstructions, Foreign Bodies, Neoplasms and Biopsies
        1.10.3.5.2. Surgical management

Module 2. New Companion Animals

2.1. Taxonomic Classification: Noticeable Differences Between Species

2.1.1. Squirrels, Prairie Dogs and Richardson's Squirrels: Small Rodents of Worldwide Distribution

    2.1.1.1. Common or Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris)
    2.1.1.2. Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)
    2.1.1.3. Siberian Chipmunk (Eutamias Sibiricus)
    2.1.1.4. Eastern Chipmunk (Tamias striatus)
    2.1.1.5. Prairie Dog (Cynomys Spp)
    2.1.1.6. Richardson’s Squirrels (Urocitellus / Spermophilus Rochardsonii)

2.1.2. Hedgehogs: The Most Common Species

    2.1.2.1. African White-Bellied, 4-Toed or Pygmy Hedgehog (Atelerix Albiventris)
    2.1.2.2. Egyptian Hedgehog (Hemiechinus Auritus)
    2.1.2.3. European Hedgehog (Erinaceus Europaeus)
    2.1.2.4. Moorish Hedgehod (Erinaceus Algirus)

2.1.3. Pet Pigs

    2.1.3.1. Vietnamese Pig (Sus Scrofa Domestica)
    2.1.3.2. Kune Pig (Sus Scrofa Domestica)

2.2. Maintenance in Captivity: Specific Facilities. Furniture and Special Features

2.2.1. Sciuromorphs. Thermal Factor

    2.2.1.1. Body and Environmental Temperature in Each Species

2.2.2. Hedgehogs: Nocturnal, Territorial and Solitary Animals

    2.2.2.1. Body and Environmental Temperature
    2.2.2.2. Behavior in the Wild and in Captivity
    2.2.2.3. The "Self-Anointing". A Characteristic Behavior of the Species

2.2.3. Pet Pigs: Dwarf Pigs

    2.2.3.1. Body and Environmental Temperature
    2.2.3.2. Interior and Exterior Facilities
    2.2.3.3. Environmental Enrichment: Techniques for Preventing Destructive Behavior
    2.2.3.4. Behavior in the Wild: Extrapolation to Captivity

2.3. Nutritional Aspects: Nutritional Specifications in the Diets. Different Nutritional program for Each Species

2.3.1. Sciuromorphs

    2.3.1.1. Classification According to their Habits

        2.3.1.1.1. Arboreal
        2.3.1.1.2. Mixed
        2.3.1.1.3. Terrestrial

    2.3.1.2. General Dental Distribution
    2.3.1.3. Changes in Feeding for Hibernation
    2.3.1.4. Nutritional Deficiencies

2.3.2. Hedgehogs: Very Different Nutrition in Captivity Than in the Wild
2.3.3. Pet Pigs: They Are Omnivores

2.4. Anatomic Reminder: Different Species, Different Anatomies

2.4.1. Sciuromorphs

    2.4.1.1. Oral Cavity. Types of Dentition
    2.4.1.2. Sexual Dimorphism: Only Clear in Adult Specimens
    2.4.1.3. Special Criteria for Reproduction: One Litter Per Year
    2.4.1.4. Differences Between Species

2.4.2. Hedgehogs: They Are Polygamous

    2.4.2.1. Sexual Dimorphism
    2.4.2.2. Special Criteria for Reproduction
    2.4.2.3. Anatomic Considerations

2.4.3. Pet Pigs:

    2.4.3.1. Special Criteria for Reproduction
    2.4.3.2. Anatomy Recap

2.5. Clinical Handling and Preventive Medicine: The Key Factor for Excellence in the Eyes of the Owner. Key Questions

2.5.1. Sciuromorphs

    2.5.1.1. Handling Techniques in the Practice for Examination

2.5.2. Hedgehogs
2.5.3. Pet Pigs
2.5.4. Preventative Medicine

    2.5.4.1. Current Legislation and Animal Identification System
    2.5.4.2. Vaccination Protocol
    2.5.4.3. Deworming Guidelines
    2.5.4.4. Information on Sterilization

2.6. Sampling for Diagnosis and Pathways for Drug Administration

2.6.1. Sciuromorphs
2.6.2. Hedgehogs
2.6.3. Pet Pigs

2.7. The Most Important Zoonoses: Protection as a Key Factor in the Veterinarian’s Practice

2.7.1. Sciuromorphs

    2.7.1.1.  Animals Born in Captivity
    2.7.1.2. Captured Animals Who Live in Captivity

2.7.2. Hedgehogs

    2.7.2.1. Demodex Spp
    2.7.2.2. Notoedrees Cati

2.7.3. Pigs

    2.7.3.1. Hydatidosis

2.8. Most Common Pathologies in Sciuromorphs

2.8.1. Update on Dermatology in Squirrels, Prairie Dogs and Richardson's Squirrels

    2.8.1.1. Alopecia
    2.8.1.2. Scabies: Sarcoptes Scabiei and Notoedres Cati
    2.8.1.3. Dermatofphytosis

2.8.2. Pathologies of the Oral Cavity: Most Frequent Dentistry Problems

    2.8.2.1. Most Common Causes
    2.8.2.2. Antibiotic
    2.8.2.3. The Pseudo-Odontoma: The Most Common Dental Problem in Prairie Dogs

        2.8.2.3.1. Predisposing Causes: Repeated Trauma
        2.8.2.3.2. Symptoms: The Reason for Coming to the Practice
        2.8.2.3.3. Effective Treatment
        2.8.2.3.4. Definitive Treatment

2.9. The Most Common Pathologies in Hedgehogs

2.9.1. Scabies: Loss of Spikes That Scares the Owner

    2.9.1.1. Caparinia Tripilis
    2.9.1.2. Symptoms and Treatment

2.9.2. Dermatofphytosis

    2.9.2.1. Trichophyton Mentagrophytes and Microsporum Spp
    2.9.2.2. Symptoms and Treatment

2.9.3. Respiratory Pathologies: Pneumonias

    2.9.3.1. Bordetella Bronchiseptica
    2.9.3.2. Pasteurella Multocida
    2.9.3.3. Mycoplasma Spp

2.9.4. Nerve Pathologies: Whobbly Hedgehog Syndrom

    2.9.4.1. Definition
    2.9.4.2. Symptoms

2.10. The Most Common Pathologies in Dwarf Pigs

2.10.1. Dermal Pathologies: A Common Issue in the Practice
2.10.2. Parasitosis. 

    2.10.2.1. Sarcoptes Scabiei
    2.10.2.2. Haematopinus Suis

2.10.3. Botulism: Similar Symptoms to Other Dermal Lesions

    2.10.3.1. Erysipelothrix Rusopathiae

2.10.4. Nail Overgrowth

    2.10.4.1. Specific Anatomy of the Nails

2.10.5. Obesity: A Common Issue with Pigs in Captivity
2.10.6. Swine Pleuropneumonia: Low Incidence but High Mortality

    2.10.6.1. Actinobacilus Pleuroneumoniae

Module 3. Relevant Aspects of Birds

3.1. Taxonomic Classification of Psittaciformes: The Majority of Birds Brought to the Practice

3.1.1. Taxonomic Classification
3.1.2. Worldwide Distribution
3.1.3. Anatomic Differences

3.2. Taxonomic Classification of Passerine Birds: The Vast Majority of Wild Birds

3.2.1. Taxonomic Classification
3.2.2. Worldwide Distribution
3.2.3. Anatomic Differences

3.3. Taxonomic Classification of Falconiformes: Birds of Prey

3.3.1. Taxonomic Classification
3.3.2. Worldwide Distribution
3.3.3. Anatomic Differences

3.4. Anatomy Recap

3.4.1. Generalized Anatomy Among Species
3.4.2. Anatomy of the Skeletal System
3.4.3. Anatomy of the Organs

3.5.     Maintenance: Suitable Facilities for Each Species

3.5.1. Special Furniture: Types of Cages
3.5.2. Stress
3.5.3. Physical exercise
3.5.4. Ultraviolet Light
3.5.5 Maintenance of Birds in Captivity
3.5.6. Coloring of the Feathers
3.5.7. Availability of Water
3.5.8. Drugs Added to the Water
3.5.9. Baths and Sprays With Water

3.6.     Nutritional Requirements: Nutrition

3.6.1. Feeding Guidelines:
3.6.2. Nutritional Composition of the Food

    3.6.2.1. Carbohydrates
    3.6.2.2. Proteins
    3.6.2.3. Fats
    3.6.2.4. Vitamins

        3.6.2.4.1. Liposoluble Vitamins
        3.6.2.4.2. Hydrosoluble Vitamins
        3.6.2.4.3. Antivitamins

    3.6.2.5. Minerals

3.7. Type of Nutrition in Psittacine Birds

3.7.1. Seed Mixture: Nature in Captivity
3.7.2. Feed: Differences Between Granulated and Extruded
3.7.3. Fruits and Vegetables: Environmental Enrichment
3.7.4. Germinated Seeds: With High Amounts of Vitamins
3.7.5. Cooked Legumes: In Raw Form They Generate Digestive Alterations
3.7.6. Breeding Paste: Desired and Undesired Effects
3.7.7. Other Products
3.7.8. Calculating Energy Needs: Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Maintenance Energy Requirements (MER)

3.8. Generalized Diet for the Most Frequent Psittacines in the Clinic

3.8.1. Australian Parakeet (Melopsittacus undulattus)
3.8.2. Nymph (Nymphicus Hollandicus)
3.8.3. Lovebird (Agapornis Spp.)
3.8.4. African Grey Parrot, Yaco (Psithacus Erithacus)

3.9. Generalized Diet for the Least Frequent Psittacines in the Clinic 

3.9.1. Amazona (Amazona Sp)    
3.9.2. Macaw (Ara Sp)
3.9.3. Cockatoo (Cacatua Sp) 
3.9.4. Ecleptus (Ecleptus Roratus)
3.9.5. Loris
3.9.6. Conversion of Psittacine Feeding 

3.10. Other Feeding Aspects               

3.10.1. Relevant Aspects
3.10.2. Feeding in Passerine Birds
3.10.3. Food in Hospitalized Patients

Module 4. Diagnostic Criteria and Treatments in Birds

4.1. The Most Important Zoonoses

4.1.1. Prevention and Protection of the Veterinary Professional
4.1.2. Risk of Zoonosis from Handling
4.1.3. Risk of Zoonosis from Ingesting

4.2. Clinical Handling and Preventive Medicine

4.2.1. Physical Examination: Complete and Orderly
4.2.2. Containing the Bird
4.2.3. Sampling and Drug Administration

    4.2.3.1. Intravenous Route
    4.2.3.2. Intraosseous Route
    4.2.3.3. Oral Posology
    4.2.3.4. Intramuscular Route
    4.2.3.5. Subcutaneous Route
    4.2.3.6. Topical Route

4.2.4. Preventative Medicine

    4.2.4.1. Vaccination
    4.2.4.2. Deworming
    4.2.4.3. Sterilization

4.3. Diagnostic Imaging: Radiology in Birds

4.3.1. Ultrasound Equipment
4.3.2. Handling Techniques in Radiography
4.3.3. Ultrasound Visualization

4.4. Advanced Diagnostic Imaging

4.4.1. Ultrasound in Birds: The Use of Ultrasound
4.4.2. Technical Issues
4.4.3. Preparing and Positioning the Patient
4.4.4. Endoscopy in Birds: Necessary Instruments

4.5. Pathologies of the Skin

4.5.1. Acariasis: In Parakeets and Canaries
4.5.2. Follicular Cysts: Usual Reason for Attending a Practice in Canaries
4.5.3. Itching: A Major Disorder
4.5.4. Cutaneous Lipomas: Very Common in Parakeets and Other Species

4.6. Other Important Diseases

4.6.1. Avian Smallpox: Poxvirus
4.6.2. Circovirus: Diseases of the Beak and Feathers
4.6.3. Gout: Visceral or Articular
4.6.4. Limping: Multifactorial Cause
4.6.5. Spikes: “Bumblefoot”

4.7. Reproductive Diseases

4.7.1. Introduction
4.7.2. Egg Retention
4.7.3. Chronic Egg Laying Nymphs, Parakeets and Lovebirds

4.8. Listing Frequent Pathologies

4.8.1. Macrorhabdus Ornithogaster: The Megabacteria
4.8.2. Vomiting and Regurgitating: Nonspecific Type
4.8.3. PDD: Proventiculus Dilatation Disease
4.8.4. Hepatic Lipidosis: The Most Common Liver Problem
4.8.5. Nonspecific Diarrhea: In Passerines and Psittaciformes

4.9. Other Pathologies

4.9.1. Psittacosis: Potential Zoonosis
4.9.2. Hypovitaminosis A: Common in Birds Fed Exclusively on Seeds
4.9.3. Aspergillosis: Fungi of the Aspergillus Genus
4.9.4. Nonspecific Respiratory Problems: The Major Issue
4.9.5. Heavy Metal Poisoning
4.9.6. Hypocalcemia: Very common in Yacos

4.10. Treatments

4.10.1. Key Aspects to Perform a Surgical Procedure
4.10.2. Making Bandages

    4.10.2.1. Bandaging Wings
    4.10.2.2. Bandaging Spikes

4.10.3. Feather Cutting

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