Thanks to this online program, you will be up to date on Emergency Toxicology for Nursing , and you will be able to integrate this current knowledge into your daily clinical practice"

Pesticides, medicines, alcoholic beverages or poisonous plants are just some of the main causes of poisoning for which patients are treated in the emergency department. Their increased use or consumption, as well as the ease with which they can be acquired and consumed, makes this type of situation frequent in emergency department patient care. 

Despite the safety measures and warning messages from the manufacturers of the products, poisonings continue to occur, so the nursing professional must be aware of the latest advances in the management of this type of patient, as well as the substances that can cause effects as serious as death. Thus, to offer the latest information and scientific rigor in this area, TECH has designed this Master's Degree, which has brought together medical specialists and police officers knowledgeable about the main substances and situations in which poisoning can occur. 

Thus, over the course of 12 months, the professional will be able to deepen, through multimedia resources, the assessment of the intoxicated patient, the management of the intoxicated patient, the latest treatments used, as well as the toxicology produced by the ingestion of drugs, pharmaceuticals or natural products. In addition, students will be provided with simulations of clinical cases that will bring them closer to situations they may face in their daily practice.  

The professional is, therefore, before an excellent opportunity to deepen in Toxicology in Emergency through a program in 100% online format, which can be accessed whenever and wherever you want. All you need is an electronic device with an Internet connection to access the virtual platform where the multimedia content of this degree is hosted. A syllabus, moreover, whose teaching load can be distributed according to your interests. An ideal academic option for those professionals seeking to combine a quality Master's Degree with their personal and/or work responsibilities. 

A specialized team will take you to learn about the intoxications produced by the latest trends in the consumption of drugs of abuse"

This Master's Degree in Emergency Toxicology for Nursing contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• The development of practical cases presented by experts in Toxicology  
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Practical exercises where self-assessment can be used to improve learning
• Its special emphasis on innovative methodologies   
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments 
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection 

Check 24 hours a day the multimedia resource library of this program and its most current content on the assessment of the intoxicated patient in the Emergency Department"

The program’s teaching staff includes professionals from the sector who contribute their work experience to this educational program, as well as renowned specialists from leading societies and prestigious universities.   

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide immersive education programmed to learn in real situations.  

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the professional must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise during the academic year. For this purpose, the student will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts. 

Take the step and access a Master's Degree that you can access comfortably from your computer at any time of the day. Flexibility designed for professionals like you"

Expand your knowledge in Emergency Toxicology for Nursing through this program, where you will find the most comprehensive information on neuropsychiatric disorders in intoxicated patients"

The curriculum of this university degree has been developed by a specialized teaching team, which seeks to offer the professional the most comprehensive and relevant knowledge on Toxicology in Emergencies. Thus, through a theoretical-practical approach, students will delve into the diagnosis of suspected poisoning, life support, the phases of specific treatment of poisoning or hemodynamic stability and instability of the patient. In addition, the Relearning system will lead you to go through this syllabus in a much more natural and progressive way, reducing even the long hours of study.

The Relearning system will take you through Medical Toxicology and patient management in the Emergency Department in a much more agile way"

Module 1. Introduction

1.1. Introduction 
1.2. Basic Concepts of Toxicology

1.2.1. Concepts of Toxicology, Intoxication, Toxicants and Toxicity
1.2.2. Clinical Toxicology

1.2.2.1. Types of Toxicity
1.2.2.2. Types of Intoxication
1.2.2.3. Dose-Response
1.2.2.4. Causes of Intoxication
1.2.2.5. Toxicity Mechanisms

1.2.2.5.1. Toxicokinetics
1.2.2.5.2. Toxicodynamics

1.3. Toxicology in its Historical Context

1.3.1. The Use of Poisons in the Bronze Age
1.3.2. Poisoning in Ancient Times
1.3.3. The Middle Ages
1.3.4. The Modern Age
1.3.5. Contemporary Era

1.4. Chemistry as a Weapon: The History of Criminal Toxicology
1.5. Radiation as a Crime

Module 2. Assessment of the Poisoned Patient

2.1. Introduction to the Module

2.1.1. Medical History

2.1.1.1. Medical History
2.1.1.2. Physical Examination
2.1.1.3. Complementary Evaluations

2.1.2. Toxic Syndromes

2.1.2.1. Sympathomimetics
2.1.2.2. Cholinergic Drugs
2.1.2.3. Anticholinergics
2.1.2.4. Serotonergic Drugs
2.1.2.5. Opioids
2.1.2.6. Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
2.1.2.7. Hallucinatory Drugs

2.1.3. Metabolic Acidosis in Toxicology
2.1.4. Diagnosis of Suspected Poisoning and Diagnostic Hypotheses
2.1.5. The Toxicological Information Service (SIT) of the National Institute of Toxicology as a diagnostic and therapeutic assistance
2.1.6. Conclusions and Key Points

2.2. Initial Assessment of Patients Suffering from Intoxication

2.2.1. Preliminary

2.2.1.1. Introduction
2.2.1.2. Index
2.2.1.3. Objectives

2.2.2. Hepatic Toxicology
2.2.3. Renal Toxicology
2.2.4. Hematological Toxicity
2.2.5. Neurological and Psychiatric Toxicology
2.2.6. Conclusions and Key Points
2.2.7. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Toxicology

2.3. Toxic Organ Involvement

2.3.1. Preliminary

2.3.1.1. Introduction
2.3.1.2. Index
2.3.1.3. Objectives

2.3.2. Reproductive and Perinatal Toxicology
2.3.3. Neonatal and Pediatric Toxicology
2.3.4. Geriatric Toxicology

2.4. Group Toxicology

Module 3. Therapeutic Management of the Poisoned Patient: Life Support 

3.1. A Complete Overview of Poisoning Treatment
3.2. Life Support for Poisoned Patients: Cardiopulmonary Arrest

3.2.1. The Fundamental Pillars of Life Support in Cardiopulmonary Arrest
3.2.2. Respiratory Arrest and Ventilatory Support
3.2.3. Cardiorespiratory Arrest in Poisoned Patients
3.2.4. Conclusions and Key Points

3.3. Acute Respiratory Failure in Poisoned Patients and Therapeutic Management

3.3.1. Preliminary
3.3.2. Acute Respiratory Failure due to Airway Obstruction
3.3.3. Acute Respiratory Failure due to Hypoventilation
3.3.4. Acute Respiratory Failure due to Decrease in Inspiratory Oxygen Fraction
3.3.5. Acute Respiratory Failure due to Alveolocapillary Diffusion Impairment
3.3.6. Acute Respiratory Failure due to Altered Oxygen Transport or Tissue Oxygen Utilization
3.3.7. Acute Mixed Respiratory Failure
3.3.8. Conclusions and Key Points

3.4. Hemodynamic Stability and Instability in Poisoned Patients

3.4.1. Shock and its Different Types in Poisoned Patients
3.4.2. Therapeutic Management of Shock in Poisoned Patients
3.4.3. Hypotension and Hypertension in Poisoned Patients
3.4.4. Cardiac Arrhythmias in Acute Poisoning
3.4.5. Acute Coronary Syndrome in Poisoned Patients
3.4.6. Conclusions and Key Points

3.5. Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Poisoning

3.5.1. Disorders of Consciousness Toxic Coma
3.5.2. Seizures
3.5.3. Behavioral Disorder: Agitated Patient Management

3.5.3.1. Etiology of Psychomotor Agitation: Toxicology-Related Causes
3.5.3.2. Protective Measures for Healthcare Personnel
3.5.3.3. Verbal, Mechanical and Pharmacological Restraint Measures

3.5.4. Conclusions and Key Points

Module 4. Therapeutic Management of the Poisoned Patient: Specific Treatment 

4.1. The Three Phases of the Specific Treatment of Poisoning
4.2. Decrease Toxin Absorption

4.2.1. Digestive Decontamination:

4.2.1.1. Emetics
4.2.1.2. Gastric lavage
4.2.1.3. Activated Carbon
4.2.1.4. Cathartics
4.2.1.5. Whole Bowel Irrigation

4.2.2. Skin Decontamination
4.2.3. Ocular Decontamination
4.2.4. Prevention of Parenteral Absorption
4.2.5. Prevention of Pulmonary Absorption
4.2.6. Endoscopy and Surgery
4.2.7. Dilution
4.2.8. Conclusions and Key Points

4.3. Increasing Toxicant Elimination

4.3.1. Kidney Cleanse

4.3.1.1. Forced Diuresis
4.3.1.2. Alkaline Diuresis

4.3.2. Extrarenal Purification

4.3.2.1. Dialysis
4.3.2.2. Hemoperfusion, Hemofiltration, Hemodiafiltration
4.3.2.3. Plasmapheresis and Exchange Transfusion
4.3.2.4. Conclusions and Key Points

4.4. Antidotes

4.4.1. Main Antidotes

4.4.1.1. Indications, Contraindications, Side Effects and Precautions
4.4.1.2. Dose

4.4.2. Minimum Stock of Antidotes Depending on the Type of Hospital or Health Center
4.4.3. Conclusions and Key Points

4.5. Antidotes

4.5.1 Nasogastric or Orogastric Tube Placement Technique and Gastric Lavage
4.5.2 Skin and Ocular Decontamination Techniques

Module 5. Therapeutic Management of the Poisoned Patient: Additional Aspects

5.1. General Outline of Additional Aspects to Consider
5.2. The Suicidal Patient and Toxicology. Psychiatric Assessment

5.2.1. Introduction
5.2.2. Risk Factors for Self-Harming Behavior
5.2.3. Determining the Severity of Self-Harm Attempts
5.2.4. Suicidal Patient Management
5.2.5. Conclusions and Key Points

5.3. Medical and Legal Aspects of Toxicological Care

5.3.1. Introduction
5.3.2. Report to the Court
5.3.3. Medical and Legal Autopsy
5.3.4. Sampling of the Patient Corpse
5.3.5. Informed Consent and Voluntary Discharge of the Poisoned Patient
5.3.6. The Extraction of Blood Samples for Toxicological Studies in the Emergency Room
5.3.7. Conclusions and Key Points

5.4. Protective Measures for Healthcare Personnel

5.4.1. Introduction
5.4.2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
5.4.3. Poison Prevention Measures for Healthcare Personnel
5.4.4. Conclusions and Key Points

5.5. General Criteria for Admission to an Intensive Care Unit

5.5.1. Introduction
5.5.2. Criteria Table
5.5.3. Conclusions and Key Points

5.6. Toxicant-Induced Rhabdomyolysis

5.6.1. Introduction
5.6.2. Definition and Pathophysiology
5.6.3. General Etiology and Toxicological Causes of Rhabdomyolysis
5.6.4. Clinical Manifestations, Laboratory Tests and Complications
5.6.5. Treatment
5.6.6. Conclusions and Key Points

5.7. Toxicant-Induced Methemoglobinemia

5.7.1. Introduction
5.7.2. Pathophysiology
5.7.3. Etiology of Methemoglobinemia
5.7.4. Clinical Manifestations
5.7.5. Suspected, Differential and Confirmatory Diagnosis
5.7.6. Treatment

5.8. Hypersensitivity and Anaphylaxis Secondary to Poisonings by Animal Stings or Bites

5.8.1. Introduction
5.8.2. Etiology
5.8.3. Hypersensitivity Types
5.8.4. Clinical Manifestations
5.8.5. Diagnosis
5.8.6. Treatment Management
5.8.7. Conclusions and Key Points

5.9. Emergencies Associated with Psychotropic Drugs

5.9.1. Introduction
5.9.2. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

5.9.2.1. Definition and Risk Factors
5.9.2.2. Clinical Manifestations and Differential Diagnosis
5.9.2.3. Treatment

5.9.3. Serotonin Syndrome

5.9.3.1. Causes
5.9.3.2. Clinical Manifestations and Differential Diagnosis
5.9.3.3. Treatment

5.9.4. Acute Dystonia
5.9.5. Drug-Induced Parkinsonism
5.9.6. Conclusions and Key Points

Module 6. Toxicology of Drugs of Abuse

6.1. Drug Addiction, Intoxication, Withdrawal Syndromes, Sexual Offenses, Drug Traffickers, Reintegration
6.2. Epidemiology of Drugs of Abuse
6.3. CNS Depressant Poisoning

6.3.1. Preliminary

6.3.1.1. Introduction
6.3.1.2. Index
6.3.1.3. Objective

6.3.1.3.1. Opiates (Heroin; Methadone; Oxycodone)
6.3.1.3.2. Alcohol Poisoning
6.3.1.3.3. Volatile Inhalable Substances
6.3.1.3.4. Conclusions and Key Points

6.4. Psychostimulant Poisoning

6.4.1. Preliminary

6.4.1.1. Introduction
6.4.1.2. Index
6.4.1.3. Objectives

6.4.1.3.1. Cocaine
6.4.1.3.2. Amphetamines
6.4.1.3.3. Others: (Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine, Khat, Energy Drinks, Guarana)
6.4.1.3.4. Conclusions and Key Points

6.5. Hallucinogen Poisoning

6.5.1. Hallucinogenic Mushrooms (LSD, Amanita Muscaria, Psilocybe)
6.5.2. Hallucinogenic Plants

6.5.2.1. Cannabis
6.5.2.2. Mescaline
6.5.2.3. Stramonium
6.5.2.4. Belladonna
6.5.2.5. Scopolamine (Burundanga)
6.5.2.6. Vegetable Ecstasy

6.5.3. DMT and AMT
6.5.4. Dextromethorphan
6.5.5. Conclusions and Key Points

6.6. Poisoning by Synthetic Drugs

6.6.1. Synthetic Opiates (Fentanyl and Meperidine Derivatives)
6.6.2. Dissociative

6.6.2.1. Phencyclidine and Ketamine

6.6.3. Methaqualone Derivatives
6.6.4. Synthetic Phenylethylamines

6.6.4.1. DOM, BOB,2C-B, MDA
6.6.4.2. Ecstasy (MDMA)
6.6.4.3. Liquid Ecstasy (GHB)
6.6.4.4. Conclusions and Key Points

6.7. Psychosocial Component of Drugs of Abuse
6.8. Sex and Drugs: Chemsex (Chemical Sex)

6.8.1. What is Meant by Chemsex?
6.8.2. Historical Background and Epidemiologic Profile of Consumers
6.8.3. Risks Associated with the Practice of Chemsex
6.8.4. Most Commonly Used Drugs
6.8.5. Conclusions and Key Points

6.9. Language and Drugs

6.9.1. A Language that Emergency Physicians Must Know
6.9.2. Drug Slang
6.9.3. The Slang of Drugs of Abuse
6.9.4. Conclusions and Key Points

6.10. A Society Besieged by Drugs

6.10.1. Introduction
6.10.2. The “Botellón”, a Toxic Social Phenomenon
6.10.3. Electronic Parties and Drugs of Abuse
6.10.4. The “Jarra Loca”
6.10.5. Conclusions and Key Points

6.11. Bodypackers and Bodystuffers in the Emergency Department

6.11.1. Definition
6.11.2. Clinical Manifestations
6.11.3. Diagnosis
6.11.4. Treatment Management
6.11.5. Conclusions and Key Points

6.12. Chemical Submission

6.12.1. Concept 
6.12.2. Epidemiology
6.12.3. Keys to Diagnosis
6.12.4. Crimes Related to Chemical Submission
6.12.5. Drugs Most Commonly Used in Chemical Submission
6.12.6. Conclusions and Key Points

6.13. Withdrawal Syndromes

6.13.1. Introduction and Objectives
6.13.2. Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome

6.13.2.1. Concept
6.13.2.2. Clinical Manifestations and Criteria Diagnosis
6.13.2.3. Delirium Tremens
6.13.2.4. Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome Treatment
6.13.2.5. Conclusions and Key Points

6.13.3. Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome

6.13.3.1. Concept
6.13.3.2. Opioid Dependence and Tolerance
6.13.3.3. Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis of the Withdrawal Syndrome
6.13.3.4. Treatment of Drug Addicts with Withdrawal Syndrome

6.13.4. Detoxification Treatment
6.13.5. Conclusions and Key Points

6.14. Addictive Behavior Unit

Module 7. Toxicology and Pharmacology

7.1. Poisoning by Analgesics and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

7.1.1. Preliminary

7.1.1.1. Introduction
7.1.1.2. Index
7.1.1.3. Objectives

7.1.2. Paracetamol
7.1.3. NSAIDS
7.1.4. Salicylates
7.1.5. Colchicine
7.1.6. Conclusions and Key Points

7.2. Psychotropic Drug Poisoning

7.2.1. Preliminary

7.2.1.1. Introduction
7.2.1.2. Index
7.2.1.3. Objectives

7.2.2. Antidepressants

7.2.2.1. Tricyclics
7.2.2.2. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
7.2.2.3. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

7.2.3. Lithium
7.2.4. Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs

7.2.4.1. Benzodiazepines
7.2.4.2. Barbiturates
7.2.4.3. Non-Benzodiazepine and Non-Barbiturate Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs

7.2.5. Antipsychotics
7.2.6. Anticonvulsants
7.2.7. Conclusions and Key Points

7.3. Antiarrhythmic and Antihypertensive Drug Poisoning

7.3.1. Preliminary

7.3.1.1. Introduction
7.3.1.2. Index
7.3.1.3. Objectives

7.3.2. Digoxin
7.3.3. Beta-Blockers
7.3.4. Calcium Antagonists
7.3.5. Conclusions and Key Points

7.4. Poisoning by Other Drugs

7.4.1. Preliminary

7.4.1.1. Introduction
7.4.1.2. Index
7.4.1.3. Objectives

7.4.2. Antihistamines
7.4.3. Anticoagulants
7.4.4. Metoclopramide
7.4.5. Hypoglycemics
7.4.6. Conclusions and Key Points

Module 8. Industrial Poisoning from Fumes

8.1. Effect of Different Types of Gases on the Respiratory System
8.2. Poisoning due to Inhalation of Fumes

8.2.1. Preliminary

8.2.1.1. Introduction
8.2.1.2. Index
8.2.1.3. Objective

8.2.2. Mechanisms of Toxicity Production and Airway Damage
8.2.3. Clinical Manifestations
8.2.4. Medical History, Examination and Suspected Diagnosis
8.2.5. Treatment Management
8.2.6. Conclusions and Key Points

8.3. Irritant Fume Poisoning

8.3.1. Preliminary

8.3.1.1. Introduction
8.3.1.2. Index
8.3.1.3. Objective

8.3.2. Hydrogen Sulfide Poisoning

8.3.2.1. Sources of Exposure
8.3.2.2. Toxicokinetics and Pathophysiology
8.3.2.3. Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
8.3.2.4. Treatment

8.3.3. Fluorine Derivative Poisoning

8.3.3.1. Sources of Exposure
8.3.3.2. Pathophysiology
8.3.3.3. Clinical Manifestations
8.3.3.4. Diagnosis and Treatment

8.3.4. Chlorine Derivative Poisoning

8.3.4.1. General Aspects of Poisoning

8.3.5. Nitrogen Derivative Poisoning

8.3.5.1. Ammonia Poisoning
8.3.5.2. Other Intoxications

8.4. Poisoning by Asphyxiating Fumes: Carbon Monoxide

8.4.1. Preliminary

8.4.1.1. Introduction
8.4.1.2. Index
8.4.1.3. Objective

8.4.2. Definition and Causes of Carbon Monoxide Hazards
8.4.3. Epidemiology of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Known and a Hidden Epidemiology
8.4.4. Sources of Carbon Monoxide Exposure and Medical and Legal Causes of Poisoning
8.4.5. Pathophysiology of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
8.4.6. Clinical Manifestations
8.4.7. Diagnosis of Suspicion and Diagnostic Confirmation. Pulse Oximetry in the Prehospital Setting
8.4.8. Poisoning Severity Criteria
8.4.9. Treatment of Poisoning
8.4.10. Observation, Admission and Discharge Criteria
8.4.11. Conclusions and Key Points

8.5. Chemical Asphyxia: Cyanide

8.5.1. Preliminary

8.5.1.1. Introduction
8.5.1.2. Index
8.5.1.3. Objective

8.5.2. Sources of Exposure
8.5.3. Toxicokinetics and Pathophysiology
8.5.4. Clinical Manifestations, Suspicion and Confirmation Diagnosis
8.5.5. Treatment
8.5.6. Conclusions and Key Points

Module 9. Industrial Poisoning by Solvents

9.1. Introduction to the Module
9.2. Hydrocarbon Poisoning

9.2.1. Preliminary

9.2.1.1. Introduction
9.2.1.2. Index
9.2.1.3. Objective

9.2.2. Aliphatic or Linear

9.2.2.1. Short Chain Hydrocarbons: Butane, Propane, Ethane and Methane
9.2.2.2. Long-Chain Hydrocarbons: Pentanes, Hexanes, Heptanes and Octanes
9.2.2.3. Petroleum Distillates: Gasoline, Kerosene, and Others
9.2.2.4. Halogenated Products
9.2.2.5. Carbon Tetrachloride
9.2.2.6. Chloroform
9.2.2.7. Dichloromethane
9.2.2.8. Trichloroethylene
9.2.2.9. Tetrachloroethylene
9.2.2.10. Trichloroethane

9.2.3. Aromatic or Cyclic

9.2.3.1. Benzene
9.2.3.2. Toluene
9.2.3.3. Conclusions and Key Points

9.3. Aliphatic Alcohols Poisoning

9.3.1. Preliminary

9.3.1.1. Introduction
9.3.1.2. Index
9.3.1.3. Objective

9.3.2. Methyl Alcohol
9.3.3. Isopropyl Alcohol
9.3.4. Conclusions and Key Points

9.4. Glycol Poisoning

9.4.1. Preliminary

9.4.1.1. Introduction
9.4.1.2. Index
9.4.1.3. Objective

9.4.2. Ethylene Glycol
9.4.3. Diethylene Glycol
9.4.4. Propylene Glycol
9.4.5. Conclusions and Key Points

9.5. Nitrogen Derivative Poisoning

9.5.1. Preliminary

9.5.1.1. Introduction
9.5.1.2. Index
9.5.1.3. Objective

9.5.2. Aniline
9.5.3. Toluidine
9.5.4. Nitrobenzene
9.5.5. Conclusions and Key Points

9.6. Acetone Poisoning

9.6.1. Preliminary

9.6.1.1. Introduction
9.6.1.2. Index
9.6.1.3. Objective

9.6.2. Conclusions and Key Points

Module 10. Industrial Poisoning by Heavy Metal

10.1. Introduction: General Aspects of Heavy Metals and their Main Chelating Agents
10.2. Iron Poisoning

10.2.1. Definition, General Aspects
10.2.2. Sources of Exposure
10.2.3. Toxicokinetics and Mechanism of Action
10.2.4. Clinical Manifestations
10.2.5. Diagnosis
10.2.6. Treatment
10.2.7. Conclusions and Key Points

10.3. Phosphorus Poisoning

10.3.1. Definition, General Aspects
10.3.2. Sources of Exposure
10.3.3. Toxicokinetics and Mechanism of Action
10.3.4. Clinical Manifestations
10.3.5. Diagnosis
10.3.6. Treatment
10.3.7. Conclusions and Key Points

10.4. Lead Poisoning

10.4.1. Definition, General Aspects
10.4.2. Sources of Exposure
10.4.3. Toxicokinetics and Mechanism of Action
10.4.4. Clinical Manifestations
10.4.5. Diagnosis
10.4.6. Treatment
10.4.7. Conclusions and Key Points

10.5. Mercury Poisoning

10.5.1. Definition, General Aspects
10.5.2. Sources of Exposure
10.5.3. Toxicokinetics and Mechanism of Action
10.5.4. Clinical Manifestations
10.5.5. Diagnosis
10.5.6. Treatment
10.5.7. Conclusions and Key Points

10.6. Arsenic Poisoning

10.6.1. Definition, General Aspects
10.6.2. Sources of Exposure
10.6.3. Toxicokinetics and Mechanism of Action
10.6.4. Clinical Manifestations
10.6.5. Diagnosis
10.6.6. Treatment
10.6.7. Conclusions and Key Points

10.7. Cadmium Poisoning

10.7.1. Definition, General Aspects
10.7.2. Sources of Exposure
10.7.3. Toxicokinetics and Mechanism of Action
10.7.4. Clinical Manifestations
10.7.5. Diagnosis
10.7.6. Treatment
10.7.7. Conclusions and Key Points

Module 11. Pesticide or Phytosanitary Product Poisoning in Rural Areas

11.1. Introduction to the Module: General Aspects of Pesticide Poisoning

11.1.1. Concept of Pesticides
11.1.2. Classification of Pesticides
11.1.3. Preventive and Protective Measures for Workers
11.1.4. First Aid at the Poisoning Site

11.2. Insecticide Poisoning

11.2.1. Preliminary

11.2.1.1. Introduction
11.2.1.2. Index
11.2.1.3. Objective

11.2.2. Organochlorines
11.2.3. Organophosphates
11.2.4. Carbamates
11.2.5. Pyrethroids
11.2.6. Conclusions and Key Points

11.3. Herbicide Poisoning

11.3.1. Preliminary

11.3.1.1. Introduction
11.3.1.2. Index
11.3.1.3. Objective

11.3.2. Diquat
11.3.3. Paraquat
11.3.4. Conclusions and Key Points

11.4. Fungicide Poisoning

11.4.1. Conclusions and Key Points

11.5. Rodenticide Poisoning

11.5.1. Conclusions and Key Points

Module 12. Household Poisoning from Cleaning Products, Personal Hygiene Products and Caustic Poisons 

12.1. Introduction to the Module
12.2. Poisoning from Cleaning, Personal Hygiene and Cosmetic Products

12.2.1. Classification According to Toxicity
12.2.2. Specific Poisonings

12.2.2.1. Soaps and Shampoos
12.2.2.2. Nail Polish and Nail Polish Remover
12.2.2.3. Hair Substances: Hair Dyes, Hairsprays, Hair Softeners, etc
12.2.2.4. Others

12.2.3. General Therapeutic Measures and Controversies
12.2.4. Conclusions and Key Points

12.3. Caustic Poisoning

12.3.1. Introduction
12.3.2. Main Caustic Substances
12.3.3. Pathophysiology
12.3.4. Clinical Symptoms
12.3.5. Diagnosis
12.3.6. Acute and Late Complications
12.3.7. Treatment and Attitude to be Followed
12.3.8. Conclusions and Key Points

Module 13. Poisoning from Natural Agents: Plants, Mushrooms and Animals 

13.1. Plant Poisoning

13.1.1. Classification According to Target Organ, Apparatus or System

13.1.1.1. Gastrointestinal
13.1.1.2. Cardiovascular
13.1.1.3. Central Nervous System
13.1.1.4. Others

13.1.2. Conclusions and Key Points

13.2. Mushroom Poisoning

13.2.1. Epidemiology of Mushroom Poisoning
13.2.2. Pathophysiology
13.2.3. The Clinical History as a Fundamental Element for Diagnosis
13.2.4. Classification According to the Latency Period of Onset of Clinical Manifestations and Clinical Syndromes

13.2.4.1. Brief-Latency Syndromes

13.2.4.1.1. Acute Mushroom Gastroenteritis (Gastroenteritic, Resinoid or Lividian Syndrome)
13.2.4.1.2. Intolerance Syndrome
13.2.4.1.3. Delirium Syndrome (Mycoatropinic or Anticholinergic)
13.2.4.1.4. Muscarinic Syndrome (Mycocholinergic or Sweat Syndrome)
13.2.4.1.5. Hallucinatory Syndrome (Psychotropic or Narcotic)
13.2.4.1.6. Nitritoid Syndrome (Coprinic or Antabus Effect Syndrome)
13.2.4.1.7. Hemolytic Syndrome

13.2.4.2. Long-Latency Syndromes

13.2.4.2.1. Giromitrile Syndrome (Ogiromitrile)
13.2.4.2.2. Orellanic Syndrome (Cortinaric or Nephrotoxic)
13.2.4.2.3. Phalloid, Hepatotoxic or Cyclopeptide Syndrome

13.2.4.2.3.1. Etiology
13.2.4.2.3.2. Pathophysiology and Toxicokinetics
13.2.4.2.3.3. Clinical Symptoms
13.2.4.2.3.4. Diagnosis
13.2.4.2.3.5. Treatment
13.2.4.2.3.6. Prognosis

13.2.4.3. New Syndromes

13.2.4.3.1. Proximal Syndrome
13.2.4.3.2. Erythromelalgia or Achromelalgia
13.2.4.3.3. Rhabdomyolysis
13.2.4.3.4. Hemorrhagic Syndrome (or Szechwan’s Syndrome)
13.2.4.3.5. Neurotoxic Poisoning
13.2.4.3.6. Encephalopathy

13.2.4.4. Conclusions and Key Points

13.3. Animal Poisoning: Snakes

13.3.1. Preliminary

13.3.1.1. Introduction
13.3.1.2. Index
13.3.1.3. Objectives

13.3.2. Epidemiology of Snake Bites
13.3.3. Classification of Snakes
13.3.4. Differences between Vipers and Snakes
13.3.5. The Poison Apparatus of Snakes
13.3.6. The Effect of Snake Venoms on Humans
13.3.7. Clinical Symptoms

13.3.7.1. Clinical Syndromes

13.3.7.1.1. Neurological Syndrome
13.3.7.1.2. Hemotoxic-Cytotoxic Syndrome
13.3.7.1.3. Cardiotoxic and Myotoxic Syndromes
13.3.7.1.4. Hypersensitivity Syndromes

13.3.7.2. Clinical Grading of the Intensity of the Poisoning

13.3.8. Treatment

13.3.8.1. Symptoms
13.3.8.2. Specific

13.3.9. Conclusions and Key Points

13.4. Animal Bites: Mammals

13.4.1. Preliminary

13.4.1.1. Introduction
13.4.1.2. Index
13.4.1.3. Objectives

13.4.2. Epidemiological Aspects
13.4.3. Clinical-Diagnostic Aspects
13.4.4. Therapeutic Aspects

13.4.4.1. Initial Management
13.4.4.2. Surgical Management: Suture
13.4.4.3. Antibiotic Prophylaxis
13.4.4.4. Tetanus Prophylaxis
13.4.4.5. Rabies Prophylaxis
13.4.4.6. Antiviral Prophylaxis: Anti-Hepatitis B and Anti-HIV

13.4.5. Conclusions and Key Points

13.5. Marine Animals

13.5.1. Fish Poisoning

13.5.1.1. Stonefish
13.5.1.2. Viperfish
13.5.1.3. Stingray

13.5.2. Food Poisoning from Fish and Shellfish

13.5.2.1. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
13.5.2.2. Scombroidosis: Histamine Poisoning
13.5.2.3. Pufferfish Poisoning

13.5.3. Coelenterate Poisoning

13.5.3.1. Jellyfish Stings
13.5.3.2. Physalia Physalis or the Portuguese Man o’ War Sting
13.5.3.3. Treatment

13.5.4. Conclusions and Key Points

13.6. Invertebrates

13.6.1. Preliminary

13.6.1.1. Introduction
13.6.1.2. Index
13.6.1.3. Objectives

13.6.2. Insects: Wasps, Bees and Bumblebees
13.6.3. Arachnids

13.6.3.1. Spiders
13.6.3.2. Scorpions
13.6.3.3. Ticks

13.6.4. Conclusions and Key Points

13.7. Everything Has an End

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