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The syllabus of this certificate encompasses the most up-to-date and innovative concepts in the field of Small Animal Neurology. In this regard, the veterinarian will delve into neurological emergencies, Horner's Syndrome, and Immunoneurology. Additionally, they will have the opportunity to delve into cranial nerve disorders, neuromuscular diseases, and spinal cord pathologies. In this updating process, graduates will benefit from innovative teaching methods such as Relearning, which allows for the rapid assimilation of complex content in less time.

With this program, you will identify the causes of epilepsy in dogs and cats, using the most advanced neurological technologies and examinations available today”

Module 1. Embryology, Anatomy, Physiology of The Nervous System

1.1. Embryology of the Nervous System

1.1.1. Embryology of the Brain
1.1.2. Spinal Cord Embryology

1.2. Basic and Functional Anatomy of the Brain

1.2.1. Anatomy of the Prosencephalon
1.2.2. Anatomy of the Brain Stem
1.2.3. Anatomy of the Cerebellum

1.3. Basic and Functional Spinal Cord Anatomy

1.3.1. Spinal Cord Anatomy
1.3.2. Main Spinal Cord Pathways

1.4. Anatomy of the Peripheral Nerves I

1.4.1. Cranial Nerves
1.4.2. Spinal nerves

1.5. Anatomy of the Peripheral Nerves II

1.5.1. Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

1.6. Sensory and Motor Nervous System

1.6.1. Sensitive Pathways
1.6.2. Motor Pathways

1.7. Anatomy and Physiology of the Motor Unit

1.7.1. Anatomy
1.7.2. Physiology

1.8. Vascular Anatomy of the Encephalon

1.8.1. Arterial Irrigation
1.8.2. Venous Irrigation

1.9. Vascular Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

1.9.1. Arterial Irrigation
1.9.2. Venous Irrigation

1.10. Skeletal System

1.10.1. Cranial Bones, Joints and Cranial Nerve Outlets
1.10.2. Vertebrae, Joints and Intervertebral Discs

Module 2. Neurological Examination and Neurolocalization

2.1. Review and Anamnesis

2.1.1. Necessary Tools for a Correct Neurological Examination
2.1.2. Medical History. The Importance of a Correct Anamnesis
2.1.3. List of Problems

2.2. Neurological Examination Part I

2.2.1. State of Mind
2.2.2. March
2.2.3. Posture

2.3. Neurological Examination Part II

2.3.1. Cranial Nerve Pairs
2.3.2. Postural Reactions
2.3.3. Spinal Reflexes
2.3.4. Sensitivity

2.4. Clinical Signs Associated with Prosencephalon Lesion

2.4.1. Blindness with Absence of Threat Response
2.4.2. Facial Sensitivity Deficits
2.4.3. Postural Reaction Deficits
2.4.4. Alterations in Behavior or Mental Status
2.4.5. Cerebral Seizures
2.4.6. Wandering and Walking in Circles
2.4.7. Head Torsion
2.4.8. Head Preassing
2.4.9. Decerebration Stiffness

2.5. Clinical Signs Associated with Brain Stem Injury

2.5.1. Deficiency of the Cranial Nerves from III to XII
2.5.2. Postural Reaction Deficits
2.5.3. Alterations of the Mental State
2.5.4. Cardiorespiratory Disorders
2.5.5. Narcolepsy/Cataplexy
2.5.6. Eye Movement Abnormalities
2.5.7. Alterations of the Central Vestibular System (Metencephalon)

2.6. Associated Clinical Signs in Cerebellum

2.6.2. Ataxia and Increase of Sustentation Base
2.6.3. Dysmetria
2.6.4. Tremors of Intention
2.6.5. Nystagmus
2.6.6. Deficiency or Absence of Threat Response
2.6.7. Decerebration Stiffness

2.7. Associated Clinical Signs in the Spinal Cord

2.7.1. Spinal Cord Segment Injury C1-C5
2.7.2. Spinal Cord Segment Injury C6-T2
2.7.3. Spinal Cord Segment Injury T3-L3
2.7.4. Spinal Cord Segment Injury L4-S3

2.8. Clinical Signs Associated with Neuropathies

2.8.1. Common Clinical Signs
2.8.2. Clinical Signs According to the Different Neuropathies

2.9. Clinical Signs Associated with Neuromuscular Junction

2.9.1. Common Clinical Signs
2.9.2. Clinical Signs According to the Different Neuropathies

2.10. Clinical Signs Associated with Myopathies

2.10.1. Common Clinical Signs
2.10.2. Clinical Signs According to the Different Neuropathies

Module 3. Diagnostic tests

3.1. Blood Laboratory Tests

3.1.1. Alterations in the Cellular Count Responsible for Neurological Conditions
3.1.2. Biochemical Alterations Responsible for Neurological Conditions
3.1.3. Hormonal Alterations Responsible for Neurological Disorders
3.1.4. Serology and Rapid Tests

3.2. Radiography

3.2.1. Indications
3.2.2. Patient Positioning to Assess Skull and Head Structural Anomalies

3.3. Myelography

3.3.1. Indications
3.3.2. How to Perform a Correct Myelography
3.3.3. Interpretation

3.4. Computerized Axial Tomography

3.4.1. CT in Encephalon
3.4.2. CT in Spine

3.5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging

3.5.1. Sequences
3.5.2. MRI in the Brain
3.5.3. Spine MRI

3.6. Electrophysiology I

3.6.1. Electromyography
3.6.2. Motor Driving Speeds
3.6.3. Sensitive Driving Speeds

3.7. Electrophysiology II

3.7.1. F-Wave Analysis
3.7.2. Cord Dorsum Potentials

3.8. Repetitive Stimulation

3.8.1. BAER
3.8.2. Muscle, Nerve, and CNS biopsy

3.8.2.1. Muscle Biopsy
3.8.2.2. Nerve Biopsy
3.8.2.3. CNS Biopsy

3.9. Genetic Testing

3.9.1. Types of Genetic Tests in Dogs
3.9.2. Types of Genetic Testing in Cats

3.10. CSF Analysis

3.10.1. Extraction
3.10.2. Counting Chamber
3.10.3. Types of Pleocytosis, Cytology
3.10.4. Protein Levels

Module 4. Anesthesia, analgesia. Neurosurgery

4.1. Anesthesia in Neurological Patients

4.1.1. Types of Anesthetic Agents
4.1.2. Protocols of the Different Procedures

4.2. Analgesia in Neurological Patients

4.2.1. Types
4.2.2. Indications

4.3. Neurosurgery

4.3.1. Patient Preparation
4.3.2. Material

4.4. Herniated Cervical Disc

4.4.1. Surgical Approach and Technique

4.5. Thoracolumbar Disc Herniation

4.5.1. Approach and Surgical Techniques

4.6. Atlantoaxial Dislocation and Caudal Cervical Spondylomyelopathy

4.6.1. Atlantoaxial Dislocation. Surgical Approach and Technique
4.6.2. Caudal Cervical Spondylomyelopathy. Surgical Approach and Technique

4.7. Fractures, Vertebral Dislocations, Vertebral Diverticulum and Vertebral Malformations

4.7.1. Vertebral Fractures, Surgical Approach and Resolution
4.7.2. Vertebral Dislocations, Surgical Approach and Resolution
4.7.3. Arachnoid Diverticulum, Surgical Approach and Resolution
4.7.4. Vertebral Malformations, Types and Medical Management

4.8. Principles of Intracranial Surgery

4.8.1. Indications
4.8.2. Approach
4.8.3. Surgical Technique

4.9. Surgery in Spinal and Intracranial Neoplasia

4.9.1. Approach
4.9.2. Surgical Technique

4.10. Rehabilitation

4.10.1. Practical Application in Neurological Patients
4.10.2. Kinesiotherapy
4.10.3. Laser Therapy
4.10.4. Hydrotherapy
4.10.5. Electrostimulation

Module 5. Pathologies of the Brain

5.1. Basic Location

5.1.1. Alterations in Mental Status

5.2. Vascular Diseases

5.2 1. Types
5.2.2. Pathogenesis

5.3. Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases of the Brain

5.3.1. Types
5.3.2. Pathophysiology

5.4. Traumatic Diseases

5.4.1. Types
5.4.2. Pathophysiology

5.5. Congenital Brain Abnormalities

5.5.1. Types
5.5.2. Pathophysiology

5.6. Metabolic Acquired Diseases

5.6.1. Types
5.6.2. Pathophysiology

5.7. Primary Metabolic Diseases (Organic Aciduria, Mitochondrial)

5.7.1. Types
5.7.2. Pathophysiology

5.8. Neoplasms of the Brain

5.8.1. Types
5.8.2. Histopathology
5.8.3. Prognosis

5.9. Degenerative Diseases

5.9.1. Types and Clinical Signs

5.10. Toxic Diseases

5.10.1. Types and Clinical Signs

Module 6. Spinal Cord Pathologies

6.1. Basic Localization, Gait Disturbances, Spinal Shock

6.1.1. Clinical Signs Depending on Localization
6.1.2. Spinal Shock and Schiff Sherrington

6.2. Vascular Diseases of the Spinal Cord

6.2.1. Fibrocartilaginous Embolism
6.2.2. Myelopathies due to bleeding or hemorrhage

6.3. Inflammatory Diseases

6.3.1. Meningomyelitis Granulomatosa
6.3.2. Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis

6.4. Infectious Diseases

6.4.1. Viral Diseases
6.4.2. Bacterial Diseases
6.4.3. Protozoan Diseases
6.4.4. Fungal Diseases

6.5. Spinal Trauma

6.5.1. Important Aspects
6.5.2. Pathophysiology
6.5.3. Congenital Anomalies of the Spinal Cord

6.5.3.1. Hemivertebra
6.5.3.2. Arachnoid Diverticula and other Congenital Diseases

6.6. Metabolic Diseases

6.6.1. Primary
6.6.2. Acquired

6.7. Spinal Cord Neoplasms

6.7.1. Types of Neoplasia

6.8. Degenerative myelopathy and other degenerative abnormalities

6.8.1. Degenerative myelopathy
6.8.2. Other Degenerative Abnormalities

6.9. Herniated Disc

6.9.1. Hansen I
6.9.2. Hansen II
6.9.3. ANNPE, HNPE

6.10. Cervical Spondylomyelopathy and Atlantoaxial Dislocation

6.10.1. Etiology
6.10.2. Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs

Module 7. Neuromuscular Diseases

7.1. Classification and Diagnostic methods in neuromuscular diseases

7.1.1. Classification
7.1.2. Diagnosis

7.2. Nerve Impulse Generation and Transmission

7.2.1. Physiological Mechanisms

7.3. The Neuronal Membrane

7.3.1. Composition and Structure

7.4. Mononeuropathies I

7.4.1. Congenital

7.5. Mononeuropathies II

7.5.1. Acquired

7.6. Acute Polyneuropathies

7.6.1. Types, Diagnosis and Treatment

7.7. Chronic Polyneuropathies

7.7.1. Congenital
7.7.2. Degenerative

7.8. Acquired Polyneuropathies

7.8.1. Types, Diagnosis and Treatment

7.9. Myopathies

7.9.1. Types, Diagnosis and Treatment

7.10. Neuromuscular Junction Diseases

7.10.1. Myastemia Gravis

Module 8. Alterations in Cranial Nerves, Vestibular Syndrome and Canine and Feline Epilepsy. Involuntary Disorder Movements

8.1. Neuro-Ophthalmology

8.1.1. Anatomy
8.2.2. Clinical Examination and Tests

8.2. Disorders in NC III, IV and VI

8.2.1. Anatomy
8.2.2. Clinical Examination and Tests

8.3. Chewing and Swallowing Disorders

8.3.1. Implicated paired cranial anatomies
8.3.2. Clinical Examination and Tests

8.4. Laryngeal Paralysis and Megaesophagus

8.4.1. Implicated paired cranial anatomies
8.4.2. Physical Examination and Tests

8.5. Facial Paralysis

8.5.1. Anatomy and function of the facial nerve
8.5.2. Physical Examination and Tests
8.5.3. Causes of Facial Paralysis

8.6. Vestibular Syndrome I

8.6.1. Vestibular System Anatomy
8.6.2. Causes of Peripheral Vestibular Syndrome
8.6.3. Causes of Central Vestibular Syndrome

8.7. Vestibular Syndrome II

8.7.1. Diagnosis
8.7.2. Treatment

8.8. Canine Epilepsy

8.8.1. Etiology and Pathophysiology
8.8.2. Classification
8.8.3. Treatment

8.9. Feline Epilepsy

8.9.1. Etiology and Pathophysiology
8.9.2. Classification
8.9.3. Treatment

8.10. Involuntary Movement Disorders

8.10.1. Etiology and Classification
8.10.2. Treatment

Module 9. Important Syndromes and Specific Treatments

9.1. Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome

9.1.1. Clinical Signs
9.1.2. Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

9.2. Horner Syndrome

9.2.1. Anatomy and Sympathetic Nerve Tracts
9.2.2. Functional Tests
9.2.3. Causes and Diagnosis
9.2.4. Treatment

9.3. Cauda Equina Syndrome

9.3.1. Neurology Examination and Clinical Signs
9.3.2. Diagnostic tests
9.3.3. Main Causes

9.3.3.1. Lumbosacral Degenerative Stenosis and Foraminal Stenosis
9.3.3.2. Neoplasms
9.3.3.3. Vascular
9.3.3.4. Disc Spondylitis and Empyema

9.4. Alterations in Urination

9.4.1. Anatomy and Physiology of Urination
9.4.2. Alterations in Urination

9.5. Immunoneurology

9.5.1. Important Aspects
9.5.2. Main Pathologies, Diagnoses and Treatments

9.6. Alternative Therapies for Neurological Patients

9.6.1. New Trends
9.6.2. Treatments and Applications

9.7. Antibiotherapy for Neurological Patients

9.7.1. Pharmacodynamics Blood-Brain Barrier
9.7.2. Most Frequently Used Antibiotics. Types and Indications
9.7.3. Protocol of Use

9.8. Use of Corticosteroids in Veterinary Neurology

9.8.1. Use in Spinal Cord Diseases
9.8.2. Use in Diseases of the Brain
9.8.3. Use in Diseases of the Neuromuscular System

9.9. Oncological treatments for the nervous system I. Chemotherapy

9.9.1. Main Chemotherapeutic Agents
9.9.2. Indications and Protocols

9.10. Oncological Treatments of the Nervous System II. Radiotherapy

9.10.1. Radiotherapy Basic Principles
9.10.2. Radiotherapy Main Indications

Module 10. Neurological Emergencies

10.1. Anesthesia and Management in Patients with Neurological Emergencies

10.1.1. Active Ingredients Used in Urgent Anesthetic Procedures
10.1.2. Monitoring

10.2. Traumatic Brain Injury I

10.2.1. Medical History
10.2.2. Pathophysiology
10.2.3. Glasgow Scale

10.3. Cranial Encephalic Trauma II

10.3.1. Treatment Levels of Action
10.3.2. Surgery

10.4. Spinal Trauma I

10.4.1. Causes
10.4.2. Pathophysiology

10.5. Spinal Trauma II

10.5.1. Diagnosis
10.5.2. Treatment

10.6. Clusters and Status Epilepticus

10.6.1. Pathophysiology and Causes
10.6.2. Treatment and Stabilization

10.7. CNS Neurotoxicity

10.7.1. Main Toxins Affecting the Nervous System
10.7.2. Action to Be Taken in 

This Hybrid Professional Master’s Degree offers you the opportunity to update your knowledge as a veterinarian in a comfortable and flexible manner”