A complete review of the latest techniques and working systems of the Clinical Analysis laboratory, with the most efficient teaching system and a program that is totally compatible with other commitments”

The clinical and biomedical laboratory is an indispensable tool for the field of medicine. Given the important contribution to society, the figure of the Master`s Degree specialist is increasingly in demand. There are certain professionals that can fill a role with these characteristics: doctors, technicians, biochemists and laboratory auxiliary technicians. Each of them requires either a university degree or vocational training. However, given the degree of specificity of a job position in the clinical analysis laboratory, additional specialized training is valued, and sometimes required, to complement the basic studies of the professionals.

With this Master`s Degree, students acquire the necessary skills to face the different tasks that arise in Master`s Degree laboratories, allowing them to differentiate themselves from other professionals.

Working in a clinical analysis laboratory is exciting and necessary. It is a job that is increasingly valued in health systems, for its diagnostic importance and as a tool for prevention in current medicine, which steers healthcare towards the personalization of treatments, known as "personalized medicine".

A standard laboratory has several departments: immunology, microbiology, biochemistry and hematology.

Specialist laboratories, where more specific and sophisticated studies are performed, require professionals to be specialized in the different techniques, machinery, instruments and procedures. In any of them, we must be aware of the legislation that accompanies these processes and the proper management of samples and results.

A compendium of in-depth knowledge that will lead you to excellence in your profession. 

With this Master`s Degree in Clinical Analysis, you will be able to combine a high intensity learning with your professional and personal life, achieving your goals in a simple and real way’’

This Master`s Degree in Clinical Analysis contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• The latest technology in online teaching software
• Highly visual teaching system, supported by graphic and schematic contents that are easy, to assimilate and understand
• Practical cases, presented by practising experts
• State-of-the-art interactive video systems
• Teaching supported by telepractice
• Continuous updating and recycling systems
• Autonomous learning: full compatibility with other occupations
• Practical exercises for self-evaluation and learning verification
• Support groups and educational synergies: questions to the expert, debate and knowledge forums
• Communication with the teacher and individual reflection work
• Availability of content from any device, fixed or portable, with an internet connection 
• Supplementary documentation databases are permanently available, even after the course 

A highly-skilled Master`s Degree that will allow you to become a highly competent professional working in the Clinical Analysis laboratory’’

The professors of the Master`s Degree in Clinical Analysis are highly qualified professionals, who are experts in teaching and who will help you understand the reality of the profession, with the most up-to-date knowledge of this sector. 

In this way, we ensure that we provide you with the up-to-date knowledge we are aiming for. A multidisciplinary team of professionals prepared and experienced in different environments, who will develop the theoretical knowledge in an efficient way, but, above all, will contribute to the course the practical knowledge derived from their own experience: one of the differential qualities of this program. 

This mastery of the subject is complemented by the effectiveness of the methodological design of this Master`s Degree in Clinical Analysis. It has been developed by a multidisciplinary team of experts, who integrate the latest advances in educational technology. In this way, you will be able to study with a range of comfortable and versatile multimedia tools that will give you the operability you need for your learning.  

The design of this program is based on Problem-Based Learning: an approach that conceives learning as a highly practical process. To achieve this remotely, we will use online learning: with the help of an innovative interactive video system and Learning from an Expert, you will be able to acquire the knowledge as if you were facing the scenario you are learning about at that moment. A concept that will allow you to integrate and consolidate your learning in a more realistic and permanent way. 

The learning of this Master`s Degree in Clinical Analysis is developed through the most effective educational methods in online teaching, guaranteeing that your efforts will lead to the best possible results"

Make the most of this opportunity to learn about the latest advances in this subject to apply it to your daily practice"

The contents of this Master`s Degree have been developed by the different experts of this course, with a clear purpose: to ensure that our students acquire each and every one of the skills required to become true experts in this field.  

A complete program, very well structured into teaching units and oriented towards fast and efficient learning that will take you to the highest standards of quality and success. 

A comprehensive teaching program, structured into well-developed teaching units, oriented towards efficient and swift learning that is compatible with your personal and professional life’’

Module 1. Legal Framework and Standard Parameters of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory  

1.1. ISO Standards, Applicable to a Modernized Clinical Laboratory 

1.1.1. Workflow and Free of Waste  
1.1.2. Continuous Mapping of Procedures  
1.1.3. Physical Filing of Personnel Functions  
1.1.4. Monitoring of Analytical Stages, with Clinical Indicators 
1.1.5. Internal and External Communication Systems 

1.2. Safety and Management of Sanitary Waste 

1.2.1. Safety in a Laboratory Clinic 

1.2.1.1. Emergency Evacuation Plan 
1.2.1.2. Risk Assessment 
1.2.1.3. Standardized Rules of Work 
1.2.1.4. Unsupervised Work 

1.2.2. Management of Sanitary Waste 

1.2.2.1. Classes of Sanitary Waste  
1.2.2.2. Packaging 
1.2.2.3. Destination  

1.3. Standardization Model for Sanitary Processes 

1.3.1. Concepts and Objectives of the Standardization Processes 
1.3.2. Clinical Variability 
1.3.3. Need for Process Management 

1.4. Health Care Documentation Management 

1.4.1. Archive Installation 

1.4.1.1. Established Conditions 
1.4.1.2. Incident Prevention 

1.4.2. Safety in the Archives 
1.4.3. Administrative Procedures 

1.4.3.1. Standardized Work Plan 
1.4.3.2. Records 
1.4.3.3. Location 
1.4.3.4. Transfer 
1.4.3.5. Conservation 
1.4.3.6. Withdrawal 
1.4.3.7. Elimination 

1.4.4. Electronic Archive Records 
1.4.5. Quality Guarantee 
1.4.6. Closing the Archive 

1.5. Quality Control in a Clinical Laboratory 

1.5.1. Legal Context of Health Care Quality 
1.5.2. Personnel Functions as a Quality Guarantee 
1.5.3. Health Inspections 

1.5.3.1. Concept 
1.5.3.2. Types of Inspections 

1.5.3.2.1. Studies 
1.5.3.2.2. Installations 
1.5.3.2.3. Processes

1.5.4. Clinical Data Audits 

1.5.4.1. Concept of an Audit 
1.5.4.2. ISO Accreditation 

1.5.4.2.1. Laboratory ISO 15189, ISO 17025 
1.5.4.2.2. ISO 17020, ISO 22870 

1.5.4.3. Certifications 

1.6. Evaluation of Analytical Quality: Clinical Indicators 

1.6.1. System Description 
1.6.2. Flowchart of Work 
1.6.3. Importance of Quality in the Laboratory 
1.6.4. Procedure Management, in Clinical Analyses 

1.6.4.1. Quality Control 
1.6.4.2. Extraction and Management of Samples 
1.6.4.3. Verification and Validation in the Methods 

1.7. Clinical Decision Levels within Reference Ranges

1.7.1. Clinical Laboratory Analysis 

1.7.1.1. Concept 
1.7.1.2. Standard Clinical Parameters 

1.7.2. Reference Intervals 

1.7.2.1. Laboratory Ranges International Units 
1.7.2.2. Analytical Method Validation Guide  

1.7.3. Clinical Decision Levels 
1.7.4. Sensitivity and Specificity in Clinical Results 
1.7.5. Critical Values Variability 

1.8. Processing of Requests for Clinical Trials 

1.8.1. Most Common Types of Requests 
1.8.2. Efficient Use vs. Excess Demand 
1.8.3. Practical Example of Requests in the Hospital Field 

1.9. Scientific Method in Clinical Analysis 

1.9.1. PICO Question 
1.9.2. Protocol 
1.9.3. Bibliographic Search 
1.9.4. Study Design 
1.9.5. Obtaining Results 
1.9.6. Statistical Analysis and Interpretation of Results 
1.9.7. Publication of Results 

1.10. Medicine Based on Scientific Evidence. Application in Clinical Analysis 

1.10.1. Concept of Scientific Evidence 
1.10.2. Classification of the Scientific Evidence Levels 
1.10.3. Routine Clinical Practice Guidelines 
1.10.4. Evidence Applied in Clinical Analysis. Magnitude of Benefit 

Module 2. Instrumental Techniques in the Clinical Analysis Laboratory 

2.1. Instrumental Techniques in Clinical Analysis 

2.1.1. Introduction  
2.1.2. Fundamental Concepts  
2.1.3. Classification of Instrumental Methods  

2.1.3.1. Classic Methods  
2.1.3.2. Instrumental Methods  

2.1.4. Preparation of Reagents, Solutions, Buffers and Controls 
2.1.5. Equipment Calibration  

2.1.5.1. Importance of Calibration 
2.1.5.2. Methods of Calibration  

2.1.6. Clinical Analysis Process  

2.1.6.1. Reasons for Requesting a Clinical Analysis  
2.1.6.2. Phases of the Analysis Process  
2.1.6.3. Patient Preparation and Sample Taking  

2.2. Microscopic Techniques in Clinical Analysis 

2.2.1. Introduction and Concepts 
2.2.2. Types of Microscopes 

2.2.2.1. Optical Microscopes 
2.2.2.2. Electronic Microscopes 

2.2.3. Lenses, Light and Image Formation 
2.2.4. Management and Maintenance of Light Optical Microscopes 

2.2.4.1. Handling and Properties 
2.2.4.2. Maintenance      
2.2.4.3. Observation Incidents 
2.2.4.4. Application in Clinical Analysis  

2.2.5. Other Microscopes Characteristics and Management  

2.2.5.1. Dark Field Microscope 
2.2.5.2. Polarized Light Microscope 
2.2.5.3. Interference Microscope 
2.2.5.4. Inverted Microscope  
2.2.5.5. Ultraviolet Light Microscope  
2.2.5.6. Fluorescence Microscope 
2.2.5.7. Electronic Microscope  

2.3. Microbiological Techniques in Clinical Analysis 

2.3.1. Introduction and Concept 
2.3.2. Design and Work Standards of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory  

2.3.2.1. Necessary Rules and Resources 
2.3.2.2. Routines and Procedures in the Laboratory  
2.3.2.3. Sterilization and Contamination  

2.3.3. Cellular Culture Techniques 

2.3.3.1. Growth Environment  

2.3.4. Most Commonly used Extension and Staining Procedures in Clinical Microbiology 

2.3.4.1. Bacteria Recognition 
2.3.4.2. Cytological 
2.3.4.3. Other Procedures 

2.3.5. Other Methods of Microbiological Analysis 

2.3.5.1. Direct Microscopic Examination Identification of Normal and Pathogenic Flora
2.3.5.2. Identification by Biochemical Tests 
2.3.5.3. Rapid Immunological Test 

2.4. Volumetric, Gravimetric, Electrochemical and Titration Techniques 

2.4.1. Volumetrics Introduction and Concept 

2.4.1.1. Classification of Methods  
2.4.1.2. Laboratory Procedure to Perform a Volumetric Analysis  

2.4.2. Gravimetry  

2.4.2.1. Introduction and Concept 
2.4.2.2. Classification of Gravimetric Methods 
2.4.2.3. Laboratory Procedure to Perform a Gravimetric Analysis  

2.4.3. Electrochemical Techniques  

2.4.3.1. Introduction and Concept  
2.4.3.2. Potentiometry  
2.4.3.3. Amperometry 
2.4.3.4. Coulometry
2.4.3.5. Conductometry  
2.4.3.6. Application in Clinical Analysis  

2.4.4. Evaluation 

2.4.4.1. Acid Base 
2.4.4.2. Precipitation  
2.4.4.3. Complex Formation  
2.4.4.4. Application in Clinical Analysis  

2.5. Spectral Techniques in Clinical Analysis 

2.5.1. Introduction and Concepts  

2.5.1.1. Electromagnetic Radiation and its Interaction with the Material 
2.5.1.2. Radiation Absorption and Emission  

2.5.2. Spectrophotometry Application in Clinical Analysis 

2.5.2.1. Instruments  
2.5.2.2. Procedure   

2.5.3. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry  

2.5.4. Flame Emission Photometry  
2.5.5. Fluorimetry  
2.5.6. Nephelometry and Turbidimetry  
2.5.7. Mass and Reflectance Spectrometry 

2.5.7.1. Instruments  
2.5.7.2. Procedure 

2.5.8. Applications of the Most Commonly Used Spectral Techniques in Clinical Analysis  

2.6. Immunoanalysis Techniques in Clinical Analysis  

2.6.1. Introduction and Concepts  

2.6.1.1. Immunological Concepts  
2.6.1.2. Types of Immunoanalysis 
2.6.1.3. Cross-Reactivity and Antigen 
2.6.1.4. Detection Molecules  
2.6.1.5. Quantification and Analytical Sensitivity

2.6.2. Immunohistochemical Techniques  

2.6.2.1. Concept 
2.6.2.2. Immunohistochemical Procedures  

2.6.3. Enzymatic Immunohistochemistry Technique

2.6.3.1. Concept and Procedure 

2.6.4. Immunofluorescence 

2.6.4.1. Concept and Classification  
2.6.4.2. Immunofluorescence Procedure 

2.6.5. Other Methods of Immunoanalysis  

2.6.5.1.  Immuno-nephelometry
2.6.5.2. Radial Immunodiffusion  
2.6.5.3. Immunoturbidimetry 

2.7. Separation Techniques in Clinical Analysis. Chromatography and Electrophoresis

2.7.1. Introduction and Concepts 
2.7.2. Chromatographic Techniques 

2.7.2.1. Principles, Concepts and Classification 
2.7.2.2. Gas-Liquid Chromatography: Concepts and Procedure
2.7.2.3. High Efficacy Liquid Chromatography: Concepts and Procedure
2.7.2.4. Thin Layer Chromatography 
2.7.2.5. Application in Clinical Analysis 

2.7.3. Electrophoretic Techniques  

2.7.3.1. Introduction and Concepts  
2.7.3.2. Instruments and Procedures
2.7.3.3. Purpose and Field of Application in Clinical Analysis  
2.7.3.4. Capillary Electrophoresis 

2.7.3.4.1. Serum Protein Electrophoresis 

2.7.4. Hybrid Techniques: ICP Masses, Gas Masses and Liquid Masses 

2.8. Molecular Biology Techniques in Clinical Analysis 

2.8.1. Introduction and Concepts 
2.8.2. DNA and RNA Extraction Techniques 

2.8.2.1. Procedure and Conservation  

2.8.3. Chain Reaction of PCR Polymers 

2.8.3.1. Concept and Foundation 
2.8.3.2. Instruments and Procedures 
2.8.3.3. Modifications of the PCR Method 

2.8.4. Hybridization Techniques 
2.8.5. Sequencing 
2.8.6. Protein Analysis by Western Blotting  
2.8.7. Proteomics and Genomics 

2.8.7.1. Concepts and Procedures in Clinical Analysis 
2.8.7.2. Types of Proteomic Studies 
2.8.7.3. Bioinformatics and Proteomics 
2.8.7.4. Metabolomics 
2.8.7.5. Relevance in Biomedicine  

2.9. Techniques for the Determination of Form Elements Flow Cytometry Bedside Testing

2.9.1. Red Blood Cells Count  

2.9.1.1. Cellular Count Procedure
2.9.1.2. Pathologies Diagnosed with this Methodology  

2.9.2. Leukocyte Count 

2.9.2.1. Procedure  
2.9.2.2. Pathologies Diagnosed with this Methodology 

2.9.3. Flow Cytometry 

2.9.3.1. Introduction and Concepts 
2.9.3.2. Technique Procedure  
2.9.3.3. Cytometry Applications in Clinical Analysis

2.9.3.3.1. Applications in Oncohematology 
2.9.3.3.2. Applications in Allergies
2.9.3.3.3. Applications in Infertility

2.9.4. Bedside Testing 

2.9.4.1. Concept 
2.9.4.2. Types of Samples 
2.9.4.3. Techniques Used 
2.9.4.4. Most Used Applications, from Analysis to the Patient's Bedside  

2.10. Interpretation of Results, Analytical Method Evaluation and Analytical Interferences

2.10.1. Laboratory Report 

2.10.1.1. Concept  
2.10.1.2. Characteristic Elements of a Laboratory Report 
2.10.1.3. Interpretation of the Report 

2.10.2. Evaluation of Analytical Methods in Clinical Analysis  

2.10.2.1. Concepts and Objectives 
2.10.2.2. Linearity 
2.10.2.3. Truthfulness 
2.10.2.4. Precision 

2.10.3. Analytical Interferences 

2.10.3.1. Concept, Foundation and Classification 
2.10.3.2. Endogenous Interferents 
2.10.3.3. Exogenous Interferents 
2.10.3.4. Procedures to Detect and Quantify an Interference, in a Specific Method or Analysis

Module 3. Biochemistry I 

3.1. Biochemical and Molecular Base of Diseases

3.1.1. Genetic Alterations
3.1.2. Cell Signaling Alterations
3.1.3. Metabolism Alterations

3.2. Metabolism of Nutrients 

3.2.1. Concept of Metabolism 
3.2.2. Biochemical Phases of Nutrition: Digestion, Transport, Metabolism, Excretion 
3.2.3. Clinical Laboratory in the Study of Alterations in Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism of Nutrients

3.3. Biochemical Study of Vitamins and Vitamin Deficiency

3.3.1. Liposoluble Vitamins
3.3.2. Hydrosoluble Vitamins
3.3.3. Vitamin Deficiencies

3.4. Biochemical Study of Protein Alterations and Nitrogen Compounds

3.4.1. Plasmatic Proteins
3.4.2. Clinical Enzymology
3.4.3. Evaluation of Biochemical Markers in Renal Function

3.5. Biochemical Study of Carbohydrate Metabolism Regulation and its Pathophysiological Alterations 

3.5.1. Hypoglycemia
3.5.2. Hyperglycemia
3.5.3. Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnosis and Monitoring in a Clinical Laboratory

3.6. Biochemical Study of the Pathophysiological Alterations of Lipids and Plasma Lipoproteins

3.6.1. Lipoproteins
3.6.2.  Primary Dyslipidemia
3.6.3. Hyperlipoproteinemia
3.6.4. Sphingolipidosis

3.7. Biochemistry of Blood in a Chemical Laboratory

3.7.1. Blood Hemostasis
3.7.2. Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
3.7.3. Biochemical Analysis of Iron Metabolism

3.8. Mineral Metabolism and its Clinical Alterations

3.8.1. Calcium Homeostasis
3.8.2. Phosphorus Homeostasis
3.8.3. Magnesium Homeostasis
3.8.4. Biochemical Markers of Bone Remodeling

3.9. Acid-Base Balance and Peripheral Blood Gas Study

3.9.1. Acid-Base Balance
3.9.2. Peripheral Blood Gasometry
3.9.3. Gasometry Markers

3.10. Hydroelectrolyte Balance and its Alterations

3.10.1. Sodium
3.10.2. Potassium
3.10.3. Chlorine

Module 4. Biochemistry II 

4.1. Congenital Alterations of Carbohydrate Metabolism 

4.1.1. Alterations in the Digestion and Intestinal Absorption of Carbohydrates 
4.1.2. Galactose Metabolism Alterations 
4.1.3. Fructose Metabolism Alterations 
4.1.4. Glucogen Metabolism Alterations 

4.1.4.1. Glucogenesis: Types 

4.2. Congenital Alterations of Amino Acid Metabolism 

4.2.1. Aromatic Amino Acid Metabolism Alterations 

4.2.1.1. Phenylketonuria
4.2.1.2. Glutaric Aciduria Type 1 

4.2.2. Alterations of Branched Amino Acid Metabolism 

4.2.2.1. Maple Syrup Urine Disease 
4.2.2.2. Isovaleric Acidemia 

4.2.3. Alterations in the Metabolism of Sulfur Amino Acids 

4.2.3.1. Homocystinuria 

4.3. Congenital Alterations of Lipid Metabolism 

4.3.1.  Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids 

4.3.1.1. Introduction to Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids  
4.3.1.2. Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation Alterations 

4.3.2. Carnitine Cycle 

4.3.2.1. Introduction to Carnitine Cycle 
4.3.2.2. Carnitine Cycle Alterations 

4.4. Urea Cycle Disorders 

4.4.1. Urea Cycle 
4.4.2. Genetic Alterations of the Urea Cycle 

4.4.2.1. Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency 
4.4.2.2. Other Urea Cycle Disorders 

4.4.3. Diagnosis and Treatment of Urea Cycle Diseases 

4.5. Molecular Pathologies of Nucleotide Bases Alterations of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism 

4.5.1. Introduction to Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism 
4.5.2. Purine Metabolism Disorders 
4.5.3. Pyrimidine Metabolism Disorders
4.5.4. Diagnosis of Purine and Pyrimidine Disorders 

4.6. Porphyrias. Alterations in the Synthesis of the Heme Group 

4.6.1. Heme Group Synthesis 
4.6.2. Porphyrias: Types 

4.6.2.1. Liver Porphyrias 

4.6.2.1.1. Acute Porphyrias 

4.6.2.2. Hematopoietic Porphyrias 

4.6.3. Diagnosis and Treatment of Porphyrias 

4.7. Jaundice Bilirubin Metabolism Disorders 

4.7.1. Introduction to Bilirubin Metabolism 
4.7.2. Congenital Jaundice 

4.7.2.1. Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia 
4.7.2.2. Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia 

4.7.3. Diagnosis and Treatment of Jaundice  

4.8. Oxidative Phosphorylation 

4.8.1. Mitochondria 

4.8.1.1. Mitochondrial Enzyme and Protein Constituents 

4.8.2. Electronic Transport Chain 

4.8.2.1. Electronic Transporters 
4.8.2.2. Electronic Complexes 

4.8.3. Coupling of Electronic Transport to ATP Synthesis 

4.8.3.1. ATP Synthase 
4.8.3.2. Oxidative Phosphorylation Uncoupling Agents 

4.8.4. NADH Shuttle 

4.9. Mitochondrial Disorders 

4.9.1. Maternal Inheritance 
4.9.2. Heteroplasmy and Homoplasmy 
4.9.3. Mitochondrial Diseases 

4.9.3.1. Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy 
4.9.3.2. Leigh Disease 
4.9.3.3. Melas Syndrome
4.9.3.4. Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers (MERRF) 

4.9.4. Diagnosis and Treatment of Mitochondrial Diseases 

4.10. Other Disorders Produced by Alterations in Other Organelles 

4.10.1. Lysosomes 

4.10.1.1. Lysosomal Diseases 

4.10.1.1.1. Sphingolipidosis 
4.10.1.1.2. Mucopolysaccharidosis 

4.10.2. Peroxisomes 

4.10.2.1. Lysosomal Diseases 

4.10.2.1.1. Zellweger Syndrome 

4.10.3. Golgi Apparatus 

4.10.3.1. Golgi Apparatus Diseases 

4.10.3.1.1. Mucolipidosis II 

Module 5. Biochemistry III 

5.1. Study of Motor Function

5.1.1. Overview of Motor Function and Osteoarticular System
5.1.2. Alterations of Motor Function
5.1.3. Diagnosis of Alterations of Motor Function

5.1.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5 1.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.2. Study of Cardiac Function

5.2.1. Overview of Cardiac Function
5.2.2. Alterations of Cardiac Function
5.2.3. Diagnosis of Alterations of Cardiac Function

5.2.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.2.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.3. Study of Renal Function

5.3.1. Overview of Renal Function
5.3.2. Alterations of Renal Function
5.3.3. Diagnosis of Alterations of Renal Function

5.3.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.3.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.4. Study of Liver Function

5.4.1. Overview of Liver Function
5.4.2. Alterations of Liver Function
5.4.3. Diagnosis of Alterations of Liver Function

5.4.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.4.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.5. Study of Neurological Function

5.5.1. Overview of Neurological Function
5.5.2. Alterations in Neurological Function (Neurodegenerative Diseases)
5.5.3. Diagnosis of Alterations of Neurological Function

5.5.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.5.3.2. Molecular Markers 

5.6. Study of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Functions

5.6.1. Overview of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Functions
5.6.2. Alterations in Hypothalamic and Pituitary Functions 
5.6.3. Diagnosis of Alterations in Hypothalamic and Pituitary Functions

5.6.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.6.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.7. Study of Pancreatic Function

5.7.1. Overview of Pancreatic Function
5.7.2. Alterations of Pancreatic Function
5.7.3. Diagnosis of Alterations in Pancreatic Function

5.7.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.7.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.8. Study of Thyroid and Parathyroid Function

5.8.1. Overview of Thyroid and Parathyroid Functions
5.8.2. Alterations of Thyroid and Parathyroid Function
5.8.3. Diagnosis of Alterations in Thyroid and Parathyroid Functions

5.8.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.8.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.9. Study of Adrenal Gland Function

5.9.1. Overview of Adrenal Gland Function
5.9.2. Alterations of Adrenal Gland Function 
5.9.3. Diagnosis of Alterations in Adrenal Gland Function

5.9.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.9.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.10. Study of Gonad Function

5.10.1. Overview of Gonad Function
5.10.2. Alterations of Gonad Function
5.10.3. Diagnosis of Alterations in Gonad Function

5.10.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.10.3.2. Molecular Markers

Module 6. Biochemistry IV 

6.1. Study of Human Fertility and Infertility

6.1.1. Most Frequent Gynecological Problems 

6.1.1.1. Reproductive System Abnormalities 
6.1.1.2. Endometriosis 
6.1.1.3. Polycystic Ovaries 
6.1.1.4. FSH Serum Concentration 

6.1.2. Most Common Andrological Problems 

6.1.2.1. Seminal Quality Alteration 
6.1.2.2. Retrograde Ejaculation 
6.1.2.3. Neurological Lesions 
6.1.2.4. FSH Concentration 

6.2. Current Assisted Reproduction Techniques 

6.2.1. Artificial Insemination 
6.2.2. IUI-H 
6.2.3. IUI-D 
6.2.4. Ovarian Puncture 
6.2.5. In Vitro Fertilization and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection 
6.2.6. Gamete Transfer 

6.3. Techniques for Gamete Conservation in a Urology Laboratory Gamete Donation Bank

6.3.1. Current Legal Framework 
6.3.2. Principles of Cell Cryopreservation 
6.3.3. Oocyte Freezing/Thawing Protocol 
6.3.4. Semen Freezing/Thawing Protocol 
6.3.5. Gamete Donation Bank 

6.3.5.1. Concept and Purpose of Assisted Reproduction 
6.3.5.2. Donor Characteristics 

6.4. Study of Embryology and Andrology in the Clinical Laboratory 

6.4.1. Pre-Embryo and Sperm Culture 
6.4.2. Embryo Stages  
6.4.3. Seminal Study Techniques 

6.4.3.1. Seminogram 
6.4.3.2. Seminal Lavage 

6.5. Laboratory Techniques for the Study of Cell Growth, Senescence and Apoptosis 

6.5.1. Study of Cell Growth 

6.5.1.1. Concept 
6.5.1.2. Conditioning Parameters of Cell Growth 

6.5.1.2.1. Viability 
6.5.1.2.2. Multiplication 
6.5.1.2.3. Temperature 
6.5.1.2.4. External Agents 

6.5.1.3. Practical Applications in Clinical Analysis 

6.5.2. Study of Cellular Senescence and Apoptosis 

6.5.2.1. Concept of Senescence  

6.5.3. Hematoxylin/Eosin Staining
6.5.4. Clinical Application of Oxidative Stress 

6.6. Analysis of Body Fluids  

6.6.1. Amniotic Fluid 
6.6.2. Saliva Nasopharynx 
6.6.3. LCR 
6.6.4. Synovial Fluid 
6.6.5. Pleural 
6.6.6. Pericardial 
6.6.7. Peritoneal 

6.7. Urine Study in the Urology and Pathological Anatomy Laboratory 

6.7.1. Systematic Uroanalysis 
6.7.2. Urine culture 
6.7.3. Pathological Anatomy Cytology

6.8. Clinical Study of Stools  

6.8.1. Physical Study 
6.8.2. Hidden Blood in Stools 
6.8.3. Fresh Study 
6.8.4. Stool Culture 

6.9. Molecular Study of Cancer. Most Common Tumor Markers 

6.9.1. PSA 
6.9.2. EGFR 
6.9.3. HER2 Gene 
6.9.4. CD20 
6.9.5. Neuron-Specific Enolase NSE 
6.9.6. FAP 
6.9.7. ALK Gene 
6.9.8. ROS1 Gene 
6.9.9. BRAF V600e Mutation  

6.10. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Pharmacokinetics 

6.10.1. Concept 
6.10.2. Study Parameters 

6.10.2.1. Absorption 
6.10.2.2. Distribution 
6.10.2.3. Elimination 

6.10.3. Clinical Applications of Pharmacokinetics  

Module 7. Hematology 

7.1. Introduction to the Hematopoietic System and Study Techniques

7.1.1. Classification of Blood Cells and Hematopoiesis
7.1.2. Hemacytometry and Blood Smear Study
7.1.3. Bone Marrow Study
7.1.4. Role of the Pathologist in the Diagnosis of Testicular Neoplasms
7.1.5. Role of Immunophenotyping in the Diagnosis of Hematologic Disorders

7.2. Diagnosis of Erythrocyte Disorders Anemias, Erythrocytosis, Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemias

7.2.1. Classification of the Types of Anaemia

7.2.1.1. Etiopathogenic Classification
7.2.1.2. Classification According to VCM

7.2.1.2.1. Microcytic Anemia
7.2.1.2.2. Normocytic Anemia
7.2.1.2.3. Macrocytic Anemia

7.2.2. Erythrocytosis Differential Diagnosis

7.2.2.1. Primary Erythrocytosis
7.2.2.2. Secondary Erythrocytosis

7.2.3. Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemias

7.2.3.1. Classification
7.2.3.2. Laboratory Diagnosis

7.3. Quantitative Alterations of the White Series

7.3.1. Neutrophils: Neutropenia and Neutrophilia
7.3.2. Lymphocytes: Lymphopenia and Lymphocytosis

7.4. Diagnosis of Platelet Disorders

7.4.1. Morphologic Alterations: Thrombocytopathies
7.4.2. Thrombocytopenias. Diagnostic Approach

7.5. Myeloproliferative and Myelodysplastic Syndromes

7.5.1. Laboratory Findings and Complementary Examinations

7.5.1.1. Hemogram and Peripheral Blood Smear
7.5.1.2. Bone Marrow Study

7.5.1.2.1. Bone Marrow Morphology
7.5.1.2.2. Flow Cytometry
7.5.1.2.3. Cytogenetics
7.5.1.2.4. Molecular Biology

7.5.2. Diagnosis Classification Differential Diagnosis 

7.6. Monoclonal Gammopathies Multiple Myeloma

7.6.1. Study of Monoclonal Gammopathies

7.6.1.1. Bone Marrow Morphology
7.6.1.2. Study of the Monoclonal Component
7.6.1.3. Other Laboratory Studies

7.6.2. Classification of Monoclonal Gammopathies Differential Diagnosis

7.6.2.1. Monoclonal Gammopathy of Uncertain Significance and Quiescent Myeloma
7.6.2.2. Multiple Myeloma

7.6.2.2.1. Diagnostic Criteria

7.6.2.3. Amyloidosis
7.6.2.4. Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia

7.7. Differential Diagnosis of Acute Leukemia

7.7.1. Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Promyelocytic Leukemia

7.7.1.1. Laboratory Findings and Complementary Examinations
7.7.1.2. Hemogram and Peripheral Blood Smear
7.7.1.3. Bone Marrow Study

7.7.1.3.1. Bone Marrow Morphology
7.7.1.3.2. Flow Cytometry
7.7.1.3.3. Cytogenetics
7.7.1.3.4. Molecular Biology

7.7.1.4. Diagnosis Classification

7.7.2. Acute Lymphoid Leukemia

7.7.2.1. Laboratory Findings and Complementary Examinations
7.7.2.2. Hemogram and Peripheral Blood Smear
7.7.2.3. Bone Marrow Study

7.7.1.3.1. Bone Marrow Morphology
7.7.1.3.2. Flow Cytometry
7.7.1.3.3. Cytogenetics
7.7.1.3.4. Molecular Biology

7.7.2.4. Diagnosis Classification

7.8. Mature B- and T-Lymphoid Neoplasms

7.8.1. Chronic Lymphoproliferative Syndromes B. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

7.8.1.1. Laboratory Studies and Differential Diagnosis

7.8.1.1.1. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
7.8.1.1.2. Tricholeukemia
7.8.1.1.3. Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma
7.8.1.1.4. Prolymphocytic Leukemia
7.8.1.1.5. Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia

7.8.2. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas

7.8.2.1. Initial Study and Diagnosis
7.8.2.2. Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms

7.8.2.2.1. Follicular Lymphoma
7.8.2.2.2. Mantle Cell Lymphoma
7.8.2.2.3. Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma
7.8.2.2.4. MALT Lymphoma
7.8.2.2.5. Burkitt Lymphoma
7.8.2.2.6. Peripheral T Lymphomas
7.8.2.2.7. Cutaneous Lymphomas
7.8.2.2.8. Others

7.8.3. Hodgkin's Lymphomas

7.8.3.1. Complementary Tests
7.8.3.2. Histological Classification

7.9. Diagnosis of Coagulation Disorders

7.9.1. Study of Hemorrhagic Diatheses

7.9.1.1. Initial Tests
7.9.1.2. Specific Studies

7.9.2. Congenital Coagulation Alterations

7.9.2.1. Hemophilia A and B
7.9.2.2. Von Willebrand Disease
7.9.2.3. Other Congenital Coagulopathies

7.9.3. Acquired Coagulation Alterations
7.9.4. Thrombosis and Thrombophilia Antiphospholipid Syndrome
7.9.5. Monitoring of Anticoagulant Therapy

7.10. Introduction to Hemotherapy

7.10.1. Blood Groups
7.10.2. Blood Components
7.10.3. Recommendations for the Use of Blood Derivatives
7.10.4. Most Common Transfusional Reactions

Module 8. Microbiology and Parasitology

8.1. General Concepts of Microbiology 

8.1.1. Structure of Microorganisms 
8.1.2. Nutrition, Metabolism and Microbial Growth 
8.1.3. Microbial Taxonomy 
8.1.4. Microbial Genomes and Genetics 

8.2. Study of Infectious Bacteria 

8.2.1. Gram Positive Cocci 
8.2.2. Gram Negative Cocci 
8.2.3. Gram Positive Bacilli 
8.2.4. Gram Negative Bacilli 
8.2.5. Other Bacteria of Clinical Interest 

8.2.5.1. Legionella Pneumophila 
8.2.5.2. Mycobacteria 

8.3. General Techniques in Microbiology

8.3.1. Processing of Microbiological Samples 
8.3.2. Types of Microbiological Samples 
8.3.3. Planting Techniques 
8.3.4. Types of Staining in Microbiology
8.3.5. Current Microorganism Identification Techniques 

8.3.5.1. Biochemical Tests 
8.3.5.2. Manual or Automatic Commercial Systems and Multitest Galleries 
8.3.5.3. MALDI TOF Mass Spectrometry 
8.3.5.4. Molecular Tests 

8.3.5.4.1. 16S rRNA 
8.3.5.4.2. 16S-23S rRNA 
8.3.5.4.3. 23S rRNA 
8.3.5.4.4. rpoB Gene 
8.3.5.4.5. gyrB Gene 

8.3.5.5. Serological Diagnosis of Microbial Infections 

8.4. Antimicrobial Sensitivity Tests 

8.4.1. Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms 
8.4.2. Sensitivity Test 
8.4.3. Antibacterials 

8.5. Study of Viral Infections

8.5.1. Basic Principles of Virology
8.5.2. Taxonomy 
8.5.3. Viruses Affecting the Respiratory System 
8.5.4. Viruses Affecting the Digestive System 
8.5.5. Viruses Affecting the Central Nervous System 
8.5.6. Viruses Affecting the Reproductive System 
8.5.7. Systemic Viruses 

8.6. General Techniques in Virology

8.6.1. Processing of Samples 
8.6.2. Laboratory Techniques for Viral Diagnosis 
8.6.3. Antivirals  

8.7. Most Common Fungal Infections 

8.7.1. General Information on Fungi 
8.7.2. Taxonomy 
8.7.3. Primary Mycoses 
8.7.4. Opportunist Mycoses 
8.7.5. Subcutaneous Mycoses 
8.7.6. Cutaneous and Superficial Mycoses 
8.7.7. Mycosis of Atypical Etiology 

8.8. Diagnostic Techniques in a Clinical Mycology

8.8.1. Processing of Samples 
8.8.2. Study of Superficial Mycoses 
8.8.3. Study of Subcutaneous Mycoses 
8.8.4. Study of Deep Mycoses 
8.8.5. Study of Opportunist Mycoses 
8.8.6. Diagnostic Techniques 
8.8.7. Antifungal 

8.9. Parasitic Diseases 

8.9.1. General Concepts of Parasitology 
8.9.2. Protozoa 

8.9.2.1. Amoeba (Sarcodina) 
8.9.2.2. Ciliates (Ciliophora) 
8.9.2.3. Flagellates (Mastigophora) 
8.9.2.4. Apicomplexa 
8.9.2.5. Plasmodium 
8.9.2.6. Sarcocystis 
8.9.2.7. Microsporidiosis 

8.9.3. Helmintos 

8.9.3.1. Nematodes 
8.9.3.2. Platyhelminthes 

8.9.3.2.1. Cestodes 
8.9.3.2.2. Trematodes 

8.9.4. Arthropods 

8.10. Diagnostic Techniques in a Clinical Parasitology

8.10.1. Processing of Samples 
8.10.2. Diagnostic Methods 
8.10.3. Antiparasitics II 

Module 9. Immunology 

9.1. Immune System Organs 

9.1.1. Primary Lymphoid Organs 

9.1.1.1. Fetal Liver 
9.1.1.2. Bone Marrow 
9.1.1.3. Thymus 

9.1.2. Secondary Lymphoid Organs 

9.1.2.1. Bladder 
9.1.2.2. Lymph Nodes 
9.1.2.3. Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue 

9.1.3. Tertiary Lymphoid Organs 
9.1.4. Lymphatic system 

9.2. Immune System Cells 

9.2.1. Granulocytes 

9.2.1.1. Neutrophils 
9.2.1.2. Eosinophils 
9.2.1.3. Basophils 

9.2.2. Monocytes and Macrophages 
9.2.3. Lymphocytes 

9.2.3.1. T Lymphocytes 
9.2.3.2. B Lymphocytes 

9.2.4. Natural Killer Cells
9.2.5. Antigen Presenting Cells 

9.3. Antigens and Immunoglobulins 

9.3.1. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity 

9.3.1.1. Antigen 
9.3.1.2. Immunogen 
9.3.1.3. Epitopes 
9.3.1.4. Haptenos and Carriers 

9.3.2. Immunoglobulins 

9.3.2.1. Structure and Function 
9.3.2.2. Classification of Immunoglobulins 
9.3.2.3. Somatic Hypermutation and Isotype Shift 

9.4. Complement System 

9.4.1. Functions 
9.4.2. Activation Routes 

9.4.2.1. Classical Pathway 
9.4.2.2. Alternative Pathway 
9.4.2.3. Lectin Pathway 

9.4.3. Complement Receptors 
9.4.4. Complements and Inflammation 
9.4.5. Complement Cascade 

9.5. Major Histocompatibility Complex 

9.5.1. Major and Minor Histocompatibility Antigens 
9.5.2. HLA Genetics 
9.5.3. HLA and Disease 
9.5.4. Transplant Immunology 

9.6. Immune Response 

9.6.1. Innate and Adaptive Immune Response 
9.6.2. Humoral Immune Response 

9.6.2.1. Primary Response 
9.6.2.2. Secondary Response 

9.6.3. Cellular Immune Response 

9.7. Autoimmune Diseases 

9.7.1. Immunogenic Tolerance 
9.7.2. Autoimmunity 
9.7.3. Autoimmune Diseases 
9.7.4. Study of Autoimmune Diseases 

9.8. Immunodeficiencies 

9.8.1. Primary Immunodeficiencies 
9.8.2. Secondary Immunodeficiencies 
9.8.3. Antitumor Immunity 
9.8.4. Evaluation of Immunity 

9.9. Hypersensitivity Reactions 

9.9.1. Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions 
9.9.2. Type I Hypersensitivity or Allergic Reactions 
9.9.3. Anaphylaxis
9.9.4. Allergological Diagnostic Methods 

9.10. Immunoanalytical Techniques 

9.10.1. Precipitation and Agglutination Techniques 
9.10.2. Complement Fixation Techniques 
9.10.3. ELISA Techniques 
9.10.4. Immunochromatography Techniques 
9.10.5. Radioimmunoanalysis Techniques
9.10.6. Isolation of Lymphocytes 
9.10.7. Microlymphocytotoxicity Technique 
9.10.8. Mixed Lymphocyte Culture 
9.10.9. Flow Cytometry Applied to Immunology 
9.10.10. Flow Cytometry  

Module 10. Genetics 

10.1. Introduction to Genetic Medicine Genealogies and Inheritance Patterns  

10.1.1. Historical Development of Genetics Key Concepts
10.1.2. Structure of Genes and Regulation of Genetic Expression Epigenetics 
10.1.3. Genetic Variability Mutation and Reparation of DNA 
10.1.4. Human Genetics Organization of the Human Genome 
10.1.5. Genetic Diseases Morbidity and Mortality 
10.1.6. Human Inheritance Concept of Genotype and Phenotype 

10.1.6.1. Mendelian Inheritance Patterns 
10.1.6.2. Multigene and Mitochondrial Inheritance 

10.1.7. Construction of Genealogies 

10.1.7.1. Allele, Genotypic and Phenotypic Frequency Estimation
10.1.7.2. Segregation Analysis 

10.1.8. Other Factors which Affect the Phenotype 

10.2. Molecular Biology Techniques Used in Genetics 

10.2.1. Genetics and Molecular Diagnostics 
10.2.2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Applied to Diagnosis and Research in Genetics 

10.2.2.1. Detection and Amplification of Specific Sequences  
10.2.2.2. Quantification of Nucleic Acids (RT-PCR) 

10.2.3. Cloning Techniques: Isolation, Restriction and Ligation of DNA Fragments 
10.2.4. Detection of Mutations and Measurement of Genetic Variability: RFLP, VNTR, SNPs 
10.2.5. Mass Sequencing Techniques. NGS 
10.2.6. Transgenesis Genetic Therapy 
10.2.7. Cytogenetic Techniques 

10.2.7.1. Chromosome Banding 
10.2.7.2. FISH, CGH 

10.3. Human Cytogenetics Numerical and Structural Chromosomal Abnormalities 

10.3.1. Study of Human Cytogenetics Features 
10.3.2. Chromosome Characterization and Cytogenetic Nomenclature 

10.3.2.1. Chromosomal Analysis: Karyotyping

10.3.3. Anomalies in the Number of Chromosomes 

10.3.3.1. Polyploidies 
10.3.3.2. Aneuploidies 

10.3.4. Structural Chromosomal Alterations Genetic Dose 

10.3.4.1. Deletions 
10.3.4.2. Duplications 
10.3.4.3. Inversions 
10.3.4.4. Translocations 

10.3.5. Chromosomal Polymorphisms 
10.3.6. Genetic Imprinting  

10.4. Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Alterations and Congenital Defects. Preimplantational Genetic Diagnosis 

10.4.1. Prenatal Diagnosis. What Does It Entail? 
10.4.2. Incidence of Congenital Defects 
10.4.3. Indications for Performing Prenatal Diagnosis 
10.4.4. Prenatal Diagnostic Methods 

10.4.4.1. Non-Invasive Procedures: First and Second Trimester Screening TPNI 
10.4.4.2. Invasive Procedures: Amniocentesis, Cordocentesis and Chorionic Biopsy 

10.4.5. Preimplantational Genetic Diagnosis Indications
10.4.6. Embryo Biopsy and Genetic Analysis  

10.5. Genetic Diseases I 

10.5.1. Diseases with Autosomal Dominant Inheritance 

10.5.1.1. Achondroplasia 
10.5.1.2. Huntington's Disease 
10.5.1.3. Retinoblastoma 
10.5.1.4. Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 

10.5.2. Diseases with Autosomal Recessive Inheritance 

10.5.2.1. Phenylketonuria
10.5.2.2. Sickle Cell Anemia 
10.5.2.3. Cystic fibrosis 
10.5.2.4. Laron Syndrome 

10.5.3. Diseases with Sex-Linked Inheritance 

10.5.3.1. Rett Syndrome 
10.5.3.2. Haemophilia 
10.5.3.3. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 

10.6. Genetic Diseases II 

10.6.1. Mitochondrial Inheritance Diseases 

10.6.1.1. Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies 
10.6.1.2. Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (NOHL) 

10.6.2. Genetic Anticipation Phenomena 

10.6.2.1. Huntington's Disease 
10.6.2.2. Fragile X Syndrome 
10.6.2.3. Spinocerebellar Ataxias 

10.6.3. Allelic Heterogeneity 

10.6.3.1. Usher Syndrome 

10.7. Complex Diseases Genetics Molecular Basis of Family and Sporadic Cancer 

10.7.1. Multifactorial Inheritance 

10.7.1.1. Polygenes 

10.7.2. Contribution of Environmental Factors on Complex Diseases 
10.7.3. Quantitative Genetics 

10.7.3.1. Heritability 

10.7.4. Common Complex Diseases 

10.7.4.1. Diabetes Mellitus 
10.7.4.2. Alzheimer’s Disease 

10.7.5. Behavioral Diseases and Personality Disorders: Alcoholism, Autism and Schizophrenia 
10.7.6. Cancer: Molecular Base and Environmental Factors 

10.7.6.1. Genetics of Cycle Cell Proliferation and Differentiation Processes 
10.7.6.2. DNA Reparation Genes, Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes 
10.7.6.3. Environmental Influence of the Occurrence of Cancer 

10.7.7. Familial Cancer 

10.8. Genomics and Proteomics 

10.8.1. Omic Sciences and their Usefulness in Medicine 
10.8.2. Genome Sequencing and Analysis 

10.8.2.1. DNA Libraries 

10.8.3. Comparative Genomics 

10.8.3.1. Organisms Model 
10.8.3.2. Sequencing Comparison 
10.8.3.3. Human Genome Project

10.8.4. Functional Genomics

10.8.4.1. Transcriptomics 
10.8.4.2. Structural and Functional Organization of the Genome 
10.8.4.3. Functional Genomic Elements 

10.8.5. From the Genome to the Proteome 

10.8.5.1. Post-translational Modifications

10.8.6. Strategies for the Separation and Purification of Proteins  
10.8.7. Identification of Proteins 
10.8.8. Interactome 

10.9. Genetic Assessment Ethical and Legal Aspects of Diagnosis and Research in Genetics 

10.9.1. Genetic Assessment Concepts and Base Techniques 

10.9.1.1. Risk of Recurrence of Genetically Based Diseases 
10.9.1.2. Genetic Assessment in Prenatal Diagnosis 
10.9.1.3. Ethical Principles in Genetic Assessment 

10.9.2. Legislation of New Genetic Technology 

10.9.2.1. Genetic Engineering 
10.9.2.2. Human Cloning 
10.9.2.3. Genetic Therapy 

10.9.3. Bioethics and Genetics 

10.10. Biobanks and Bioinformatics Tools

10.10.1. Biobanks Concept and Functions 
10.10.2. Organization, Management and Quality of Biobanks 
10.10.3. Computational Biology 
10.10.4. Big Data and Machine Learning 
10.10.5. Bioinformatics Applications in Biomedicine 

10.10.5.1. Sequences Analysis 
10.10.5.2. Image Analysis 
10.10.5.2. Personalized and Precision Medicine  

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