Delve into the most up-to-date issues in toxicology for pediatric and adult patients with acute poisoning from a theoretical and practical perspective"

With regard to toxicology cases, there are many people directly and indirectly affected by the effects of its use, such as victims of sexual assault. This last case is becoming more and more frequent, which has set off alarm bells in the health area. In order to respond quickly and effectively to the therapeutic management of the intoxicated patient, specialists must be equipped with up-to-date knowledge and practice skills to perform a correct clinical action.

In line with its academic rigor, TECH offers a Hybrid Master's Degree in Emergency Toxicology for Nursing aimed at nurses who are looking for a complete theoretical and practical training on intoxicated patients. The syllabus of this program ranges from patient assessment, therapeutic management, toxicology of drugs of abuse and pharmacology, to poisoning by gases, solvents, heavy metals, pesticides or phytosanitary products, caustic products, and by natural agents of the environment such as mushrooms or animals.
In addition, TECH 100% online teaching methodology allows students total flexibility so that they can combine the program with all kinds of professional or personal responsibilities. In this theoretical-practical degree, a study without fixed schedules is proposed, with an online content that can be enjoyed at any time. Likewise, all the content provided in the first instance will also be developed in practice with the 3-week clinical stay that the nurse will be able to enjoy.

The Hybrid Master's Degree, as well as the theoretical period, will be guided at all times by a specific tutor with high competence in Toxicology in Emergencies for Nursing and attached to the hospital center where the nurse's internship will take place. This provides students with the opportunity to apply up-to-dated knowledge and techniques in a real environment, where they can contextualize all the theoretical information acquired and have the support of professionals with years of experience in the sector.

Put into practice all the knowledge acquired in the Hybrid Master's Degree in Emergency Toxicology for Nurses in a highly prestigious center, surrounded by professionals committed to up-to-date your knowledge"

This Hybrid Master's Degree in Emergency Toxicology for Nursing contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• Development of more than 100 clinical cases presented by nursing professionals with extensive experience in the treatment and management of all types of oncology patients
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Assessment in La Cardiac Arrest
• Psychiatric evaluation of the suicidal patient in toxicology
• Examination for intoxication by drugs of abuse such as CNS depressants, psychostimulants, hallucinogens and synthetic drugs
• Analysis of intoxication by drugs such as analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs, psychotropic drugs, antiarrhythmics and antihypertensives
• Evaluation of intoxications in rural areas such as insecticide, herbicide and fungicide intoxications
• All of this will be complemented by theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection
• Furthermore, you will be able to carry out a clinical internship in one of the best hospital 

Be part of the technological evolution in medicine, applying the most effective new therapies after up-to-date your skills with 13 high quality theoretical modules"

In this Hybrid Master's Degree proposal, of a professionalizing nature and blended learning modality, the program is aimed at updating nursing professionals. The contents are based on the latest scientific evidence, and oriented in a didactic way to integrate theoretical knowledge in nursing practice, and the theoretical-practical elements will facilitate the updating of knowledge and will allow decision making in patient management.

Thanks to the multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, nursing professionals will benefit from situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide immersive learning programmed to train in real situations. This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the physician must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise during the course. For this purpose, the students will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts.

Incorporate into your daily practice the basics of animal bite poisoning and manage the surgical field"

Applies knowledge in the respiratory system intoxicated in real clinical settings with emergency patients"

The content of this program has been carefully planned with a teaching team versed in the field of Toxicology. Likewise, the entire syllabus has been written following TECH pedagogical methodology, based on Relearning, which exempts students from long hours of study, thanks to the progressive assimilation of the content. It is worth mentioning the theoretical-practical teaching offered by TECH, since thanks to it the specialist will be able to put into practice all the previous information provided and developed in the following list.

You will have the Virtual Classroom at your disposal 24 hours a day so that you can access it whenever you want and from wherever you want"

Module 1. Specialization in toxicology

1.1. Specialization in Medical Toxicology

1.1.1. Justification for Specialization in Medical Toxicology
1.1.2. Objectives
1.1.3. Methods

1.2. Basic Concepts of Toxicology

1.2.1. Concepts of Toxicology, Intoxication, Toxicants and Toxicity
1.2.2. Clinical Toxicology

1.2.2.1. Types of Toxicity
1.2.2.2. Types of Intoxication
1.2.2.3. Dose-Response
1.2.2.4. Causes of Intoxication
1.2.2.5. Toxicity Mechanisms

1.2.2.5.1. Toxicokinetics
1.2.2.5.2. Toxicodynamics

1.3. Toxicology in its Historical Context

1.3.1. The Use of Poisons in the Bronze Age
1.3.2. Poisoning in Ancient Times
1.3.3. The Middle Ages
1.3.4. The Modern Age
1.3.5. Contemporary Era

1.4. Chemistry as a Weapon: The History of Criminal Toxicology
1.5. Radiation as a Crime

Module 2. Assessment of the Poisoned Patient

2.1. Introduction to the Module

2.1.1. Medical History

2.1.1.1. Medical History
2.1.1.2. Physical Examination
2.1.1.3. Complementary Evaluations

2.1.2. Toxic Syndromes

2.1.2.1. Sympathomimetics
2.1.2.2. Cholinergic Drugs
2.1.2.3. Anticholinergics
2.1.2.4. Serotonergic Drugs
2.1.2.5. Opioids
2.1.2.6. Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
2.1.2.7. Hallucinatory Drugs

2.1.3. Metabolic Acidosis in Toxicology
2.1.4. Diagnosis of Suspected Poisoning and Diagnostic Hypotheses
2.1.5. The Toxicological Information Service (SIT) of the National Institute of Toxicology and Toxicology of the Toxicology as a center for diagnostic and therapeutic assistance
2.1.6. Conclusions and Key Points

2.2. Initial Assessment of Patients Suffering from Intoxication

2.2.1. Preliminary

2.2.1.1. Introduction
2.2.1.2. Index
2.2.1.3. Objectives

2.2.2. Hepatic Toxicology
2.2.3. Renal Toxicology
2.2.4. Hematological Toxicity
2.2.5. Neurological and Psychiatric Toxicology
2.2.6. Conclusions and Key Points
2.2.7. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Toxicology

2.3. Toxic Organ Involvement

2.3.1. Preliminary

2.3.1.1. Introduction
2.3.1.2. Index
2.3.1.3. Objectives

2.3.2. Reproductive and Perinatal Toxicology
2.3.3. Neonatal and Pediatric Toxicology
2.3.4. Geriatric Toxicology

2.4. Group Toxicology

Module 3. Therapeutic Management of the Poisoned Patient: Life Support

3.1. A Complete Overview of Poisoning Treatment
3.2. Life Support for Poisoned Patients: Cardiopulmonary Arrest

3.2.1. The Fundamental Pillars of Life Support in Cardiopulmonary Arrest
3.2.2. Respiratory Arrest and Ventilatory Support
3.2.3. Cardiorespiratory Arrest in Poisoned Patients
3.2.4. Conclusions and Key Points

3.3. Acute Respiratory Failure in Poisoned Patients and Therapeutic Management

3.3.1. Preliminary
3.3.2. Acute Respiratory Failure due to Airway Obstruction
3.3.3. Acute Respiratory Failure due to Hypoventilation
3.3.4. Acute respiratory failure due to decreased inspiratory oxygen fraction
3.3.5. Acute Respiratory Failure due to Alveolocapillary Diffusion Impairment
3.3.6. Acute respiratory failure due to alteration of oxygen transport or its tissue utilization
3.3.7. Acute Mixed Respiratory Failure
3.3.8. Conclusions and Key Points

3.4. Hemodynamic Stability and Instability in Poisoned Patients

3.4.1. Shock and its Different Types in Poisoned Patients
3.4.2. Therapeutic Management of Shock in Poisoned Patients
3.4.3. Hypotension and Hypertension in Poisoned Patients
3.4.4. Cardiac Arrhythmias in Acute Poisoning
3.4.5. Acute Coronary Syndrome in Poisoned Patients
3.4.6. Conclusions and Key Points

3.5. Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Poisoning

3.5.1. Disorders of Consciousness Toxic Coma
3.5.2. Seizures
3.5.3. Behavioral Disorder. Agitated Patient Management

3.5.3.1. Etiology of Psychomotor Agitation. Toxicology-related causes
3.5.3.2. Protective Measures for Healthcare Personnel
3.5.3.3. Verbal, Mechanical and Pharmacological Restraint Measures

3.5.4. Conclusions and Key Points

Module 4. Therapeutic Management of the Poisoned Patient: Specific Treatment

4.1. The Three Phases of the Specific Treatment of Poisoning
4.2. Decrease toxicant absorption

4.2.1. Digestive decontamination

4.2.1.1. Emetics
4.2.1.2. Gastric lavage
4.2.1.3. Activated Carbon
4.2.1.4. Cathartics
4.2.1.5. Whole Bowel Irrigation

4.2.2. Skin Decontamination
4.2.3. Ocular Decontamination
4.2.4. Prevention of Parenteral Absorption
4.2.5. Prevention of Pulmonary Absorption
4.2.6. Endoscopy and Surgery
4.2.7. Dilution
4.2.8. Conclusions and Key Points

4.3. Increasing Toxicant Elimination

4.3.1. Kidney Cleanse

4.3.1.1. Forced Diuresis
4.3.1.2. Alkaline Diuresis

4.3.2. Extrarenal Purification

4.3.2.1. Dialysis
4.3.2.2. Hemoperfusion, Hemofiltration, Hemodiafiltration
4.3.2.3. Plasmapheresis and Exchange Transfusion
4.3.2.4. Conclusions and Key Points

4.4. Antidotes

4.4.1. Main Antidotes

4.4.1.1. Indications, Contraindications, Side Effects and Precautions
4.4.1.2. Dose

4.4.2. Minimum Stock of Antidotes Depending on the Type of Hospital or Health Center
4.4.3. Conclusions and Key Points

4.5. Antidotes

4.5.1. Nasogastric or Orogastric Tube Placement Technique and Gastric Lavage
4.5.2. Skin and Ocular Decontamination Techniques

Module 5. Therapeutic Management of the Poisoned Patient: Additional Aspects

5.1. General Outline of Additional Aspects to Consider
5.2. The Suicidal Patient and Toxicology. Psychiatric Assessment

5.2.1. Introduction
5.2.2. Risk Factors for Self-Harming Behavior
5.2.3. Determining the Severity of Self-Harm Attempts
5.2.4. Suicidal Patient Management
5.2.5. Conclusions and Key Points

5.3. Medical and Legal Aspects of Toxicological Care

5.3.1. Introduction
5.3.2. Report to the Court
5.3.3. Medical and Legal Autopsy
5.3.4. Sampling of the Patient Corpse
5.3.5. Informed Consent and Voluntary Discharge of the Poisoned Patient
5.3.6. The Extraction of Blood Samples for Toxicological Studies in the Emergency Room
5.3.7. Conclusions and Key Points

5.4. Protective Measures for Healthcare Personnel

5.4.1. Introduction
5.4.2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
5.4.3. Poison Prevention Measures for Healthcare Personnel
5.4.4. Conclusions and Key Points

5.5. General Criteria for Admission to an Intensive Care Unit

5.5.1. Introduction
5.5.2. Criteria Table
5.5.3. Conclusions and Key Points

5.6. Toxicant-Induced Rhabdomyolysis

5.6.1. Introduction
5.6.2. Definition and Pathophysiology
5.6.3. General Etiology and Toxicological Causes of Rhabdomyolysis
5.6.4. Clinical Manifestations, Laboratory Tests and Complications
5.6.5. Treatment
5.6.6. Conclusions and Key Points

5.7. Toxicant-Induced Methemoglobinemia

5.7.1. Introduction
5.7.2. Pathophysiology
5.7.3. Etiology of Methemoglobinemia
5.7.4. Clinical Manifestations
5.7.5. Suspected, Differential and Confirmatory Diagnosis
5.7.6. Treatment

5.8. Hypersensitivity and Anaphylaxis Secondary to Poisonings by Animal Stings or Bites

5.8.1. Introduction
5.8.2. Etiology
5.8.3. Hypersensitivity Types
5.8.4. Clinical Manifestations
5.8.5. Diagnosis
5.8.6. Treatment Management
5.8.7. Conclusions and Key Points

5.9. Emergencies Associated with Psychotropic Drugs

5.9.1. Introduction
5.9.2. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

5.9.2.1. Definition and Risk Factors
5.9.2.2. Clinical Manifestations and Differential Diagnosis
5.9.2.3. Treatment

5.9.3. Serotonin Syndrome

5.9.3.1. Causes
5.9.3.2. Clinical Manifestations and Differential Diagnosis
5.9.3.3. Treatment

5.9.4. Acute Dystonia
5.9.5. Drug-Induced Parkinsonism
5.9.6. Conclusions and Key Points

Module 6. Toxicology of Drugs of Abuse

6.1. Drug Addiction, Intoxication, Withdrawal Syndromes, Sexual Offenses, Drug Traffickers, Reintegration
6.2. Epidemiology of Drugs of Abuse
6.3. CNS Depressant Poisoning

6.3.1. Preliminary

6.3.1.1. Introduction
6.3.1.2. Index
6.3.1.3. Objectives

6.3.1.3.1. Opiates (Heroin; Methadone; Oxycodone)
6.3.1.3.2. Alcohol Poisoning
6.3.1.3.3. Volatile Inhalable Substances
6.3.1.3.4. Conclusions and Key Points

6.4. Psychostimulant Poisoning

6.4.1. Preliminary

6.4.1.1. Introduction
6.4.1.2. Index
6.4.1.3. Objectives

6.4.1.3.1. Cocaine
6.4.1.3.2. Amphetamines
6.4.1.3.3. Others: (Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, KATH, energy drinks, guarana)
6.4.1.3.4. Conclusions and Key Points

6.5. Hallucinogen Poisoning

6.5.1. Hallucinogenic Mushrooms (LSD, Amanita Muscaria, Psilocybe)
6.5.2. Hallucinogenic Plants

6.5.2.1. Cannabis
6.5.2.2. Mescaline
6.5.2.3. Estramonium
6.5.2.4. Belladonna
6.5.2.5. Scopolamine (Burundanga)
6.5.2.6. Vegetable Ecstasy

6.5.3. DMT and AMT
6.5.4. Dextromethorphan
6.5.5. Conclusions and Key Points

6.6. Poisoning by Synthetic Drugs

6.6.1. Synthetic Opiates (Fentanyl and Meperidine Derivatives)
6.6.2. Dissociative

6.6.2.1. Phencyclidine and Ketamine

6.6.3. Methaqualone Derivatives
6.6.4. Synthetic Phenylethylamines

6.6.4.1. DOM, BOB, 2C-B, MDA
6.6.4.2. Ecstasy (MDMA)
6.6.4.3. Liquid Ecstasy (GHB)
6.6.4.4. Conclusions and Key Points

6.7. Psychosocial Component of Drugs of Abuse
6.8. Sex and Drugs: Chemsex (Chemical Sex)

6.8.1. What is Meant by Chemsex?
6.8.2. Historical Background and Epidemiologic Profile of Consumers
6.8.3. Risks Associated with the Practice of Chemsex
6.8.4. Most Commonly Used Drugs
6.8.5. Conclusions and Key Points

6.9. Language and Drugs

6.9.1. A Language that Emergency Physicians Must Know
6.9.2. Drug Slang
6.9.3. The Slang of Drugs of Abuse
6.9.4. Conclusions and Key Points

6.10. A Society Besieged by Drugs

6.10.1. Introduction
6.10.2. The "Botellón" a Toxic Social Phenomenon
6.10.3. Electronic Parties and Drugs of Abuse
6.10.4. The “Jarra Loca”
6.10.5. Conclusions and Key Points

6.11. Bodypackers and Bodystuffers in the Emergency Department

6.11.1. Definition
6.11.2. Clinical Manifestations
6.11.3. Diagnosis
6.11.4. Treatment Management
6.11.5. Conclusions and Key Points

6.12. Chemical Submission

6.12.1. Concept
6.12.2. Epidemiology
6.12.3. Keys to Diagnosis
6.12.4. Crimes Related to Chemical Submission
6.12.5. Drugs Most Commonly Used in Chemical Submission
6.12.6. Conclusions and Key Points

6.13. Withdrawal Syndromes

6.13.1. Introduction and Objectives
6.13.2. Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome

6.13.2.1. Concept
6.13.2.2. Clinical Manifestations and Criteria Diagnosis
6.13.2.3. Delirium Tremens
6.13.2.4. Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome Treatment
6.13.2.5. Conclusions and Key Points

6.13.3. Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome

6.13.3.1. Concept
6.13.3.2. Opioid Dependence and Tolerance
6.13.3.3. Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis of the Withdrawal Syndrome
6.13.3.4. Treatment of Drug Addicts with Withdrawal Syndrome

6.13.4. Detoxification Treatment
6.13.5. Conclusions and Key Points

6.14. Addictive Behavior Unit

Module 7. Toxicology and Pharmacology

7.1. Poisoning by Analgesics and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

7.1.1. Preliminary

7.1.1.1. Introduction
7.1.1.2. Index
7.1.1.3. Objectives

7.1.2. Paracetamol
7.1.3. NSAIDS
7.1.4. Salicylates
7.1.5. Colchicine
7.1.6. Conclusions and Key Points

7.2. Psychotropic Drug Poisoning

7.2.1. Preliminary

7.2.1.1. Introduction
7.2.1.2. Index
7.2.1.3. Objectives

7.2.2. Antidepressants

7.2.2.1. Tricyclics
7.2.2.2. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
7.2.2.3. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

7.2.3. Lithium
7.2.4. Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs

7.2.4.1. Benzodiazepines
7.2.4.2. Barbiturates
7.2.4.3. Non-Benzodiazepine and Non-Barbiturate Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs

7.2.5. Antipsychotics
7.2.6. Anticonvulsants
7.2.7. Conclusions and Key Points

7.3. Antiarrhythmic and Antihypertensive Drug Poisoning

7.3.1. Preliminary

7.3.1.1. Introduction
7.3.1.2. Index
7.3.1.3. Objectives

7.3.2. Digoxin
7.3.3. Beta-Blockers
7.3.4. Calcium Antagonists
7.3.5. Conclusions and Key Points

7.4. Poisoning by Other Drugs

7.4.1. Preliminary

7.4.1.1. Introduction
7.4.1.2. Index
7.4.1.3. Objectives

7.4.2. Antihistamines
7.4.3. Anticoagulants
7.4.4. Metoclopramide
7.4.5. Hypoglycemics
7.4.6. Conclusions and Key Points

Module 8. Industrial Poisoning from Fumes

8.1. Effect of Different Types of Gases on the Respiratory System
8.2. Poisoning due to Inhalation of Fumes

8.2.1. Preliminary

8.2.1.1. Introduction
8.2.1.2. Index
8.2.1.3. Objective

8.2.2. Mechanisms of Toxicity Production and Airway Damage
8.2.3. Clinical Manifestations
8.2.4. Medical History, Examination and Suspected Diagnosis
8.2.5. Treatment Management
8.2.6. Conclusions and Key Points

8.3. Irritant Fume Poisoning

8.3.1. Preliminary

8.3.1.1. Introduction
8.3.1.2. Index
8.3.1.3. Objective

8.3.2. Hydrogen Sulfide Poisoning

8.3.2.1. Sources of Exposure
8.3.2.2. Toxicokinetics and Pathophysiology
8.3.2.3. Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
8.3.2.4. Treatment

8.3.3. Fluorine Derivative Poisoning

8.3.3.1. Sources of Exposure
8.3.3.2. Pathophysiology
8.3.3.3. Clinical Manifestations
8.3.3.4. Diagnosis and Treatment

8.3.4. Chlorine Derivative Poisoning

8.3.4.1. General Aspects of Poisoning

8.3.5. Nitrogen Derivative Poisoning

8.3.5.1. Ammonia Poisoning
8.3.5.2. Other Intoxications

8.4. Poisoning by Asphyxiating Fumes: Carbon Monoxide

8.4.1. Preliminary

8.4.1.1. Introduction
8.4.1.2. Index
8.4.1.3. Objective

8.4.2. Definition and Causes of Carbon Monoxide Hazards
8.4.3. Epidemiologies of carbon monoxide poisoning: a well-known and Others hidden
8.4.4. Sources of Carbon Monoxide Exposure and Medical and Legal Causes Intoxication
8.4.5. Pathophysiology of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
8.4.6. Clinical Manifestations
8.4.7. Diagnosis of Suspicion and Diagnostic Confirmation. Pusicooximetry in prehospital setting
8.4.8. Poisoning Severity Criteria
8.4.9. Treatment of Poisoning
8.4.10. Observation, Admission and Discharge Criteria
8.4.11. Conclusions and Key Points

8.5. Chemical Asphyxia: Cyanide

8.5.1. Preliminary

8.5.1.1. Introduction
8.5.1.2. Index
8.5.1.3. Objective

8.5.2. Sources of Exposure
8.5.3. Toxicokinetics and Pathophysiology
8.5.4. Clinical Manifestations, Suspicion and Confirmation Diagnosis
8.5.5. Treatment
8.5.6. Conclusions and Key Points

Module 9. Industrial solvent poisoning

9.1. Introduction to the Module
9.2. Hydrocarbon Poisoning

9.2.1. Preliminary

9.2.1.1. Introduction
9.2.1.2. Index
9.2.1.3. Objective

9.2.2. Aliphatic or Linear

9.2.2.1. Short Chain Hydrocarbons: Butane, Propane, Ethane and Methane
9.2.2.2. Long-Chain Hydrocarbons: Pentanes, Hexanes, Heptanes and Octanes
9.2.2.3. Petroleum Distillates: Gasoline, Kerosene, and Others
9.2.2.4. Halogenated Products
9.2.2.5. Carbon Tetrachloride
9.2.2.6. Chloroform
9.2.2.7. Dichloromethane
9.2.2.8. Trichloroethylene
9.2.2.9. Tetrachloroethylene
9.2.2.10. Trichloroethane

9.2.3. Aromatic or Cyclic

9.2.3.1. Benzene
9.2.3.2. Toluene
9.2.3.3. Conclusions and Key Points

9.3. Aliphatic Alcohols Poisoning

9.3.1. Preliminary

9.3.1.1. Introduction
9.3.1.2. Index
9.3.1.3. Objective

9.3.2. Methyl Alcohol
9.3.3. Isopropyl Alcohol
9.3.4. Conclusions and Key Points

9.4. Glycol Poisoning

9.4.1. Preliminary

9.4.1.1. Introduction
9.4.1.2. Index
9.4.1.3. Objective

9.4.2. Ethylene Glycol
9.4.3. Diethylene Glycol
9.4.4. Propylene Glycol
9.4.5. Conclusions and Key Points

9.5. Nitrogen Derivative Poisoning

9.5.1. Preliminary

9.5.1.1. Introduction
9.5.1.2. Index
9.5.1.3. Objective

9.5.2. Aniline
9.5.3. Toluidine
9.5.4. Nitrobenzene
9.5.5. Conclusions and Key Points

9.6. Acetone Poisoning

9.6.1. Preliminary

9.6.1.1. Introduction
9.6.1.2. Index
9.6.1.3. Objective

9.6.2. Conclusions and Key Points

Module 10. Industrial heavy metal poisoning

10.1. Introduction: General Aspects of Heavy Metals and their Main Chelating Agents
10.2. Iron Poisoning

10.2.1. Definition, General Aspects
10.2.2. Sources of Exposure
10.2.3. Toxicokinetics and Mechanism of Action
10.2.4. Clinical Manifestations
10.2.5. Diagnosis
10.2.6. Treatment
10.2.7. Conclusions and Key Points

10.3. Phosphorus Poisoning

10.3.1. Definition, General Aspects
10.3.2. Sources of Exposure
10.3.3. Toxicokinetics and Mechanism of Action
10.3.4. Clinical Manifestations
10.3.5. Diagnosis
10.3.6. Treatment
10.3.7. Conclusions and Key Points

10.4. Lead Poisoning

10.4.1. Definition, General Aspects
10.4.2. Sources of Exposure
10.4.3. Toxicokinetics and Mechanism of Action
10.4.4. Clinical Manifestations
10.4.5. Diagnosis
10.4.6. Treatment
10.4.7. Conclusions and Key Points

10.5. Mercury Poisoning

10.5.1. Definition, General Aspects
10.5.2. Sources of Exposure
10.5.3. Toxicokinetics and Mechanism of Action
10.5.4. Clinical Manifestations
10.5.5. Diagnosis
10.5.6. Treatment
10.5.7. Conclusions and Key Points

10.6. Arsenic Poisoning

10.6.1. Definition, General Aspects
10.6.2. Sources of Exposure
10.6.3. Toxicokinetics and Mechanism of Action
10.6.4. Clinical Manifestations
10.6.5. Diagnosis
10.6.6. Treatment
10.6.7. Conclusions and Key Points

10.7. Cadmium Poisoning

10.7.1. Definition, General Aspects
10.7.2. Sources of Exposure
10.7.3. Toxicokinetics and Mechanism of Action
10.7.4. Clinical Manifestations
10.7.5. Diagnosis
10.7.6. Treatment
10.7.7. Conclusions and Key Points

Module 11. Pesticide or Phytosanitary Product Poisoning in Rural Areas

11.1. Introduction to the Module: General Aspects of Pesticide Poisoning

11.1.1. Concept of Pesticides
11.1.2. Classification of Pesticides
11.1.3. Preventive and Protective Measures for Workers
11.1.4. First Aid at the Poisoning Site

11.2. Insecticide Poisoning

11.2.1. Preliminary

11.2.1.1. Introduction
11.2.1.2. Index
11.2.1.3. Objective

11.2.2. Organochlorines
11.2.3. Organophosphates
11.2.4. Carbamates
11.2.5. Pyrethroids
11.2.6. Conclusions and Key Points

11.3. Herbicide Poisoning

11.3.1. Preliminary

11.3.1.1. Introduction
11.3.1.2. Index
11.3.1.3. Objective

11.3.2. Diquat
11.3.3. Paraquat
11.3.4. Conclusions and Key Points

11.4. Fungicide Poisoning

11.4.1. Conclusions and Key Points

11.5. Rodenticide Poisoning

11.5.1. Conclusions and Key Points

Module 12. Household Poisoning from Cleaning Products, Personal Hygiene Products and Caustic Poisons

12.1. Introduction to the Module
12.2. Poisoning from Cleaning, Personal Hygiene and Cosmetic Products

12.2.1. Classification According to Toxicity
12.2.2. Specific Poisonings

12.2.2.1. Soaps and Shampoos
12.2.2.2. Nail Polish and Nail Polish Remover
12.2.2.3. Hair Substances: Hair Dyes, Hairsprays, Hair Softeners, etc
12.2.2.4. Others

12.2.3. General Therapeutic Measures and Controversies
12.2.4. Conclusions and Key Points

12.3. Caustic Poisoning

12.3.1. Introduction
12.3.2. Main Caustic Substances
12.3.3. Pathophysiology
12.3.4. Clinical Symptoms
12.3.5. Diagnosis
12.3.6. Acute and Late Complications
12.3.7. Treatment and Attitude to be Followed
12.3.8. Conclusions and Key Points

Module 13. Poisoning by natural agents: plants, mushrooms and animals

13.1. Plant Poisoning

13.1.1. Classification According to Target Organ, Apparatus or System

13.1.1.1. Gastrointestinal
13.1.1.2. Cardiovascular
13.1.1.3. Central Nervous System
13.1.1.4. Others

13.1.2. Conclusions and Key Points

13.2. Mushroom Poisoning

13.2.1. Epidemiology of Mushroom Poisoning
13.2.2. Pathophysiology
13.2.3. The Clinical History as a Fundamental Element for Diagnosis
13.2.4. Classification According to the Latency Period of Onset of Clinical Manifestations and Clinical Syndromes

13.2.4.1. Brief-Latency Syndromes

13.2.4.1.1. Acute Mushroom Gastroenteritis (Gastroenteritic, Resinoid or Lividian Syndrome)
13.2.4.1.2. Intolerance Syndrome
13.2.4.1.3. Delirium Syndrome (Mycoatropinic or Anticholinergic)
13.2.4.1.4. Muscarinic Syndrome (Mycocholinergic or Sweat Syndrome)
13.2.4.1.5. Hallucinatory Syndrome (Psychotropic or Narcotic)
13.2.4.1.6. Nitritoid Syndrome (Coprinic or Antabus Effect Syndrome)
13.2.4.1.7. Hemolytic Syndrome

13.2.4.2. Long-Latency Syndromes

13.2.4.2.1. Giromitrile Syndrome (Ogiromitrile)
13.2.4.2.2. Orellanic Syndrome (Cortinaric or Nephrotoxic)
13.2.4.2.3. Phalloid, Hepatotoxic or Cyclopeptide Syndrome

13.2.4.2.3.1. Etiology
13.2.4.2.3.2. Pathophysiology and Toxicokinetics
13.2.4.2.3.3. Clinical Symptoms
13.2.4.2.3.4. Diagnosis
13.2.4.2.3.5. Treatment
13.2.4.2.3.6. Prognosis

13.2.4.3. New Syndromes

13.2.4.3.1. Proximal Syndrome
13.2.4.3.2. Erythromelalgia or Achromelalgia
13.2.4.3.3. Rhabdomyolysis
13.2.4.3.4. Hemorrhagic Syndrome (or Szechwan's Syndrome)
13.2.4.3.5. Neurotoxic Poisoning
13.2.4.3.6. Encephalopathy

13.2.4.4. Conclusions and Key Points

13.3. Animal Poisoning: Snakes

13.3.1. Preliminary

13.3.1.1. Introduction
13.3.1.2. Index
13.3.1.3. Objectives

13.3.2. Epidemiology of Snake Bites
13.3.3. Classification of Snakes
13.3.4. Differences between Vipers and Snakes
13.3.5. The Poison Apparatus of Snakes
13.3.6. The Effect of Snake Venoms on Humans
13.3.7. Clinical Symptoms

13.3.7.1. Clinical Syndromes

13.3.7.1.1. Neurological Syndrome
13.3.7.1.2. Hemotoxic-Cytotoxic Syndrome
13.3.7.1.3. Cardiotoxic and Myotoxic Syndromes
13.3.7.1.4. Hypersensitivity Syndromes

13.3.7.2. Clinical Grading of the Intensity of the Poisoning

13.3.8. Treatment

13.3.8.1. Symptoms
13.3.8.2. Specific

13.3.9. Conclusions and Key Points

13.4. Animal Bites: Mammals

13.4.1. Preliminary

13.4.1.1. Introduction
13.4.1.2. Index
13.4.1.3. Objectives

13.4.2. Epidemiological Aspects
13.4.3. Clinical-Diagnostic Aspects
13.4.4. Therapeutic Aspects

13.4.4.1. Initial Management
13.4.4.2. Surgical Management: Suture
13.4.4.3. Antibiotic Prophylaxis
13.4.4.4. Tetanus Prophylaxis
13.4.4.5. Rabies Prophylaxis
13.4.4.6. Antiviral Prophylaxis: Anti-Hepatitis B and Anti-HIV

13.4.5. Conclusions and Key Points

13.5. Marine Animals

13.5.1. Fish Poisoning

13.5.1.1. Stonefish
13.5.1.2. Viperfish
13.5.1.3. Stingray

13.5.2. Food Poisoning from Fish and Shellfish

13.5.2.1. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
13.5.2.2. Scombroidosis. Histamine Poisoning
13.5.2.3. Pufferfish Poisoning

13.5.3. Coelenterate Poisoning

13.5.3.1. Jellyfish Stings
13.5.3.2. Physalia Physalis or the Portuguese Man o’ War Sting
13.5.3.3. Treatment

13.5.4. Conclusions and Key Points

13.6. Invertebrates

13.6.1. Preliminary

13.6.1.1. Introduction
13.6.1.2. Index
13.6.1.3. Objectives

13.6.2. Insects: Wasps, Bees and Bumblebees
13.6.3. Arachnids

13.6.3.1. Spiders
13.6.3.2. Scorpions
13.6.3.3. Ticks

13.6.4. Conclusions and Key Points

13.7. Everything Has an