This Master's Degree is organized so that the deepening of knowledge is logical and intuitive and allows the consolidation of diagnostic, therapeutic and monitoring protocols"

In the veterinary profession, Internal Medicine is the fundamental pillar on which the practice of the profession is based, being closely linked to other specialties. In the last few decades, the knowledge about the pathophysiology of numerous processes and pathologies in animals has evolved notoriously, as well as the methodology, resources and diagnostic techniques. Great advances have also been made in the monitoring and therapy of these pathologies, which have led to a higher success rate both in the effective and early diagnosis of these processes and in the stabilization and control of these patients, which translates into a better quality of life and longevity. 

The Master's Degree in Small Animal Internal Medicine was created in response to the need of clinical veterinarians to expand the specific knowledge of Internal Medicine, as well as the approach of protocols and diagnostic techniques, therapeutics and relationship with other specialties.

The topics presented in this program have been selected with the aim of offering a complete, up-to-date and quality specialization in Internal Medicine, in such a way that the student acquires the appropriate knowledge to deal safely with the cases, as well as to be able to carry out an adequate follow-up, monitoring and therapy.

At present, one of the problems that conditions continuous postgraduate specialization is its reconciliation with work and personal life. Current professional demands make it difficult to provide quality, specialized, face-to-face education, so the online format will allow our students to reconcile this specialized training with their daily professional practice.

Specialize with us and learn how to diagnose and treat diseases in small animals to improve the quality of their lives”

This Master's Degree in Small Animal Internal Medicine contains the most complete and up-to-date educational program on the market. Its most important features include:

• Case studies presented by experts in Small Animal Internal Medicine
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines, essential for professional development
• Latest information on Small Animal Internal Medicine
• Practical exercises where the self-assessment process can be carried out to improve learning
• Its special emphasis on innovative methodologies in Small Animal Internal Medicine
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection work
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

This 100% online Master's Degree allows you to combine your studies with professional commitments while you expand your knowledge in the field”

Its teaching staff includes professionals from the veterinary field, who bring the experience of their work to this training, as well as recognised specialists from leading societies and prestigious universities.

Its Multimedia Content, elaborated with the latest Educational Technology, will allow the Professional a situated and contextual learning, that is to say, a Simulated Environment that will provide an immersive specialization programmed to train in real situations.

This program is designed around Problem Based Learning, whereby the specialist must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise during the academic year. For this purpose, the professional will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system developed by renowned and experienced experts in Internal Medicine in Small Animals. 

This training comes with the best didactic material, which will provide you with a contextual approach that in turn facilitates learning"

You will learn to elaborate a complete differential diagnosis that will allow you to reach a definitive diagnosis of endocrinopathies"

The structure of the contents has been designed by the best professionals in the field of Small Animal Internal Medicine, with extensive experience and recognized prestige in the profession, backed by the volume of cases reviewed, studied and diagnosed, and with extensive knowledge of new technologies applied to veterinary medicine.   

We have the most complete and up-to-date academic program in the market. We strive for excellence and for you to achieve it too" 

Module 1. Cardiorespiratory Disorders

1.1. Cardiorespiratory Physiology

1.1.1. Physiology of the Cardiovascular System
1.1.2. Physiology of the Respiratory System
1.1.3. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

1.2. Examination of the Cardiorespiratory System

1.2.1. Anamnesis and Physical Examination
1.2.2. Femoral Pulse Palpation
1.2.3. Respiratory Pattern
1.2.4. Cardiac Auscultation
1.2.5. Pulmonary Auscultation

1.3. Thoracic Radiography

1.3.1. Basics of Thoracic Radiology
1.3.2. Interstitial Pattern
1.3.3. Alveolar Pattern
1.3.4. Bronchial Pattern
1.3.5. Vascular and Mixed Pattern
1.3.6. Cardiac Silhouette Assessment
1.3.7. VHS, VLAS and Other Cardiac Measurements on Thoracic Radiography

1.4. Electrocardiography

1.4.1. Guidelines for Electrocardiographic Interpretation
1.4.2. Tachyarrhythmias
1.4.3. Bradyarrhythmias and Conduction Disturbances

1.5. Echocardiography

1.5.1. Basis of an Echocardiography
1.5.2. Echocardiographic Anatomy (B-mode and M-mode)
1.5.3. Pulsed, Continuous, Color, Tissue and Continuous Doppler

1.6. Diagnostic Tests of the Respiratory System

1.6.1. Rhinoscopy and Pharyngoscopy
1.6.2. Bronchoscopy
1.6.3. Pulmonary CT

1.7. Cardiovascular Diseases I

1.7.1. Chronic Degenerative Diseases of the Mitral and Tricuspid Valve
1.7.2. anine and Feline Dilated Cardiomyopathy
1.7.3. Feline and Canine Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
1.7.4. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
1.7.5. Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy

1.8. Cardiovascular Diseases II

1.8.1. Pulmonary Stenosis
1.8.2. Subaortic Stenosis
1.8.3. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
1.8.4. Valvular Dysplasia
1.8.5. Tetralogy of Fallot
1.8.6. Systemic and Pulmonary Hypertension
1.8.7. Management of Congestive Heart Failure

1.9. Respiratory Diseases I

1.9.1. Rhinitis and Brachiocephalic Syndrome
1.9.2. Tracheal Stenosis
1.9.3. Chronic Bronchitis and Feline Asthma
1.9.4. Pneumonia
1.9.5. Pulmonary Fibrosis
1.9.6. Pulmonary Neoplasms

1.10. Respiratory Diseases II

1.10.1. Diseases of the Pleura and Pleural Space
1.10.2. Dirofilariasis and Pulmonary Thromboembolism
1.10.3. Management of the Dyspneic Patient

Module 2. Digestive System Disorders

2.1. Approach to the Patient with Vomiting

2.1.1. Pathophysiology of Vomiting
2.1.2. Etiology
2.1.3. Hypnosis
2.1.4. Alterations in Blood Count and Serum Biochemistry
2.1.5. Diagnostic Protocol
2.1.6. Treatment of Vomiting

2.1.6.1. Commercial Diets
2.1.6.2. Antiemetics
2.1.6.3. Gastric Acid Suppressants and Antacids
2.1.6.4. Stomach Mucosal Protectors

2.2. Approach to the Patient with Diarrhea

2.2.1. Pathophysiology of Diarrhea
2.2.2. Classification and Etiology
2.2.3. Hypnosis
2.2.4. Differential Diagnosis

    2.2.4.1. Acute Diarrhea
    2.2.4.2. Chronic Diarrhea

2.3. Common Pathologies of the Oral Cavity and Esophagus

2.3.1. Dysphagia
2.3.2. Cricopharyngeal Dysfunction

2.3.2.1. Cricopharyngeal Achalasia
2.3.2.2. Asynchronous Chronic Pharyngeal

2.3.3. Regurgitation
2.3.4. Esophageal Pathology

2.3.4.1. Megaesophagus
2.3.4.2. Oesophagitis
2.3.4.3. Esophageal Stricture
2.3.4.4. Vascular Anomalies
2.3.4.5. Hiatal Hernia

2.4. Gastric Diseases

2.4.1. Acute Gastritis
2.4.2. Chronic Gastritis
2.4.3. Gastric Ulcers
2.4.4. Foreign Body Obstruction
2.4.5. Neoplasty

2.5. Small Intestine Diseases

2.5.1. Acute Enteritis
2.5.2. Chronic Intestinal disease
2.5.3. Protein-Losing Enteropathy
2.5.4. Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
2.5.5. Neoplasms

2.6. Large Intestinal Diseases

2.6.1. Chronic Diarrhea
2.6.2. Tritrichomonas Foetus Infection
2.6.3. Constipation in Cats
2.6.4. Histiocytic Ulcerative Colitis
2.6.5. Neoplasms

2.7. Principles of Ultrasound and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

2.7.1. Two-dimensional Description of Normal Digestive Structures
2.7.2. Gastroduodenoscopy

2.7.2.1. Patient Preparation
2.7.2.2. Material Preparation
2.7.2.3. Procedure

2.7.3. Colonoscopy

2.7.3.1. Patient Preparation
2.7.3.2. Procedure

2.8. Hepatobiliary Diseases I. Hepatopathies of the Dog

2.8.1. Differences Between Dogs and Cats
2.8.2. Microbiological
2.8.3. Supportive therapy
2.8.4. Dog Hepatopathies

2.8.4.1. Chronic Hepatitis
2.8.4.2. Leptospirosis
2.8.4.3. Drug-associated Liver Diseases
2.8.4.4. Portal Vein Hypoplasia
2.8.4.5. Portosystemic Shunt

2.8.4.5.1. Congenital SPS
2.8.4.5.2. Acquired SPS

2.9. Hepatobiliary Diseases II

2.9.1. Cat Hepatopathies

2.9.1.1. Hepatic Lipidosis:
2.9.1.2. Acute Hepatitis
2.9.1.3. Chronic Hepatitis
2.9.1.4. Feline Infectious Peritonitis
2.9.1.5. Hepatic Amyloidosis
2.9.1.6. Drug-associated Liver Diseases

2.9.2. Hepatic Neoplasms
2.9.3. Biliary Diseases

2.9.3.1. Biliary Mucocele
2.9.3.2. Neutrophilic Cholangitis
2.9.3.3. Lymphocytic Cholangitis
2.9.3.4. Chronic Cholangitis Associated with Trematodes

2.9.4. Neoplasms of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts

2.10. Diseases of the Exocrine Pancreas

2.10.1. Pathophysiology
2.10.2. Microbiological
2.10.3. Acute Pancreatitis
2.10.4. Necrotizing Pancreatitis
2.10.5. Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
2.10.6. Neoplasms

Module 3. Genitourinary System Disorders

3.1. Urinary Physiology and Clinical Manifestations

3.1.1. Kidney Physiology
3.1.2. Polyuria
3.1.3. Stranguria and Dysuria
3.1.4. Incontinence and Urinary Retention
3.1.5. Systemic Hypertension

3.2. Urinary Laboratory Alterations

3.1.1. Urinalysis
3.1.2. Creatinine and Urea
3.1.3. SDMA
3.1.4. UPC
3.1.5. Urinary Sediment

3.3. Disorders of the Upper Airways

3.3.1. Glomerulonephritis
3.3.2. Tubular Disorders
3.3.3. Congenital Kidney Diseases
3.3.4. Ureter Disorders

3.4. Lower Tract Alterations

3.4.1. Cystitis
3.4.2. Urolithiasis
3.4.3. Disorders of the Prostate and Urethra

3.5. Chronic Kidney Disease

3.5.1. Diagnostic Approximation
3.5.2. Pediatric Dentistry
3.5.3. Monitoring and Follow-up

3.6. Acute Kidney Failure

3.6.1. Diagnostic Approximation
3.6.2. Oliguric, Anuric or Polyuric? How do I Tell the Difference?
3.6.3. Treatment , Monitoring and Follow-up

3.7. Reproductive Physiology and Clinical Manifestations

3.7.1. Physiology of the Genital Apparatus
3.7.2. Clinical Signs Associated with the Reproductive System

3.8. Male Genital Apparatus

3.8.1. Genital Examination
3.8.2. Differential of Male Reproductive Diseases
3.8.3. Therapeutic Options and Guidelines

3.9. Females Genital Apparatus

3.9.1. Genital Examination
3.9.2. Differential of Female Reproductive Diseases
3.9.3. Monitoring of Pregnancy
3.9.4. Therapeutic Options and Guidelines

3.10. Genitourinary Emergencies

3.10.1. Urinary Obstruction
3.10.2. Uroabdomen
3.10.3. Pyometra
3.10.4. Prolapsus and Paraphimosis

Module 4. Neurology

4.1. Neuroanatomy

4.1.1. CNS
4.1.2. SNP

4.2. Neurological Examination I:

4.2.1. Mental State
4.2.2. Posture and Gait
4.2.3. Cranial Nerves
4.2.4. Postural Reactions
4.2.5. Spinal Reflexes

4.3. Neurological Examination II:

4.3.1. Lower Motor Neuron and Upper Motor Neuron
4.3.2. Paresis and Ataxia
4.3.3. Reflex Vs. Reaction
4.3.4. Neuroophthalmology I
4.3.5. Neuroophthalmology II

4.4. Localization of the Lesion (Neurolocalization)

4.4.1. Where is the Lesion
4.4.2. Intracranial Vs. Extracranial
4.4.3. Intracranial: Anterior Encephalon, Brainstem, Vestibular System and Cerebellum
4.4.4. Extracranial: Spinal Cord, PNS and Muscle

4.5. Differential Diagnosis (VITAMIN D)

4.5.1. Vascular
4.5.2. Inflammatory/Infectious
4.5.3. Traumatologic/Toxic
4.5.4. Congenital Abnormalities
4.5.5. Metabolic
4.5.6. Idiopathic
4.5.7. Neoplastic
4.5.8. Degenerative

4.6. Diagnostic Techniques

4.6.1. Blood and Urine Analysis
4.6.2. Serum Titers
4.6.3. LCR
4.6.4. Imaging Tests Rx, Tc y Rm
4.6.5. Electrodiagnostic Tests

4.7. Epilepsy and Seizure Episodes

4.7.1. Introduction and Pathophysiology
4.7.2. Clinical Signs and Classification
4.7.3. Diagnostic Protocol
4.7.4. Treatment of the Crisis
4.7.5. Status Epilepticus

4.8. Cranioencephalic Trauma

4.8.1. Pathophysiology
4.8.2. Hypnosis
4.8.3. Diagnostic Protocol
4.8.4. Pediatric Dentistry
4.8.5. Prognosis

4.9. Neuromuscular Weakness

4.9.1. Botulism
4.9.2. Myasthenia Gravis
4.9.3. Polyradiculoneuritis

4.10. Vestibular Syndrome

4.10.1. Anatomy
4.10.2. Clinical Signs (Central Vs. Peripheral)
4.10.3. Vestibular System Pathologies
4.10.4. Microbiological
4.10.5. Pediatric Dentistry

Module 5. Endocrine System Disorders

5.1. Approach to the Endocrine Patient

5.1.1. Obesity
5.1.2. Polyuria/ Polydipsia
5.1.3. Alopecia
5.1.4. Weakness
5.1.5. Hyperlipemia

5.2. Pituitary Alterations

5.2.1. Pituitary Dwarfism
5.2.2. Acromegaly
5.2.3. Diabetes Insipidus

5.3. Thyroid Disorders

5.3.1. Canine Hypothyroidism
5.3.2. Feline Hypothyroidism
5.3.3. Canine Hyperthyroidism
5.3.4. Feline Hyperthyroidism

5.4. Parathyroid Disorders

5.4.1. Canine Hypoparathyroidism and Hypocalcemia
5.4.2. Felines Hypoparathyroidism and Hypocalcemia
5.4.3. Canine Hyperparathyroidism and Hypercalcemia
5.4.4. Felines Hyperparathyroidism and Hypercalcemia

5.5. Pancreatic Disorders

5.5.1. Canine Diabetes Mellitus
5.5.2. Feline Diabetes Mellitus
5.5.3. Insulinoma
5.5.4. Glucagonoma

5.6. Disorders of the Adrenal Glands

5.6.1. Hyperadrenocorticism
5.6.2. Hyporadrenocorticism
5.6.3. Hyperaldosteronism
5.6.4. Pheochromocytoma

5.7. Sexual Hormone Disorders

5.7.1. Hyperestrogenism in Females
5.7.2. Hyperestrogenism in Males
5.7.3. Other Sexual Hormone Disorders

5.8. Diagnostic Approach to Endocrinopathies

5.8.1. Laboratory Tests
5.8.2. Diagnostic Imaging Techniques
5.8.3. Other Tests

5.9. Monitoring and Follow-Up of Endocrinopathies

5.9.1. Diabetic Patient Monitoring
5.9.2. Monitoring of the Hypothyroid Patient
5.9.3. Monitoring of the Hyperthyroid Patient
5.9.4. Monitoring of the Patient with Hyperadrenocorticism
5.9.5. Monitoring of the Patient with Hyporadrenocorticism
5.9.6. Caring for a Patient with Parathyroid Alterations

5.10. Emergencies

5.10.1. Diabetic ketoacidosis
5.10.2. Addisonian Crisis
5.10.3. Thyroid Storm

Module 6. Infectious Diseases

6.1. Digestive and Respiratory Parasitic Diseases 1

6.1.1. Protozoa

    6.1.1.1. Giardia
    6.1.1.2. Trichomonas
    6.1.1.3. Coccidia
    6.1.1.4. Toxoplasma

6.2. Digestive and Respiratory Parasitic Diseases 2

6.2.1. Nematodes
6.2.2. Cestodes

6.3. Leishmania

6.3.1. Cycle 
6.3.2. Microbiological
6.3.3. Pediatric Dentistry

6.4. Filaria

6.4.1. Cycle
6.4.2. Microbiological
6.4.3. Pediatric Dentistry

6.5. Parasitic Diseases Transmitted by Ticks

6.5.1. Ehrlichia and Anaplasma
6.5.2. Babesia 
6.5.3. Borrelia
6.5.4. Rickettsia

6.6. Viral Diseases in Canines

6.6.1. Parvovirus
6.6.2. Coronavirus
6.6.3. Distemper

6.7. Canine and Feline Bacterial Diseases

6.7.1. Leptospira
6.7.2. Helicobacter and Other Digestive Bacteria
6.7.3. Chlamydia
6.7.4. Mycoplasma
6.7.5. Bordetella 

6.8. Feline Viral Diseases 1

6.8.1. Leukemia
6.8.2. Immunodeficiencies

6.9. Feline Viral Diseases 2

6.9.1. Panleukopenia
6.9.2. Feline Infectious Peritonitis
6.9.3. Calicivirus
6.9.4. Herpesvirus

6.10. External Parasitic Diseases and Emerging Infectious Diseases

6.10.1. External Parasites and Dermatophytes

    6.10.1.1. Scabies
    6.10.1.2. Fleas
    6.10.1.3. Fúngicas

6.10.2. Fleas

Module 7. Ophthalmology

7.1. Anatomy, Physiology and Ophthalmologic Examination

7.1.1. Basic Ocular Anatomy
7.1.2. Physiology of Vision
7.1.3. Ophthalmologic Examination

7.2. Ocular Adnexal Diseases

7.2.1. Orbit
7.2.2. Eyelids
7.2.3. Conjunctive
7.2.4. Nictitating Membrane
7.2.5. Lacrimal System

7.3. Keratitis

7.3.1. Ulcerative Keratitis

7.3.1.1. Superficial Ulcer
7.3.1.2. Deep Ulcer
7.3.1.3. Descemet Ulcer
7.3.1.4. Corneal Perforation
7.3.1.5. Indolent Ulcer
7.3.1.6. Medical Treatment
7.3.1.7. Surgical Resolutions

7.3.2. Non-Ulcerative Keratitis

7.3.2.1. Superficial Keratitis
7.3.2.2. Pigmentary Keratitis
7.3.2.3. Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
7.3.2.4. Feline Eosinophilic Keratitis

7.4. Uveitis 1

7.4.1. Pathophysiology of Uveitis
7.4.2. Causes of Uveitis in Canines
7.4.3. Causes of Uveitis in Felines

7.5. Uveitis 2

7.5.1. Protocol Diagnosis of Uveitis
7.5.2. Other Systemic Alterations Associated with Uveitis
7.5.3. Treatment for Uveitis

7.6. Diseases of the Crystalline Lens

7.6.1. Anterior Lens Dislocation
7.6.2. Posterior Lens Dislocation
7.6.3. Cataracts

7.7. Glaucoma

7.7.1. Introduction
7.7.2. Glaucoma Classification
7.7.3. Glaucoma Treatment

7.8. Posterior Segment

7.8.1. Vitreous Humor
7.8.2. Retina
7.8.3. Optic Nerve

7.9. Emergencies

7.9.1. Classification
7.9.2. Microbiological
7.9.3. Pediatric Dentistry

7.10. Therapeutics, Anesthesia and Ocular Ultrasonography

7.10.1. Treatment
7.10.2. Anesthesia
7.10.3. Ultrasound

Module 8. Oncology

8.1. Approach to the Cancer Patient

8.1.1. Cancer Patient and Owner
8.1.2. Paraneoplastic Syndromes
8.1.3. Types of Response to Treatment

8.2. Diagnosis and Staging of the Cancer Patient

8.2.1. Diagnostic Methods
8.2.2. Clinical Staging

8.3. Diagnostic Cytology and Biopsy Collection

8.3.1. Cytological Sample Collection and Handling 
8.3.2. Cytological Interpretation
8.3.3. Cytology of Inflammatory and Hyperplastic Lesions
8.3.4. Cytology of Neoplasms and Criteria for Malignancy
8.3.5. Tumors of Epithelial Origin
8.3.6. Tumors of Conjunctival Origin
8.3.7. Round Cell Tumours
8.3.8. Biopsy Techniques

8.4. Principles of Antitumor Therapy

8.4.1. Surgery
8.4.2. Indications and Uses for Chemotherapy
8.4.3. Main Chemotherapy Drugs
8.4.4. Dosage, Rates of Administration and Development of Resistance
8.4.5. Toxicity for the Patient
8.4.6. Management of Cytotoxic Agents
8.4.7. Metronomic Chemotherapy
8.4.8. Electrochemotherapy
8.4.9. Other Treatment Options I:Radiotherapy
8.4.10. Other Treatment Options II: Immunotherapy

8.5. Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Hemangiosarcoma, SAPI

8.5.1. Major Clinical and Pathologic Aspects of Hemangiosarcoma
8.5.2. Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines for Hemangiosarcoma
8.5.3. Feline Hemangiosarcoma
8.5.4. Major Clinical and Pathological Aspects of SAPI
8.5.5. Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines of SAPI

8.6. Skin Neoplasms: Mastocytoma

8.6.1. Major Clinical and Pathologic Aspects of Mastocytoma
8.6.2. Histological Grades
8.6.3. Keys in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Mastocytoma
8.6.4. Feline Mastocytoma

8.7. Breast Neoplasias

8.7.1. Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Major Relevance in the Female Dog
8.7.2. Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Major Relevance in the Female Cat
8.7.3. Diagnostic Protocol and Clinical Staging in the Female Dog
8.7.4. Diagnostic Protocol and Clinical Staging in the Female Cat
8.7.5. Treatment Guidelines in the Female Dog
8.7.6. Treatment Guidelines in the Female Cat
8.7.7. Inflammatory Carcinoma

8.8. Hemolymphoid Neoplasms: Leukemias and Lymphomas

8.8.1. Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Major Relevance in Canine Lymphoma
8.8.2. Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines in Canine Lymphoma
8.8.3. Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Major Relevance in Feline Lymphoma
8.8.4. Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines in Feline Lymphoma
8.8.5. Acute Leukemias: Diagnosis and Treatment
8.8.6. Chronic Leukemias: Diagnosis and Treatment

8.9. Other Major Neoplasms in Dogs and Cats

8.9.1. Osteosarcoma
8.9.2. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
8.9.3. Melanoma
8.9.4. Gastrointestinal Tumors

8.10. Oncologic Emergencies

8.10.1. Hypercalcemia
8.10.2. Hypoglycemia
8.10.3. Febrile Neutropenia
8.10.4. Tumor Lysis Syndrome
8.10.5. Hyperviscosity Syndrome

Module 9. Dermatology

9.1. Structure and Physiology of the Skin

9.1.1. Functions of the Skin
9.1.2. Cutaneous Anatomy
9.1.3. Cutaneous Appendages

9.2. Dermatological Lesions

9.2.1. Primary Lesions
9.2.2. Seocndary Lesions
9.2.3. Primary and Secondary Lesions

9.3. Diagnostic Tests According to the Type of Lesion

9.3.1. Immediate Interpretation Tests
9.3.2. Late Interpretation Tests
9.3.3. Complementary Tests in Dermatosis with Systemic Involvement

9.4. Injury Patterns and Differential Diagnosis

9.4.1. Erythematous Pattern
9.4.2. Purpuric Pattern
9.4.3. Macular Pattern
9.4.4. Vesicular Pattern
9.4.5. Pustular Pattern
9.4.6. Papular Pattern
9.4.7. Nodular Pattern
9.4.8. Erosive-Ulcerative Pattern
9.4.9. Alopecic Pattern
9.4.10. Desquamative Pattern
9.4.11. Scab Pattern

9.5. Cutaneous Hypersensitivity

9.5.1. Canine Atopic Dermatitis
9.5.2. Feline Atopic Dermatitis
9.5.3. Contact Dermatitis

9.6. Otitis Externa

9.6.1. Pathophysiology of the Otitis Process
9.6.2. Factors Involved in the Process of Otitis
9.6.3. Diagnostic Protocol
9.6.4. Therapeutic Approach

9.7. Pododermatitis

9.7.1. Pododermatitis in the Canine Patient
9.7.2. Pododermatitis in Feline Patient
9.7.3. Therapeutic Approach to Pododermatitis

9.8. Skin Infections Due to Multidrug-Resistant Microorganisms

9.8.1. Mechanisms for the Development of Multiresistances
9.8.2. Diagnostic Approach to Multidrug-Resistant Infections
9.8.3. Therapeutics Approach to Multidrug-Resistant Infections

9.9. Immune-mediated Dermatoses

9.9.1. Immune-mediated Dermatoses in the Canine Patient
9.9.2. Immune-mediated Dermatoses in the Feline Patient
9.9.3. Diagnostic Protocol
9.9.4. Therapeutic Approach to Immune-mediated Dermatoses

9.10. Nutritional Dermatoses and Hereditary or Congenital Dermatoses

9.10.1. Nutritional Dermatoses
9.10.2. Hereditary or Congenital Dermatoses
9.10.3. Diagnostic Protocol
9.10.4. Therapeutic Approach

Module 10. Diagnostic Techniques in Internal Medicine

10.1. Hematology

10.1.1. Introduction to Hematology
10.1.2. Red Series: Anemia and Polycythemia
10.1.3. White Series: Abnormal Leukograms
10.1.4. Platelets

10.2. Coagulation Alterations

10.2.1. Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis
10.2.2. Thrombasthenia and Von Willebrand's Disease
10.2.3. Coagulation Times
10.2.4. Fibrinogen and Dimero-D

10.3. Biochemical Markers

10.3.1. Markers of Hepatocellular Damage
10.3.2. Cholestasis Markers
10.3.3. Renal Markers
10.3.4. Digestive Pathology Markers
10.3.5. Albumin and Plasma Proteins

10.4. Electrolyte Evaluation

10.4.1. Potassium Alterations
10.4.2. Sodium and Chlorine Alterations
10.4.3. Phosphorus and Calcium Disorders
10.4.4. Other Ions

10.5. Acid-Base Balance

10.5.1. Introduction to Acid-Base Analysis
10.5.2. Types of Acidosis
10.5.3. Types of Alkalosis
10.5.4. Tipos de Alcalosis

10.6. Urinalysis and Cavitary Fluids

10.6.1. Obtaining Samples
10.6.2. Urine Analysis
10.6.3. Urinary Sediment Assessment
10.6.4. Evaluation and Categorization of Cavitary Fluids

10.7. Thoracic Radiology

10.7.1. Bases of Thoracic Radiology
10.7.2. Structures of the Mediastinum
10.7.3. Lungs
10.7.4. Heart

10.8. Abdominal Radiology

10.8.1. Bases of Abdomen Radiology
10.8.2. Cranial Abdomen
10.8.3. Middle Abdomen
10.8.4. Caudal Abdomen

10.9. Abdominal ultrasound

10.9.1. Bases of Abdomen Ultrasound
10.9.2. Genitourinary Exploration
10.9.3. Digestive Examination
10.9.4. Hepatic, Splenic and Mesenteric Exploration

10.10. Non-cardiac Thoracic Ultrasound and Other Applications

10.10.1. Basics of Ultrasound in the Thorax and Superficial Structures
10.10.2. Thoracic Ultrasound Scan
10.10.3. Cervical Ultrasonography
10.10.4. Other Ultrasound Applications

This program will allow you to advance in your career comfortably"