A comprehensive and 100% online program, exclusive to TECH, with an international perspective supported by our membership with the Royal Statistical Society"

The growing complexity of global markets and the speed at which changes occur require professionals to use advanced tools to manage their organizations more efficiently.  In this context, Business Economics and Statistics provide the necessary frameworks to transform data into valuable information for optimizing strategic decision-making. For this reason, it is essential for specialists to stay at the forefront of the most innovative strategies to predict market behavior, identify risks, and improve business processes.  

To facilitate this task, TECH Global University launches a groundbreaking Master's Degree in Business Economics and Statistics. Designed by leading experts in the field, the academic track will delve into topics ranging from the fundamentals of entity management or economic control to advanced statistical tools applied to business decision-making.  The instructional materials will provide the keys to using cutting-edge technological tools to analyze market dynamics and optimize business management. In this way, entrepreneurs will acquire strategic competencies to maximize the economic performance of organizations and enhance their long-term competitiveness. 

Regarding the methodology, TECH will offer a 100% online academic environment based on free access to instructional content.  Additionally, it will employ its disruptive Relearning method to naturally and progressively reinforce the retention of key concepts. As a result, professionals will only need an electronic device with an internet connection to access the Virtual Campus.  There, they will enjoy a variety of multimedia resources, such as explanatory videos. 

With the membership of the Royal Statistical Society (RSS), graduates will gain access to digital publications, over 100 annual events, and exclusive conferences.  
Additionally, they will be able to join a global network, receive newsletters, participate in local groups, and take advantage of discounts and volunteer opportunities that enhance their professional development in statistics.

You will lead economic and statistical analysis projects, from their planning to the presentation of results”

This Master's Degree in Business Economics and Statistics contains the most complete and up-to-date university program on the market. Its most notable features are:

• The development of practical cases presented by experts in Business Economics and Statistics 
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Practical exercises where the self-assessment process can be carried out to improve learning
• Its special emphasis on innovative methodologies
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

You will design economic strategies tailored to different markets, considering financial, social, and regulatory factors"

The teaching staff includes professionals from the field of Business Economics and Statistics, who bring their work experience to this program, along with recognized specialists from leading societies and prestigious universities.

Its multimedia content, created with the latest educational technology, will provide professionals with situated and contextualized learning—meaning a simulated environment designed to offer immersive study, preparing students for real-world situations.

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the student must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise throughout the program. For this purpose, the professional will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts.

Pursue this university qualification to learn at your own pace and without time constraints, thanks to the Relearning system offered by TECH"

You will acquire advanced analytical skills to interpret complex data, enabling you to identify both risks and business opportunities"

The syllabus of this university program covers everything from the fundamentals of Economics to advanced data analysis. At the same time, the syllabus provides a comprehensive view of business management, from the basics of organizational structure to advanced statistical analysis techniques. In this way, graduates will master the most innovative techniques to optimize organizational management and apply efficient models that drive highly informed strategic decision-making. Additionally, professionals will be able to utilize modern technological tools to successfully adapt to changes in the institutional environment.

You will be able to anticipate market changes and global dynamics through a highly strategic approach”

Module 1. Business Administration: Introduction and Organization

1.1. The Company and Its Elements

1.1.1. The Concept of Business
1.1.2. Functions and Levels of Business Objectives
1.1.3. Entrepreneurship
1.1.4. Types of Businesses

1.2. The Business as a System

1.2.1. System Concepts
1.2.2. Models
1.2.3. Business Subsystem
1.2.4. Subsystem of Values

1.3. The Business Environment

1.3.1. Setting and Value
1.3.2. General Environment
1.3.3. Specific Environment
1.3.4. Analysis Tools

1.4. The Managerial Function

1.4.1. Basic Concepts
1.4.2. What is Leadership?
1.4.3. Decision-Making
1.4.4. Leadership

1.5. Business Planning

1.5.1. Business Plan
1.5.2. Elements of Planning
1.5.3. Stages
1.5.4. Planning Tools

1.6. Business Control

1.6.1. Concept, Types and Terminology
1.6.2. Management Control
1.6.3. Quality Control
1.6.4. Balanced Scorecard

1.7. Business Organization

1.7.1. Basic Concepts
1.7.2. Organizational Structure
1.7.3. Cultural Dimensions
1.7.4. Model Structures

1.8. Management of Human Resources

1.8.1. Motivation
1.8.2. Recruitment and Selection
1.8.3. Personnel Training
1.8.4. Performance Assessment

1.9. Elements in Marketing and Finance

1.9.1. Concept and Stages
1.9.2. Marketing and the Markets
1.9.3. Marketing Strategy
1.9.4. Relationship and Synergies

Module 2. Introduction to Economics

2.1. Introduction to Supply, Demand, Equilibrium and Market Changes

2.1.1. Economics: Principles and Definitions

2.1.1.1. Economy Principles and Concepts
2.1.1.2. Micro and Macro Economics
2.1.1.3. Resource Scarcity
2.1.1.4. Basic Economic Models

2.1.2. Opportunity Cost

2.1.2.1. Analysis
2.1.2.2. Net Realistic Value

2.1.3. The Break-Even Point

2.1.3.1. Concept
2.1.3.2. Type of Costs
2.1.3.3. Calculation and Results

2.2. Demand, Supply and Market Preferences

2.2.1. Markets and Market Types

2.2.1.1. The Concept of Market
2.2.1.2. Types of Markets
2.2.1.3. The Nature of Products

2.2.2. Market Demand

2.2.2.1. Definition and Conceptualization
2.2.2.2. Determinants of Demand

2.2.3. Market Supply

2.2.3.1. Definition and Conceptualization
2.2.3.2. Determination of Supply

2.2.4. The Influence of Competition
2.2.5. Equilibrium and Statics

2.2.5.1. Comparative Statics
2.2.5.2. Functions of Static Comparison
2.2.5.3. Economic Equilibrium
2.2.5.4. Dynamic Balance

2.3. The Budget Constraint and Consumer Equilibrium

2.3.1. Budget Constraints and Travel

2.3.1.1. Concept
2.3.1.2. Slope of the Equilibrium Line
2.3.1.3. Movements along the Equilibrium Line

2.3.2. Optimal Choice

2.3.2.1. Concept
2.3.2.2. Indifference Curve
2.3.2.3. Utility Function

2.4. Consumer and Producer Surplus. The Efficiency of Competitive Equilibrium

2.4.1. Consumer and Producer Surplus

2.4.1.1. Law of Diminishing Returns
2.4.1.2. Supply and Demand Curve
2.4.1.3. Increasing and Decreasing Marginal Utility

2.4.2. The Efficiency of Competitive Equilibrium

2.4.2.1. Concept
2.4.2.2. Mathematical Conditions for Short-Term Equilibrium
2.4.2.3. Mathematical Conditions for Long-Term Equilibrium

2.5. Price Ceilings and Floors, the Effect of an Indirect Tax

2.5.1. Price Ceilings and Floors

2.5.1.1. Conceptualization
2.5.1.2. Maximum Price
2.5.1.3. Minimum Price

2.5.2. Effect of an Indirect Tax

2.5.2.1. Definition and Major Concepts
2.5.2.2. Legal and Economic Impact
2.5.2.3. Economic Impact Analysis

2.6. Price Elasticity of Demand and Elasticity Determinant Factors

2.6.1. Price Elasticity of Demand

2.6.1.1. Concepts
2.6.1.2. Factors that Determine Price Elasticity of Demand
2.6.1.3. Total Income and Elasticity

2.6.2. Summary of Elasticity Types

2.7. Elasticity of Cross-Demand and its Analytical Calculation

2.7.1. Cross Elasticity
2.7.2. Analytical Calculation

2.8. The Production Function and Yields

2.8.1. Production Function
2.8.2. Law of Diminishing Returns

2.9. Short-Term and Long-Term Costs

2.9.1. Cost Functions
2.9.2. Short-Term Costs
2.9.3. Long-Term Costs

2.10. Basic Economic Magnitudes

2.10.1. Economic Activity
2.10.2. Price Indexes and Market Indicators
2.10.3. Circular Income Flow

2.11. Monetary Policies

2.11.1. Money and its Circulation
2.11.2. Equilibrium in the Money Market and Monetary Policy

2.12. Structures and Market Types

2.12.1. Market Structures

2.13. Non-Competitive Markets

2.13.1. Monopolistic Market Competition
2.13.2. Oligopoly Market Competition

2.14. Aggregate Demand and Supply Model

2.14.1. Aggregate Demand
2.14.2. The Keynesian Multiplier
2.14.3. Aggregate Supply

2.15. International Economic Relations

2.15.1. International Trade
2.15.2. Balance of Payments and Exchange Rate Theories

Module 3. Business Mathematics

3.1. Basic Elements of Linear and Matrix Algebra

3.1.1. The Vector Space of ℝⁿ, Functions, and Variables
3.1.2. Graphical Representation of Sets in ℝ

3.2. Basic Concepts of Real Functions of Multiple Variables

3.2.1. Operations with Functions
3.2.2. Function Types
3.2.3. Weierstrass’ Theorem

3.3. Optimization with Inequality Constraints

3.3.1. Two-Variable Graphical Method

3.4. Function Types

3.4.1. Separate Variables
3.4.2. Polynomial Variables
3.4.3. Rational Functions
3.4.4. Quadratic Forms

3.5. Matrices: Types, Concepts and Operations

3.5.1. Basic Definitions

3.5.1.1. Matrix of Order m × n
3.5.1.2. Square Matrices
3.5.1.3. Identity Matrix

3.5.2. Matrix Operations

3.5.2.1. Matrix Addition
3.5.2.2. Scalar Multiplication
3.5.2.3. Matrix Multiplication

3.6. Transpose

3.6.1. Diagonalizable Matrix
3.6.2. Transpose Properties

3.6.2.1. Involution

3.7. Determinants: Calculation and Definition

3.7.1. The Concept of Determinants

3.7.1.1. Determinant Definition
3.7.1.2. Square Matrix of Order 2, 3, and Higher than 3

3.7.2. Triangular Matrices

3.7.2.1. Determinant of Triangular Matrices
3.7.2.2. Determinant of Non-Triangular Square Matrices

3.7.3. Properties of Determinants

3.7.3.1. Simplifying Calculations
3.7.3.2. Calculation in Any Case

3.8. Invertable Matrices

3.8.1. Properties of Invertable Matrices

3.8.1.1. The Concept of Inversion
3.8.1.2. Definitions and Basic Concepts

3.8.2. Invertable Matrix Calculation

3.8.2.1. Methods and Calculation
3.8.2.2. Exceptions and Examples

3.8.3. Expression Matrices and Matrix Equations

3.8.3.1. Expression Matrices
3.8.3.2. Matrix Equations

3.9. Solving Systems of Equations

3.9.1. Linear Equations

3.9.1.1. Discussion of the System. Rouché–Capelli Theorem
3.9.1.2. Cramer's Rule: Solving the System
3.9.1.3. Homogeneous Systems

3.9.2. Vector Spaces

3.9.2.1. Properties of Vector Spaces
3.9.2.2. Linear Combination of Vectors
3.9.2.3. Linear Dependence and Independence
3.9.2.4. Coordinate Vectors
3.9.2.5. The Basis Theorem

3.10. Quadratic Forms

3.10.1. Concept and Definition of Quadratic Forms
3.10.2. Quadratic Matrices

3.10.2.1. Law of Inertia for Quadratic Forms
3.10.2.2. Study of the Sign by Eigenvalues
3.10.2.3. Study of the Sign by Minors

3.11. Functions of One Variable

3.11.1. Analysis of the Behavior of a Magnitude

3.11.1.1. Local Analysis
3.11.1.2. Continuity
3.11.1.3. Restricted Continuity

3.12. Limits of Functions, Domain and Image in Real Functions

3.12.1. Multi-Variable Functions

3.12.1.1. Vector of Several Variables
3.12.1.2. The Domain of a Function

3.12.2. Function Limits

3.12.2.1. Limits of a Function at a Point
3.12.2.2. Lateral Limits of a Function
3.12.2.3. Limits of Rational Functions
3.12.2.4. Indeterminacy

3.12.2.4.1. Indeterminacy in Functions with Roots
3.12.2.4.2. Indeterminacy 0/0

3.12.3. The Domain and Image of a Function

3.12.3.1. Concept and Characteristics
3.12.3.2. Domain and Image Calculation

3.13. Derivatives: Behavior Analysis

3.13.1. Derivatives of a Function at a Point

3.13.1.1. Concept and Characteristics
3.13.1.2. Geometric Interpretation

3.13.2. Differentiation Rules

3.13.2.1. Derivative of a Constant
3.13.2.2. Derivative of a Sum or Differentiation
3.13.2.3. Differentiation of a Product
3.13.2.4. Differentiation of the Opposition
3.13.2.5. Differentiation of the Composition

3.14. Derivative Applications to the Study of Functions

3.14.1. Properties of Differentiable Functions

3.14.1.1. Maximum Theorem
3.14.1.2. Minimum Theorem
3.14.1.3. Rolle's Theorem
3.14.1.4. Mean Value Theorem
3.14.1.5. L'Hôpital's Rule

3.14.2. Valuation of Economic Quantities
3.14.3. Differentiable Functions

3.15. Function Optimization for Several Variables

3.15.1. Function Optimization

3.15.1.1. Optimization with Equality Constraint
3.15.1.2. Critical Points
3.15.1.3. Relative Extremes

3.15.2. Convex and Concave Functions

3.15.2.1. Properties of Convex and Concave Functions
3.15.2.2. Inflection Points
3.15.2.3. Growth and Decay

3.16. Indefinite Integrals

3.16.1. Primitive and Indefinite Integral

3.16.1.1. Basic Concepts
3.16.1.2. Calculation Methods

3.16.2. Immediate Integrals

3.16.2.1. Properties of Immediate Integrals

3.16.3. Integration Methods

3.16.3.1. Rational Integrals

3.17. Definite Integrals

3.17.1. Barrow's Fundamental Theorem

3.17.1.1. Definition of the Theorem
3.17.1.2. Calculation Basis
3.17.1.3. Applications of the Theorem

3.17.2. Curve Cutoff in Definite Integrals
3.17.3. Mean Value Theorem

Module 4. Microeconomics

4.1. Microeconomics: Welfare and Typology of Market Failures

4.1.1. Microeconomics

4.1.1.1. Microeconomics Principles and Concepts
4.1.1.2. Production
4.1.1.3. Consumer Sovereignty
4.1.1.4. Economic Agents

4.1.2. Welfare and Types of Failures

4.1.2.1. Concept of Welfare
4.1.2.2. Net Real Value
4.1.2.3. Types of Failures, Market Limitations

4.2. Public Intervention. Externalities and Public Goods

4.2.1. Public Intervention

4.2.1.1. The Existence of Public Goods
4.2.1.2. State Intervention

4.2.2. Externalities

4.2.2.1. Internal Costs
4.2.2.2. External Costs or Negative Externality
4.2.2.3. External Benefits
4.2.2.4. Environmental Poilicy

4.3. Static Game Theory: Normal Representation, Rationality, and Information

4.3.1. Static Game Theory

4.3.1.1. Concept
4.3.1.2. Representation
4.3.1.3. Applications

4.3.2. Types of Static Games

4.3.2.1. Symmetric and Asymmetric
4.3.2.2. Other Types

4.3.3. History of Game Theory

4.4. Dynamic Game Theory: Extensive Representation, Perfect and Imperfect Information

4.4.1. Extensive Form Representation

4.4.1.1. From Extensive to Normal Form: Strategy

4.4.2. Backward Introduction and Sub-Game Perfect Nash Equilibrium

4.4.2.1. Sequential Rationality and Nash Equilibrium
4.4.2.2. Backward Introduction Procedure
4.4.2.3. Subgames with perfect information

4.4.3. Stackelberg's Duopoly Model

4.4.3.1. Concept
4.4.3.2. Applications

4.5. Oligopoly Characteristics and Models

4.5.1. Oligopoly Characteristics

4.5.1.1. Conceptualization
4.5.1.2. Difference between Oligopoly and Monopoly
4.5.1.3. Business Interdependence

4.5.2. Oligopoly Models

4.5.2.1. Differentiated
4.5.2.2. Concentrated
4.5.2.3. Duopolies

4.5.3. Barriers to Market Entry

4.5.3.1. Oligopoly Practices
4.5.3.2. Causes and Consequences

4.6. The Public Sector and Oligopolies

4.6.1. Different Models

4.6.1.1. Cournot Competition Model
4.6.1.2. Stackelberg Competition Model

4.6.2. The Public Sector

4.6.2.1. Public Sectors and Innovation
4.6.2.2. Sector Failures
4.6.2.3. Oligopolies Worldwide

4.7. Monopolistic Competition

4.7.1. The Concept of Monopoly

4.7.1.1. Context
4.7.1.2. Concepts and Definitions

4.7.2. Characteristics of Markets

4.7.2.1. Examples of Markets
4.7.2.2. Imperfect Competition

4.8. Differentiation, Equilibrium and Comparison between Perfect and Monopolistic Competition

4.8.1. Differentiation

4.8.1.1. Concepts
4.8.1.2. Characteristics
4.8.1.3. Highlights

4.8.2. Balance

4.8.2.1. Concept
4.8.2.2. Marginal Cost
4.8.2.3. Producers

4.8.3. Comparison

4.9. Consumer Choice Theory

4.9.1. Preferences

4.9.1.1. Consumer Choice Theory
4.9.1.2. Basket of Goods
4.9.1.3. Preferences and Restrictions
4.9.1.4. Binary Relation

4.9.2. Indifference Curve

4.9.2.1. Concept and Definitions
4.9.2.2. Curve Maps

4.9.3. Utility Function

4.9.3.1. Concept and Definitions
4.9.3.2. U-Level Functions
4.9.3.3. Formulation and Types of Axioms

4.10. Individual Demand Curves

4.10.1. Individual Demand

4.10.1.1. Conceptualization
4.10.1.2. Examples

4.10.2. Demand Curves

4.10.2.1. Conceptualization
4.10.2.2. Determinants of Demand
4.10.2.3. Change in the Amount of Demand
4.10.2.4. Change in Demand

4.11. Intertemporal Choice

4.11.1. Intertemporal Preferences

4.11.1.1. Marginal Rate of Time Preference (MRTP)
4.11.1.2. Decreasing MRTP
4.11.1.3. Current Period and Uncertainty

4.11.2. Interest Rate and Discounted Value

4.11.2.1. Real Interest Rate
4.11.2.2. Actual Value
4.11.2.3. Budget Constraint

4.12. Social Choice under Uncertainty and Risk

4.12.1. Risk Description

4.12.1.1. Analysis of Decisions
4.12.1.2. Expected Value
4.12.1.3. Fair Play
4.12.1.4. Variability
4.12.1.5. Deviations

4.12.2. Risk Preferences
4.12.3. Risk Reduction

4.13. Asymmetric Information

4.13.1. Asymmetric Information

4.13.1.1. Adverse Selection
4.13.1.2. Moral Hazard
4.13.1.3. Asymmetric Information Theory

Module 5. Statistics I

5.1. Introduction to Statistics

5.1.1. Basic Concepts
5.1.2. Types of Variables
5.1.3. Statistical Information

5.2. Data Record Sorting and Classifying

5.2.1. Description of Variables
5.2.2. Frequency Distribution Table
5.2.3. Quantitative and Qualitative Frequency Distribution Tables

5.3. ICT Applications and Practical Systems

5.3.1. Basic Concepts
5.3.2. Tools
5.3.3. Data Representation

5.4. Summary Statistics I

5.4.1. Descriptive Statistics
5.4.2. Centralization Measurements
5.4.3. Measures of Dispersion
5.4.4. Measures of Shape and Position

5.5. Summary Statistics II

5.5.1. Box Plots
5.5.2. Identifying Outliers
5.5.3. Transformation

5.6. Statistical Analysis of the Relationship between the Two Variables

5.6.1. Tabulation
5.6.2. Contingency Tables and Graphical Representations
5.6.3. Linear Relationship between Quantitative Variables

5.7. Time Series and Index Numbers

5.7.1. Time Series
5.7.2. Rates of Change
5.7.3. Index Numbers
5.7.4. Consumer Prices Index (CPI) and Deflated Time Series

5.8. Introduction to Probability: Calculation and Basic Concepts

5.8.1. Basic Concepts
5.8.2. Set Theory
5.8.3. Probability Calculation

5.9. Random Variables and Probability Distributions

5.9.1. Random Variables
5.9.2. Variable Measurements
5.9.3. Function of Probability

5.10. Probability Models for Random Variables

5.10.1. Probability Calculation
5.10.2. Discrete Random Variables
5.10.3. Continuous Random Variables
5.10.4. Models Derived from Normal Distribution

Module 6. Introduction to ICT

6.1. Information Systems: Features, Functions and Types

6.1.1. Introduction to ICT

6.1.1.1. Principles
6.1.1.2. Characteristics
6.1.1.3. Start
6.1.1.4. Advantages and Disadvantages

6.1.2. Types

6.1.2.1. Types of Information Systems
6.1.2.2. Business Processes

6.2. Information Systems: Influence, Competitive Advantage and Strategies Based on Networks and Web 2.0

6.2.1. ICT Influences

6.2.1.1. Contemporary
6.2.1.2. Global

6.2.2. Competitive Advantages

6.2.2.1. Strategies Based on Web 2.0
6.2.2.2. Network Strategies

6.3. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

6.3.1. Components

6.3.1.1. Concept
6.3.1.2. Types of Components
6.3.1.3. Applications

6.3.2. Infrastructure Evolution

6.3.2.1. History
6.3.2.2. Current Situation and Development

6.3.3. Management of ICT Infrastructure

6.3.3.1. Drivers
6.3.3.2. Management

6.4. Hardware and Trends

6.4.1. Hardware

6.4.1.1. Concept
6.4.1.2. Evolution of Hardware
6.4.1.3. Classification of Hardware and Software

6.4.2. Trends in Hardware

6.4.2.1. Data Processing
6.4.2.2. Accelerating Processes
6.4.2.3. Storing Processed Data
6.4.2.4. Graphic Visualization

6.5. Integration of Processing and Telecommunications Platforms

6.5.1. Integration

6.5.1.1. Conceptualization
6.5.1.2. Evolution
6.5.1.3. Business Interdependence

6.5.2. Integration and Competition

6.5.2.1. Integration Tools
6.5.2.2. Big Data

6.6. Processing Modes, Virtualization and Multi-Core Processors

6.6.1. Different Models

6.6.1.1. Multiprocessor Systems
6.6.1.2. Concept of Processing

6.6.2. Virtualization

6.6.2.1. Requirements
6.6.2.2. Hypervisors
6.6.2.3. Paravirtualization

6.7. Software and Software Platforms

6.7.1. Software

6.7.1.1. Context
6.7.1.2. Concepts and Definitions
6.7.1.3. Applications

6.7.2. Software Platforms

6.7.2.1. Current Platforms
6.7.2.2. Evolution of Platforms

6.8. Java Language and Business Application Integration

6.8.1. Java Language

6.8.1.1. Concepts
6.8.1.2. Characteristics
6.8.1.3. Highlights

6.8.2. Architecture of Business Applications 

6.8.2.1. Concept
6.8.2.2. Integration in Companies
6.8.2.3. Transcoding

6.8.3. Semantic Adaptation of Content

6.9. Corporate Networks and Connectivity Technologies

6.9.1. Digital Transformation
6.9.2. Connectivity in Companies
6.9.3. Connectivity Solutions

6.10. Internet and Evolution of the Web

6.10.1. Concept of the Internet
6.10.2. Web 1.0
6.10.3. Web 2.0
6.10.4. Web 3.0

6.11. Business Tools for Communication and Coordination

6.11.1. Communication Planning and Management
6.11.2. International Coordination

6.12. Data Organization and Management

6.12.1. Data Storage
6.12.2. Data Management Systems
6.12.3. Data Mining

6.13. Business Systems and Decision-Making

6.13.1. Decision Support Systems (DSS)
6.13.2. Business Management Processes

6.14. E-Commerce

6.14.1. Concept and Models of E-commerce
6.14.2. Challenges and Trends in E-commerce
6.14.3. Global Expansion and Impact

Module 7. The World Economy

7.1. International Development and Economic Challenges

7.1.1. Economic Challenges of the 21st Century

7.2. International Trade

7.2.1. Importance of International Trade

7.3. International Investment Flows

7.3.1. Types of Investment
7.3.2. Trends and Financial Markets

7.4. International Financial and Monetary System

7.4.1. Characteristics of the Current System
7.4.2. International Financial Institutions
7.4.3. Impact of Globalization

7.5. Economic Integration

7.5.1. Integration Process
7.5.2. Effects on Markets and Competitiveness

7.6. Economic Information Analysis

7.6.1. Steps and Methodologies for Economic Analysis

Module 8. Macroeconomics

8.1. From Microeconomics to Macroeconomics. The Objectives of Macroeconomics

8.1.1. Differences between Microeconomics
8.1.2. Concept and Analysis
8.1.3. Fundamental Processes
8.1.4. Comparative Analysis

8.2. Macroeconomic Objectives

8.2.1. Objectives
8.2.2. Evolution of Objectives

8.3. Economic Policy Instruments

8.3.1. Concept
8.3.2. Description
8.3.3. Evolution
8.3.4. Assessment Instruments

8.3.4.1. Institutions
8.3.4.2. Globalization
8.3.4.3. Detailed Analysis

8.3.5. International Instruments

8.3.5.1. Concepts and Definition
8.3.5.2. International Management

8.4. Aggregate Production

8.4.1. Aggregate Production Theory

8.4.1.1. Concepts
8.4.1.2. Origin of Theory
8.4.1.3. Applications

8.4.2. Aggregate Production Function

8.4.2.1. Yields and Constants
8.4.2.2. Production Factors
8.4.2.3. Applications

8.5. Unemployment and Inflation Measurement

8.5.1. Unemployment Measurement

8.5.1.1. Concept and Definitions
8.5.1.2. Unemployment Impacts
8.5.1.3. Measurement and Instruments

8.5.2. Inflation

8.5.2.1. Demand-Pull Inflation
8.5.2.2. Cost-Push Inflation
8.5.2.3. Structural Inflation

8.6. The Demand for Goods: Consumption, Investment and Public Spending

8.6.1. General Concepts

8.6.1.1. Important Definitions
8.6.1.2. The Consumer Market and Total Demand of Goods

8.6.2. The Components of GDP

8.6.2.1. Consumption
8.6.2.2. Investments
8.6.2.3. Public Spending

8.7. Determination of Equilibrium Production

8.7.1. Concepts

8.7.1.1. Definition and Characteristics
8.7.1.2. Differences between Savings and Investment

8.7.2. Profitability

8.7.2.1. Profitability Ratio
8.7.2.2. Stocks, Bonds and Mutual Funds
8.7.2.3. Introduction to Liquidity

8.8. Money, Demand, the Banking System, and the Money Supply

8.8.1. Money

8.8.1.1. Functions
8.8.1.2. History and Evolution
8.8.1.3. Legal Tender

8.8.2. Money Creation Process

8.8.2.1. Money Supply
8.8.2.2. Liquid Assets

8.9. Money Market Equilibrium: Determination of the Interest Rate

8.9.1. Monetary Base

8.9.1.1. Money Creation
8.9.1.2. Money Destruction

8.9.2. Central Banks

8.9.2.1. Types of Rediscount
8.9.2.2. Open Market Operations
8.9.2.3. Monetary Policy

8.9.3. Market Equilibrium

8.9.3.1. The Keynesian and Neoclassical Schools of Thought
8.9.3.2. LM (Liquidity-Money) Curve
8.9.3.3. Curve Displacements

8.10. The Goods Market and the IS Relationship, the Financial Markets and the LM Relationship, the IS-LM Model

8.10.1. The Goods Market and the IS Relationship

8.10.1.1. Concepts and Definitions
8.10.1.2. Basic Model
8.10.1.3. Sales Level and Interest Rate

8.10.2. Financial Market and the LM Relationship

8.10.2.1. Determination of Interest Rate
8.10.2.2. The LM Relationship and LM Curve
8.10.2.3. IS-LM Set Analysis

8.11. Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy

8.11.1. Fiscal Policies

8.11.1.1. Restrictive Fluid Therapy
8.11.1.2. Expansive Policies
8.11.1.3. IS Curve Conditions

8.11.2. Monetary Policies

8.11.2.1. Restrictive and Expansive Policies
8.11.2.2. LM Curve Conditions

8.12. The Goods Market Opening: Exports, Imports and Exchange Rates

8.12.1. Situation and Outlook

8.12.1.1. Definition and Concepts
8.12.1.2. Outlook Update

8.12.2. Tools and Means

8.12.2.1. Analysis Types and Structure
8.12.2.2. Growth Indicators
8.12.2.3. IMF Interventions

8.13. Financial Market Opening: Balance of Payments, the Relationship between Interest Rate and Exchange Rate

8.13.1. Balance of Payments

8.13.1.1. Balance of Capital
8.13.1.2. Balance of Trade and Services

8.13.2. Exchange Rates

8.13.2.1. Supply and Demand of Foreign Currencies
8.13.2.2. Exchange Rate Regimes
8.13.2.3. Sterilization Policies

8.13.3. International Monetary Market

8.13.3.1. Covered Interest Rate Parity

8.14. Equilibrium in the Goods Market, Financial Markets, and Overall in an Open Economy

8.14.1. ES Curve

8.14.1.1. Part of the economic analysis
8.14.1.2. Balance

8.14.2. LM Curve

8.14.2.1. Part of the economic analysis
8.14.2.2. Balance

8.15. Changes in Domestic and Foreign Demand

8.15.1. Components

8.15.1.1. Definitions
8.15.1.2. Types of demand
8.15.1.3. Compensation Measures

8.15.2. Macrocompensation components

8.16. The Effects of Fiscal Policy in an Open Economy

8.16.1. Models of an Open Economy

8.16.1.1. Exports
8.16.1.2. Imports
8.16.1.3. Demand for financial assets

8.16.2. Foreign Exchange and Goods Market

8.16.2.1. Definitions
8.16.2.2. Global Effects in the Economy

Module 9. Statistics II

9.1. Probability: Random Variable

9.1.1. Random Experiments
9.1.2. Axioms of Probability
9.1.3. Elementary Properties

9.2. Probability Models

9.2.1. Random Variables
9.2.2. Bernoulli’s Distribution
9.2.3. Binomial Distribution
9.2.4. Multinomial Distribution

9.3. Calculating Probabilities and Critical Points with R

9.3.1. The Normal Distribution of Gauss
9.3.2. Commander R
9.3.3. Properties

9.4. Statistical Inference: Some Previous Concepts

9.4.1. Definition and Preliminary Concepts
9.4.2. Binomial Distribution and Calculation
9.4.3. Normal Curve and Calculation

9.5. Point Estimators: Sampling Distributions and Properties

9.5.1. General Concepts of Sampling Distribution
9.5.2. Point Estimation
9.5.3. Interval Estimation

9.6. Confidence Intervals (CI): Mean, Proportion, Variance. CI for Two Populations

9.6.1. Intervals for One or Multiple Samples
9.6.2. The Bootstrap Method
9.6.3. Bayesian Intervals

9.7. Hypothesis Testing in Statistical Inference Methods

9.7.1. Statistical Hypothesis Testing
9.7.2. Rejection and Acceptance Region
9.7.3. Decision Rules

9.8. Special Cases: Population Mean, Variance, and Proportion.Parametric Contrasts

9.8.1. Known and Unknown Variances
9.8.2. Likelihood Ratio
9.8.3. Equality Test

9.9. Goodness-of-Fit Chi-Square Test

9.9.1. Data Grouping
9.9.2. Critical Region
9.9.3. Expected Frequency

9.10. Normality Assumption Test: Jarque-Bera Test

9.10.1. Significant Variables
9.10.2. Central Limit Theorem
9.10.3. Estimators, Histogram

9.11. Hypothesis of Independence with Two Qualitative Variables

9.11.1. Concept of Independent Variables
9.11.2. Observed and Expected Frequencies
9.11.3. Calculation of the Test

9.12. Simple Linear Regression Models and Point Estimation

9.12.1. Regression Coefficient and Linear Approximation Coefficient
9.12.2. Parameter Inference
9.12.3. Model Assumptions

9.13. Confidence Interval and Regression Lines

9.13.1. Linear Functions and Regression
9.13.2. Simple Linear Regression
9.13.3. Exogenous and Endogenous Variables

9.14. Predictions and Applications for Information and Communication Technologies

9.14.1. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
9.14.2. Collection and Analysis Techniques
9.14.3. General and Specific Objectives

9.15. Multiple Regression Models and Point Estimation

9.15.1. Hypothesis and Estimation
9.15.2. Types of Error and Model Adjustments
9.15.3. Linear Model Extensions

9.16. Global Significance Test of Regression

9.16.1. The ANOVA Table
9.16.2. Multicollinearity

Module 10. Econometrics

10.1. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Method

10.1.1. Linear Regression Models
10.1.2. Types of Content
10.1.3. General Line and OLS Estimation

10.2. OLS Method in Other Scenarios

10.2.1. Abandoning Basic Assumptions
10.2.2. Method Behavior
10.2.3. Effect of Measurement Changes

10.3. Properties of OLS Estimators

10.3.1. Moments and Properties
10.3.2. Variance Estimation
10.3.3. Matrix Forms

10.4. OLS Variance Calculation

10.4.1. Basic Concepts
10.4.2. Hypothesis Testing
10.4.3. Model Coefficients

10.5. Hypothesis Testing in Linear Regression Models

10.5.1. T-Contrast
10.5.2. F-Contrast
10.5.3. Global Contrasts

10.6. Confidence Intervals

10.6.1. Objectives
10.6.2. In a Coefficient
10.6.3. In a Combination of Coefficients

10.7. Specification Problems

10.7.1. Use and Concept
10.7.2. Types of Problems
10.7.3. Unobservable Explanatory Variables

10.8. Prediction in Linear Regression Models

10.8.1. Prediction
10.8.2. Average Value Intervals
10.8.3. Applications

10.9. Residual Analysis in Linear Prediction

10.9.1. Objectives and General Concepts
10.9.2. Analysis Tools
10.9.3. Waste Analysis

10.10. Qualitative Variables in the Multiple Linear Regression Model I

10.10.1. Foundations
10.10.2. Models with Various Types of Information
10.10.3. Linear Metrics

10.11. Qualitative Variables in the Multiple Linear Regression Model II

10.11.1. Binary Variables
10.11.2. Use of Dummy Variables
10.11.3. Time Series

10.12. Autocorrelation

10.12.1. Basic Concepts
10.12.2. Consequences
10.12.3. Contrast

10.13. Heteroscedasticity

10.13.1. Concept and Contrasts
10.13.2. Consequences
10.13.3. Time Series

You will develop skills in management, microeconomics, and statistical modeling to significantly optimize business management”