A 100% online Master's Degree that will allow you to be up to date with the most relevant experimental techniques in materials physics"

The current scientific community is working tirelessly to find more sustainable natural resources or techniques, such as low-temperature manufacturing, to reduce energy consumption. All this, as a consequence of a change in mentality derived from the existing environmental problems, which have caused a shortage of raw materials and natural catastrophes that directly affect human beings in their daily lives. 

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To this end, this academic institution provides students with the most attractive multimedia teaching resources, allowing them to delve dynamically into the key concepts of advanced thermodynamics, the physics of materials, analog and digital electronics, fluid mechanics and climatology. An educational program with a theoretical as well as practical approach thanks to the case studies provided by the specialists who are part of this program. 

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The professional is, therefore, before a Master's Degree that is in line with current academic times and which can be accessed comfortably, whenever and wherever you want. All you need is an electronic device with an Internet connection to view the syllabus hosted on the Virtual Campus. In addition, students have the freedom to distribute the teaching load according to their needs. An excellent opportunity to study an education that facilitates the professional progression of students in the field of Meteorological Physics and Geophysics. 

This education will boost your career path thanks to the advanced knowledge you will acquire about geophysics and the most sophisticated methods for searching for natural resources" 

This Master's Degree in Meteorological Physics and Geophysics contains the most complete and up-to-date program on the market. The most important features include: 

• Practical case studies are presented by experts in Physics 
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• Its special emphasis on innovative methodologies
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection 

The multimedia resource library will allow you to delve into analog and digital electronics whenever you want, from any device with an internet connection"

The program’s teaching staff includes professionals from the sector who contribute their work experience to this training program, as well as renowned specialists from leading societies and prestigious universities. 

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This is a program that will provide you with the necessary techniques and tools to progress in the field of Meteorological Physics and Geophysics"

The syllabus of this Master's Degree has been designed to provide the Engineering professional with the maximum knowledge on Meteorological Physics and Geophysics. To this end, the syllabus has been divided into 10 modules in which you can delve into the key concepts of thermodynamics, statistical physics, remote sensing and image processing, fluid mechanics or meteorology and climatology. All this, through a theoretical-practical approach that will allow you to advance in your professional career at a time when climate change and the search for solutions are the main goal. 

A syllabus that will allow you to progress in a much more fluid way thanks to the Relearning system used by TECH"

Module 1. Thermodynamics 

1.1. Mathematical Tools: Review 

1.1.1  Review of the Logarithm and Exponential Functions 
1.1.2. Review of Derivatives 
1.1.3. Integrals 
1.1.4. Derivative of a Function of Several Variables 

1.2. Calorimetry. Zero Principle in Thermodynamics 

1.2.1. Introduction and General Concepts 
1.2.2. Thermodynamic Systems 
1.2.3. Zero Principle in Thermodynamics 
1.2.4. Temperature Scales. Absolute Temperature 
1.2.5. Reversible and Irreversible Processes 
1.2.6. Sign Criteria 
1.2.7. Specific Heat 
1.2.8. Molar Heat 
1.2.9. Phase Changes 
1.2.10. Thermodynamic Coefficients 

1.3. Thermodynamic Work. First Principle of Thermodynamics 

1.3.1. Heat and Thermodynamic Work 
1.3.2. State Functions and Internal Energy 
1.3.3. First Principle of Thermodynamics 
1.3.4. Work of a Gas System 
1.3.5. Joule's Law 
1.3.6. Heat of Reaction and Enthalpy 

1.4. Ideal Gases 

1.4.1. Ideal Gas Laws 

 1.4.1.1. Boyle-Mariotte's Law 
 1.4.1.2. Charles and Gay-Lussac's Laws 
 1.4.1.3. Equation of State of Ideal Gases 

  1.4.1.3.1. Dalton's Law 
  1.4.1.3.2. Mayer's Law 

1.4.2. Calorimetric Equations of the Ideal Gas 
1.4.3. Adiabatic Processes 

 1.4.3.1. Adiabatic Transformations of an Ideal Gas 

  1.4.3.1.1. Relationship between Isotherms and Adiabatics 
  1.4.3.1.2. Work in Adiabatic Processes 

1.4.4. Polytropic Transformations 

1.5. Real Gases 

1.5.1. Motivation 
1.5.2. Ideal and Real Gases 
1.5.3. Description of Real Gases 
1.5.4. Equations of State of Series Development 
1.5.5. Van der Waals Equation and Series Development 
1.5.6. Andrews Isotherms 
1.5.7. Metastable States 
1.5.8. Van der Waals Equation: Consequences 

1.6. Entropy 

1.6.1. Introduction and Objectives 
1.6.2. Entropy: Definition and Units 
1.6.3. Entropy of an Ideal Gas 
1.6.4. Entropic Diagram 
1.6.5. Clausius Inequality 
1.6.6. Fundamental Equation of Thermodynamics 
1.6.7. Carathéodory's Theorem 

1.7. Second Principle of Thermodynamics 

1.7.1. Second Principle of Thermodynamics  
1.7.2. Transformations between Two Thermal Focuses 
1.7.3. Carnot Cycle 
1.7.4. Real Thermal Machines 
1.7.5. Clausius Theorem 

1.8. Thermodynamic Functions. Third Principle of Thermodynamics 

1.8.1. Thermodynamic Functions 
1.8.2. Thermodynamic Equilibrium Conditions 
1.8.3. Maxwell's Equations 
1.8.4. Thermodynamic Equation of State 
1.8.5. Internal Energy of a Gas 
1.8.6. Adiabatic Transformations in a Real Gas 
1.8.7. Third Principle of Thermodynamics and Consequences 

1.9. Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases 

1.9.1. Hypothesis of the Kinetic-Molecular Theory 
1.9.2. Kinetic Theory of the Pressure of a Gas 
1.9.3. Adiabatic Evolution of a Gas 
1.9.4. Kinetic Theory of Temperature 
1.9.5. Mechanical Argument for Temperature 
1.9.6. Principle of Equipartition of Energy 
1.9.7. Virial Theorem 

1.10. Introduction to Statistical Mechanics 

1.10.1. Introduction and Objectives 
1.10.2. General Concepts 
1.10.3. Entropy, Probability and Boltzmann's Law 
1.10.4. Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Law 
1.10.5. Thermodynamic and Partition Functions 

Module 2. Advanced Thermodynamics 

2.1. Formalism of Thermodynamics 

2.1.1. Laws of Thermodynamics 
2.1.2. The Fundamental Equation 
2.1.3. Internal Energy: Euler's Form 
2.1.4. Gibbs-Duhem Equation 
2.1.5. Legendre Transformations 
2.1.6. Thermodynamic Potentials 
2.1.7. Maxwell's Relations for a Fluid 
2.1.8. Stability Conditions 

2.2. Microscopic Description of Macroscopic Systems I 

2.2.1. Microstates and Macrostates: Introduction 
2.2.2. Phase Space 
2.2.3. Collectivities 
2.2.4. Microcanonical Collectivity 
2.2.5. Thermal Equilibrium 

2.3. Microscopic Description of Macroscopic Systems II 

2.3.1. Discrete Systems 
2.3.2. Statistical Entropy 
2.3.3. Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution 
2.3.4. Pressure 
2.3.5. Effusion 

2.4. Canonical Collectivity 

2.4.1. Partition Function 
2.4.2. Ideal Systems 
2.4.3. Energy Degeneration 
2.4.4. Behavior of the Monoatomic Ideal Gas at a Potential 
2.4.5. Energy Equipartition Theorem 
2.4.6. Discrete Systems 

2.5. Magnetic Systems 

2.5.1. Thermodynamics of Magnetic Systems 
2.5.2. Classical Paramagnetism 
2.5.3. ½ Spin Paramagnetism
2.5.4. Adiabatic Demagnetization 

2.6.  Phase Transitions 

2.6.1. Classification of Phase Transitions 
2.6.2. Phase Diagrams 
2.6.3. Clapeyron Equation 
2.6.4. Vapor-Condensed Phase Equilibrium 
2.6.5. The Critical Point 
2.6.6. Ehrenfest's Classification of Phase Transitions 
2.6.7. Landau's Theory 

2.7. Ising's Model 

2.7.1. Introduction 
2.7.2. One-Dimensional Chain 
2.7.3. Open One-Dimensional Chain 
2.7.4. Mean Field Approximation 

2.8. Real Gases 

2.8.1. Comprehensibility Factor. Virial Development 
2.8.2. Interaction Potential and Configurational Partition Function
2.8.3. Second Virial Coefficient 
2.8.4. Van der Waals Equation 
2.8.5. Lattice Gas 
2.8.6. Corresponding States Law 
2.8.7. Joule and Joule-Kelvin Expansions 

2.9. Photon Gas 

2.9.1. Boson Statistics Vs. Fermion Statistics 
2.9.2. Energy Density and Degeneracy of States 
2.9.3. Planck Distribution 
2.9.4. Equations of State of a Photon Gas 

2.10. Macrocanonical Collectivity 

2.10.1. Partition Function 
2.10.2. Discrete Systems 
2.10.3. Fluctuations 
2.10.4. Ideal Systems 
2.10.5. The Monoatomic Gas 
2.10.6. Vapor-Solid Equilibrium 

Module 3. Geophysics 

3.1. Introduction 

3.1.1. Physics of the Earth 
3.1.2. Concept and Development of Geophysics 
3.1.3. Characteristics of Geophysics 
3.1.4. Disciplines and Fields of Study 
3.1.5. Coordinate Systems 

3.2.  Gravity and Shape of the Earth 

3.2.1. Size and Shape of the Earth 
3.2.2. Earth's Rotation 
3.2.3. Laplace's Equation 
3.2.4. Figure of the Earth 
3.2.5. The Geoid and the Normal Gravity Ellipsoid 

3.3. Gravity Measurements and Anomagnetic Gravity 

3.3.1. Air-Free Anomaly 
3.3.2. Bouguer Anomaly 
3.3.3. Isostasy 
3.3.4. Interpretation of Local and Regional Anomalies 

3.4.  Geomagnetism 

3.4.1. Sources of the Earth's Magnetic Field 
3.4.2. Fields Produced by Dipoles 
3.4.3. Components of the Terrestrial Magnetic Field 
3.4.4. Harmonic Analysis: Separation of Fields of Internal and External Origin 

3.5. Earth's Internal Magnetic Field 

3.5.1. Dipole Field 
3.5.2. Geomagnetic Poles and Geomagnetic Coordinates 
3.5.3. Non-Dipole Field 
3.5.4. International Reference Geomagnetic Field 
3.5.5. Temporal Variation of the Internal Field 
3.5.6. Origin of the Internal Field 

3.6. Paleomagnetism 

3.6.1. Magnetic Properties of Rocks 
3.6.2. Remnant Magnetization 
3.6.3. Geomagnetic Virtual Poles 
3.6.4. Paleomagnetic Poles 
3.6.5. Apparent Polar Drift Curves 
3.6.6. Paleomagnetism and Continental Drift 
3.6.7. Geomagnetic Field Inversions 
3.6.8. Marine Magnetic Anomalies 

3.7. External Magnetic Field 

3.7.1. Origin of the External Magnetic Field 
3.7.2.  Structure of the Magnetosphere 
3.7.3. Ionosphere 
3.7.4. Variations of the External Field: Diurnal Variation, Magnetic Storms 
3.7.5. Polar Auroras 

3.8. Seismic Wave Generation and Propagation 

3.8.1. Mechanics of an Elastic Medium: Elastic Parameters of the Earth 
3.8.2. Seismic Waves: Internal and Surface Waves 
3.8.3. Reflection and Refraction of Internal Waves 
3.8.4. Trajectories and Travel Times: Dromochrons 

3.9. Internal Structure of Earth 

3.9.1. Radial Variation of the Seismic Wave Velocity 
3.9.2. Reference Earth Models 
3.9.3. Physical and Compositional Stratification of the Earth 
3.9.4. Density, Gravity, and Pressure within the Earth 
3.9.5. Seismic Tomography 

3.10. Landslides 

3.10.1. Location and Time of Origin 
3.10.2. Global Seismicity in Relation to Plate Tectonics 
3.10.3. Size of an Earthquake: Intensity, Magnitude, Energy 
3.10.4. Gutenberg-Richter Law 

Module 4. Physics of Materials 

4.1. Materials Science and Solid State 

4.1.1. Field of Study of Materials Science 
4.1.2. Classification of Materials According to the Type of Bonding 
4.1.3. Classification of Materials According to Their Technological Applications 
4.1.4. Relationship between Structure, Properties and Processing 

4.2. Crystalline Structures 

4.2.1. Order and Disorder: Basic Concepts 
4.2.2. Crystallography: Fundamental Concepts 
4.2.3. Review of Basic Crystal Structures: Simple Metallic and Ionic Structures 
4.2.4. More Complex Crystal Structures (Ionic and Covalent) 
4.2.5. Structure of Polymers 

4.3. Defects in Crystalline Structures 

4.3.1. Classification of Imperfections 
4.3.2. Structural Defects 
4.3.3. Punctual Defects 
4.3.4. Other Imperfections 
4.3.5. Dislocations 
4.3.6. Interfacial Defects 
4.3.7. Extended Defects 
4.3.8. Chemical Imperfections 
4.3.9. Substitutional Solid Solutions 
4.3.10. Interstitial Solid Solutions 

4.4. Phase Diagrams 

4.4.1. Fundamental Concepts 

 4.4.1.1. Solubility Limit and Phase Equilibrium 
 4.4.1.2. Interpretation and Use of Phase Diagrams: Gibbs Phase Rule 

4.4.2. 1 Component Phase Diagram 
4.4.3. 2 Component Phase Diagram 

 4.4.3.1. Total Solubility in the Solid State 
 4.4.3.2. Total Insolubility in the Solid State 
 4.4.3.3. Partial Solubility in Solid State 

4.4.4. 3 Component Phase Diagram 

4.5. Mechanical Properties 

4.5.1. Elastic Deformation 
4.5.2. Plastic Deformation 
4.5.3. Mechanical Testing 
4.5.4. Fracture 
4.5.5. Fatigue 
4.5.6. Fluence 

4.6. Electrical Properties 

4.6.1. Introduction 
4.6.2. Conductivity. Conductors 
4.6.3. Semiconductors 
4.6.4. Polymers 
4.6.5. Electrical Characterization 
4.6.6. Insulators 
4.6.7. Conductor-Insulator Transition 
4.6.8. Dielectrics 
4.6.9. Dielectric Phenomena 
4.6.10. Dielectric Characterization 
4.6.11. Materials of Technological Interest 

4.7. Magnetic Properties 

4.7.1. Origin of Magnetism 
4.7.2. Materials with Magnetic Dipole Moment 
4.7.3. Types of Magnetism 
4.7.4. Local Field 
4.7.5. Diamagnetism 
4.7.6. Paramagnetism 
4.7.7. Ferromagnetism 
4.7.8. Antiferromagnetism 
4.7.9. Ferrimagnetism 

4.8. Magnetic Properties II 

4.8.1. Domains 
4.8.2. Hysteresis 
4.8.3. Magnetostriction 
4.8.4. Materials of Technological Interest: Magnetically Soft and Hard 
4.8.5. Characterization of Magnetic Materials 

4.9. Thermal Properties 

4.9.1. Introduction 
4.9.2. Heat Capacity 
4.9.3. Thermal Conduction 
4.9.4. Expansion and Contraction 
4.9.5. Thermoelectric Phenomena 
4.9.6. Magnetocaloric Effect 
4.9.7. Characterization of Thermal Properties

4.10. Optical Properties: Light and Matter 

4.10.1. Absorption and Re-Emission 
4.10.2. Light Sources 
4.10.3. Energy Conversion 
4.10.4. Optical Characterization 
4.10.5. Microscopy Techniques 
4.10.6. Nanostructures 

Module 5. Analog and Digital Electronics 

5.1. Circuit Analysis  

5.1.1. Element Constraints 
5.1.2. Connection Constraints 
5.1.3. Combined Constraints 
5.1.4. Equivalent Circuits 
5.1.5. Voltage and Current Division 
5.1.6. Circuit Reduction 

5.2. Analog Systems 

5.2.1. Kirchoff's Laws 
5.2.2. Thévenin's Theorem 
5.2.3. Norton's Theorem 
5.2.4. Introduction to Semiconductor Physics 

5.3. Devices and Characteristic Equations 

5.3.1. Diode 
5.3.2. Bipolar Transistors (BJTs) and MOSFETs 
5.3.3. Pspice Model 
5.3.4. Characteristic Curves 
5.3.5. Regions of Operation 

5.4. Amplifiers 

5.4.1. Amplifier Operation 
5.4.2. Equivalent Circuits of Amplifiers 
5.4.3. Feedback 
5.4.4. Frequency Domain Analysis 

5.5. Amplification Stages 

5.5.1. BJT and MOSFET Amplifier Function 
5.5.2. Polarization 
5.5.3. Equivalent Small-Signal Model 
5.5.4. Single-Stage Amplifiers 
5.5.5. Frequency Response 
5.5.6. Connection of Amplifier Stages in Cascade 
5.5.7. Differential Torque 
5.5.8. Current Mirrors and Application as Active Loads 

5.6. Operational Amplifier and Applications 

5.6.1. Ideal Operational Amplifier 
5.6.2. Deviations from Ideality 
5.6.3. Sinusoidal Oscillators 
5.6.4. Comparators and Relaxation Oscillators 

5.7. Logic Functions and Combinational Circuits 

5.7.1. Information Representation in Digital Electronics 
5.7.2. Boolean Algebra 
5.7.3. Simplification of Logic Functions 
5.7.4. Two-Level Combinational Structures 
5.7.5. Combinational Functional Modules 

5.8. Sequential Systems 

5.8.1. Concept of Sequential System 
5.8.2. Latches, Flip-Flops and Registers 
5.8.3. State Tables and State Diagrams: Moore and Mealy Models 
5.8.4. Synchronous Sequential Systems Implementation 
5.8.5. General Structure of a Computer 

5.9. MOS Digital Circuits 

5.9.1 Inverters 
5.9.2. Static and Dynamic Parameters 
5.9.3. Combinational MOS Circuits 

 5.9.3.1. Step Transistor Logic 
 5.9.3.2. Implementing Latches and Flip-Flops 

5.10. Bipolar and Advanced Technology Digital Circuits 

5.10.1. BJT Switch. BTJ Digital Circuits 
5.10.2. TTL Transistor-Transistor Logic Circuits 
5.10.3. Characteristic Curves of a Standard TTL 
5.10.4. Emitter-Coupled Logic Circuits ECL 
5.10.5. Digital Circuits with BiCMOS 

Module 6. Remote Sensing and Image Processing 

6.1. Introduction to Image Processing 

6.1.1. Motivation 
6.1.2. Digital Medical and Atmospheric Imaging 
6.1.3. Modalities of Medical and Atmospheric Imaging 
6.1.4. Quality Parameters 
6.1.5. Storage and Display 
6.1.6. Processing Platforms 
6.1.7. Image Processing Applications 

6.2. Image Optimization, Registration and Fusion 

6.2.1. Introduction and Objectives 
6.2.2. Intensity Transformations 
6.2.3. Noise Correction 
6.2.4. Filters in the Spatial Domain 
6.2.5. Frequency Domain Filters 
6.2.6. Introduction and Objectives 
6.2.7. Geometric Transformations 
6.2.8. Records 
6.2.9. Multimodal Merging 
6.2.10. Applications of Multimodal Fusion 

6.3. 3D and 4D Segmentation and Processing Techniques 

6.3.1. Introduction and Objectives 
6.3.2. Segmentation Techniques 
6.3.3. Morphological Operations 
6.3.4. Introduction and Objectives 
6.3.5. Morphological and Functional Imaging 
6.3.6. 3D Analysis 
6.3.7. 4D Analysis 

6.4. Feature Extraction 

6.4.1. Introduction and Objectives 
6.4.2. Texture Analysis 
6.4.3. Morphometric Analysis 
6.4.4. Statistics and Classification 
6.4.5. Presentation of Results 

6.5. Machine Learning 

6.5.1. Introduction and Objectives 
6.5.2. Big Data 
6.5.3. Deep Learning 
6.5.4. Software Tools 
6.5.5. Applications 
6.5.6. Limitations 

6.6. Introduction to Remote Sensing 

6.6.1. Introduction and Objectives 
6.6.2. Definition of Remote Sensing 
6.6.3. Exchange Particles in Remote Sensing 
6.6.4. Active and Passive Remote Sensing 
6.6.5. Remote Sensing Software with Python 

6.7. Passive Photon Remote Sensing 

6.7.1. Introduction and Objectives 
6.7.2. Light 
6.7.3. Interaction of Light with Matter 
6.7.4. Black Bodies 
6.7.5. Other Effects 
6.7.6. Point Cloud Diagram 

6.8. Passive Remote Sensing in Ultraviolet, Visible, Infrared, Infrared, Microwave and Radio 

6.8.1. Introduction and Objectives 
6.8.2. Passive Remote Sensing: Photon Detectors 
6.8.3. Visible Observation with Telescopes 
6.8.4. Types of Telescopes 
6.8.5. Mounts 
6.8.6. Optics 
6.8.7. Ultraviolet 
6.8.8. Infrared 
6.8.9. Microwaves and Radio Waves 
6.8.10. netCDF4 Files 

6.9. Active Remote Sensing with Lidar and Radar 

6.9.1. Introduction and Objectives 
6.9.2. Active Remote Sensing 
6.9.3. Atmospheric Radar 
6.9.4. Weather Radar 
6.9.5. Comparison of Lidar with Radar 
6.9.6. HDF4 Files 

6.10. Passive Remote Sensing of Gamma and X-Rays 

6.10.1. Introduction and Objectives 
6.10.2. Introduction to X-ray Observation 
6.10.3. Gamma Ray Observation 
6.10.4. Remote Sensing Software 

Module 7. Statistical Physics 

7.1. Stochastic Processes 

7.1.1. Introduction 
7.1.2. BrownianMotion 
7.1.3. Random Walk 
7.1.4. Langevin Equation 
7.1.5. Fokker-Planck Equation 
7.1.6. Brownian Engines 

7.2. Review of Statistical Mechanics 

7.2.1. Collectivities and Postulates 
7.2.2. Microcanonical Collectivity 
7.2.3. Canonical Collectivity 
7.2.4. Discrete and Continuous Energy Spectra 
7.2.5. Classical and Quantum Limits. Thermal Wavelength 
7.2.6. Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistics 
7.2.7. Energy Equipartition Theorem 

7.3.  Ideal Gas of Diatomic Molecules 

7.3.1. The Problem of Specific Heats in Gases 
7.3.2. Internal Degrees of Freedom 
7.3.3. Contribution of Each Degree of Freedom to the Heat Capacity 
7.3.4. Polyatomic Molecules 

7.4. Magnetic Systems 

7.4.1. ½ Spin Systems 
7.4.2. Quantum Paramagnetism 
7.4.3. Classical Paramagnetism 
7.4.4. Superparamagnetism 

7.5. Biological Systems 

7.5.1. Biophysics 
7.5.2. DNA Denaturation 
7.5.3. Biological Membranes 
7.5.4. Myoglobin Saturation Curve. Langmuir Isotherm 

7.6. Systems with Interaction 

7.6.1. Solids, Liquids, Gases 
7.6.2. Magnetic Systems. Ferro-Paramagnetic Transition 
7.6.3. Weiss Model 
7.6.4. Landau Model 
7.6.5. Ising's Model 
7.6.6. Critical Points and Universality 
7.6.7. Monte Carlo Method. Metropolis Algorithm 

7.7. Quantum Ideal Gas 

7.7.1. Distinguishable and Indistinguishable Particles 
7.7.2. Microstates in Quantum Statistical Mechanics 
7.7.3. Calculation of the Macrocanonical Partition Function in an Ideal Gas 
7.7.4. Quantum Statistics: Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac Statistics 
7.7.5. Ideal Gases of Bosons and Fermions 

7.8. Ideal Boson Gas 

7.8.1. Photons. Black Body Radiation 
7.8.2. Phonons. Heat Capacity of the Crystal Lattice 
7.8.3. Bose-Einstein Condensation 
7.8.4. Thermodynamic Properties of Bose-Einstein Gas 
7.8.5. Critical Temperature and Density 

7.9. Ideal Gas for Fermions 

7.9.1. Fermi-Dirac Statistics 
7.9.2. Electron Heat Capacity 
7.9.3. Fermion Degeneracy Pressure 
7.9.4. Fermi Function and Temperature 

7.10. Elementary Kinetic Theory of Gases 

7.10.1. Dilute Gas in Equilibrium 
7.10.2. Transport Coefficients 
7.10.3. Thermal Conductivity of the Crystalline Lattice and Electrons 
7.10.4. Gaseous Systems Composed of Moving Molecules 

Module 8. Fluid Mechanics 

8.1. Introduction to Fluid Physics 

8.1.1. No-Slip Condition 
8.1.2. Classification of Flows 
8.1.3. Control System and Volume 
8.1.4. Fluid Properties 

 8.1.4.1. Density 
 8.1.4.2. Specific Gravity 
 8.1.4.3. Vapor Pressure 
 8.1.4.4. Cavitation 
 8.1.4.5. Specific Heat 
 8.1.4.6. Compressibility 
 8.1.4.7. Speed of Sound 
 8.1.4.8. Viscosity 
 8.1.4.9. Surface Tension 

8.2. Fluid Statics and Kinematics 

8.2.1. Pressure 
8.2.2. Pressure Measuring Devices 
8.2.3. Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Surfaces 
8.2.4. Buoyancy, Stability and Motion of Rigid Solids 
8.2.5. Lagrangian and Eulerian Description 
8.2.6. Flow Patterns 
8.2.7. Kinematic Tensors 
8.2.8. Vorticity 
8.2.9. Rotationality 
8.2.10. Reynolds Transport Theorem 

8.3. Bernoulli and Energy Equations 

8.3.1. Conservation of Mass 
8.3.2. Mechanical Energy and Efficiency 
8.3.3. Bernoulli's Equation 
8.3.4. General Energy Equation 
8.3.5. Stationary Flow Energy Analysis 

8.4. Fluid Analysis 

8.4.1. Conservation of Linear Momentum Equations 
8.4.2. Conservation of Angular Momentum Equations 
8.4.3. Dimensional Homogeneity 
8.4.4. Variable Repetition Method 
8.4.5. Buckingham's Pi Theorem 

8.5. Flow in Pipes 

8.5.1. Laminar and Turbulent Flow 
8.5.2. Inlet Region 
8.5.3. Minor Losses 
8.5.4. Networks 

8.6. Differential Analysis and Navier-Stokes Equations 

8.6.1. Conservation of Mass 
8.6.2. Current Function 
8.6.3. Cauchy Equation 
8.6.4. Navier-Stokes Equation 
8.6.5. Dimensionless Navier-Stokes Equations of Motion 
8.6.6. Stokes Flow 
8.6.7. Inviscid Flow 
8.6.8. Irrotational Flow 
8.6.9. Boundary Layer Theory. Clausius Equation 

8.7. External Flow 

8.7.1. Drag and Lift 
8.7.2. Friction and Pressure 
8.7.3. Coefficients 
8.7.4. Cylinders and Spheres 
8.7.5. Aerodynamic Profiles 

8.8. Compressible Flow 

8.8.1. Stagnation Properties 
8.8.2. One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow 
8.8.3. Nozzles 
8.8.4. Shock Waves 
8.8.5. Expansion Waves 
8.8.6. Rayleigh Flow 
8.8.7. Fanno Flow 

8.9. Open Channel Flow 

8.9.1. Classification 
8.9.2. Froude Number 
8.9.3. Wave Speed 
8.9.4. Uniform Flow 
8.9.5. Gradually Varying Flow 
8.9.6. Rapidly Varying Flow 
8.9.7. Hydraulic Jump 

8.10. Non-Newtonian Fluids 

8.10.1. Standard Flows 
8.10.2. Material Functions 
8.10.3. Experiments 
8.10.4. Generalized Newtonian Fluid Model 
8.10.5. Generalized Linear Viscoelastic Fluid Model 
8.10.6. Advanced Constitutive Equations and Geometry 

Module 9. Meteorology and Climatology 

9.1. General Structure of the Atmosphere 

9.1.1. Weather and Climate 
9.1.2. General Characteristics of the Earth's Atmosphere 
9.1.3. Atmospheric Composition 
9.1.4. Horizontal and Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere 
9.1.5. Atmospheric Variables 
9.1.6. Observing Systems 
9.1.7. Meteorological Scales 
9.1.8. Equation of State 
9.1.9. Hydrostatic Equation 

9.2. Atmospheric Motion 

9.2.1. Air Masses 
9.2.2. Extratropical Cyclones and Fronts 
9.2.3. Mesoscale and Microscale Phenomena 
9.2.4. Fundamentals of Atmospheric Dynamics 
9.2.5. Air Motion: Apparent and Real Forces 
9.2.6. Equations of Horizontal Motion 
9.2.7. Geostrophic Wind, Friction Force and Gradient Wind 
9.2.8. Atmospheric General Circulation 

9.3. Radioactive Energy Exchange in the Atmosphere 

9.3.1. Solar and Terrestrial Radiation 
9.3.2. Absorption, Emission and Reflection of Radiation 
9.3.3. Earth-Atmosphere Radioactive Exchanges 
9.3.4. Greenhouse Effect 
9.3.5. Radiative Balance at the Top of the Atmosphere 
9.3.6. Radiative Forcing of the Climate 

 9.3.6.1. Natural and Anthropogenic Climate Forcing 
 9.3.6.2. Climate Sensitivity 

9.4. Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere 

9.4.1. Adiabatic Processes: Potential Temperature 
9.4.2. Stability and Instability of Dry Air 
9.4.3. Saturation and Condensation of Water Vapor in the Atmosphere 
9.4.4. Rise of Moist Air: Saturated and Pseudoadiabatic Adiabatic Evolution 
9.4.5. Condensation Levels 
9.4.6. Stability and Instability of Humid Air 

9.5. Cloud Physics and Precipitation 

9.5.1. General Cloud Formation Processes 
9.5.2. Cloud Morphology and Classification 
9.5.3. Cloud Microphysics: Condensation Nuclei and Ice Nuclei 
9.5.4. Precipitation Processes: Rain, Snow and Hail Formation
9.5.5. Artificial Modification of Clouds and Precipitation 

9.6. Atmospheric Dynamics 

9.6.1. Inertial and Non-Inertial Forces 
9.6.2. Coriolis Force 
9.6.3. Equation of Motion 
9.6.4. Horizontal Pressure Field 
9.6.5. Pressure Reduction at Sea Level 
9.6.6. Horizontal Pressure Gradient 
9.6.7. Pressure-Density 
9.6.8. Isohipsas 
9.6.9. Equation of Motion in the Intrinsic Coordinate System 
9.6.10. Frictionless Horizontal Flow: Geostrophic Wind, Gradient Wind 
9.6.11. Friction Effect 
9.6.12. Wind at Height 
9.6.13. Local and Small-Scale Wind Regimes 
9.6.14. Pressure and Wind Measurements 

9.7. Synoptic Meteorology 

9.7.1. Baric Systems 
9.7.2. Anticyclones 
9.7.3. Air Masses 
9.7.4. Frontal Surfaces 
9.7.5. Warm Fronts 
9.7.6. Cold Front 
9.7.7. Frontal Depressions. Occlusion Occluded Front 

9.8. General Circulation 

9.8.1. General Characteristics of the General Circulation 
9.8.2. Surface and Overhead Observations 
9.8.3. Single-Cell Model 
9.8.4. Tricellular Model 
9.8.5. Jet Streams 
9.8.6. Ocean Currents 
9.8.7. Ekman Transport 
9.8.8. Global Distribution of Precipitation 
9.8.9. Teleconnections. El Niño Southern Oscillation. The North Atlantic Oscillation 

9.9. Climate System 

9.9.1. Climate Classifications 
9.9.2. Köppen Classification 
9.9.3. Components of the Climate System 
9.9.4. Coupling Mechanisms 
9.9.5. Hydrological Cycle 
9.9.6. Carbon Cycle 
9.9.7. Response Times 
9.9.8. Feedback 
9.9.9. Climate Models 

9.10. Climate Change

9.10.1. Concept of Climate Change 
9.10.2. Data Collection. Paleoclimatic Techniques 
9.10.3. Evidence of Climate Change. Paleoclimate 
9.10.4. Current Global Warming 
9.10.5. Energy Balance Model 
9.10.6. Radiative Forcing 
9.10.7. Causal Mechanisms of Climate Change 
9.10.8. General Circulation Models and Projections 

Module 10. Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere 

10.1. Introduction 

10.1.1. Thermodynamics of the Ideal Gas 
10.1.2. Laws of Conservation of Energy 
10.1.3. Laws of Thermodynamics 
10.1.4. Pressure, Temperature and Altitude 
10.1.5. Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution of Velocities 

10.2. The Atmosphere 

10.2.1. The Physics of the Atmosphere 
10.2.2. Air Composition 
10.2.3. Origin of the Earth's Atmosphere 
10.2.4. Atmospheric mass Distribution and Temperature 

10.3. Fundamentals of Atmospheric Thermodynamics 

10.3.1. Equation of State of Air 
10.3.2. Humidity Indices 
10.3.3. Hydrostatic Equation: Meteorological Applications 
10.3.4. Adiabatic and Diabatic Processes 
10.3.5. Entropy in Meteorology 

10.4. Thermodynamic Diagrams 

10.4.1. Relevant Thermodynamic Diagrams 
10.4.2. Properties of Thermodynamic Diagrams 
10.4.3. Emagrams 
10.4.4. Oblique Diagram: Applications 

10.5. Study of Water and its Transformations 

10.5.1. Thermodynamic Properties of Water 
10.5.2. Phase Transformation in Equilibrium 
10.5.3. Clausius-Clapeyron Equation 
10.5.4. Approximations and Consequences of the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation 

10.6. Condensation of Water Vapor in the Atmosphere 

10.6.1. Phase Transitions of Water 
10.6.2. Thermodynamic Equations of Saturated Air 
10.6.3. Equilibrium of Water Vapor with Water Droplets: Kelvin and Köhler Curves 
10.6.4. Atmospheric Processes that Give Rise to Water Vapor Condensation

10.7. Atmospheric Condensation by Isobaric Processes 

10.7.1. Dew and Frost Formation 
10.7.2. Formation of Radiative and Advection Fogs 
10.7.3. Isoenthalpic Processes 
10.7.4. Equivalent Temperature and Wet Thermometer Temperature 
10.7.5. Isoenthalpic Mixtures of Air Masses 
10.7.6. Mixing Mists 

10.8. Atmospheric Condensation by Adiabatic Ascent 

10.8.1. Saturation of Air by Adiabatic Rise 
10.8.2. Reversible Adiabatic Saturation Processes 
10.8.3. Pseudo-Adiabatic Processes 
10.8.4. Equivalent Pseudo-Potential and Wet-Thermometer Temperature 
10.8.5. Föhn Effect 

10.9. Atmospheric Stability 

10.9.1. Stability Criteria in Unsaturated Air 
10.9.2. Stability Criteria in Saturated Air 
10.9.3. Conditional Instability 
10.9.4. Convective Instability 
10.9.5. Analysis of Stabilities by Means of the Oblique Diagram 

10.10. Thermodynamic Diagrams 

10.10.1. Conditions for Equivalent Area Transformations 
10.10.2. Examples of Thermodynamic Diagrams 
10.10.3. Graphical Representation of Thermodynamic Variables in a T-ln(p) Diagram 
10.10.4. Use of Thermodynamic Diagrams in Meteorology 

An academic option that will allow you to learn about the physical properties of materials and their multiple uses and applications”