You will learn about the latest developments in Clinical Analysis techniques through an innovative educational program that includes a 3-week internship”

The healthcare situation in recent years has led to a transformation in various clinical fields, which have adopted new techniques, updating their procedures according to the latest scientific evidence. Therefore, the physician working in this area will need a complete update in order to be aware of the most important innovations in terms of Clinical Analysis and tests. In addition, the current situation has led to the profile of the specialist focused on this area becoming highly demanded.

For these reasons, this Hybrid Master's Degree in Clinical Analysis is perfect to update the professional, who will be able to learn throughout the learning process the latest advances in issues such as the study of urine in the urology laboratory and pathological anatomy, the diagnosis of platelet alterations, microscopic techniques in Clinical Analysis or the biochemical study of vitamins and vitamin deficiencies, among others.

The teaching process in this program is divided into 2 distinct parts: an online stage and an on-site stage. In the online phase, the physician will enjoy a flexible methodology that will allow them to continue developing their work comfortably, without interruptions or fixed schedules. In addition, they will benefit from the best multimedia materials: case studies, master classes, videos of procedures or interactive summaries.

In the on-site stage, the professional will carry out an internship in a center of recognized prestige in this health field, where they will be able to carry out various activities related to laboratory techniques, being able to update themselves in an agile way, with the accompaniment of great specialists from the clinical institution itself.

You will have access to a library of multimedia resources 7 days a week, 24 hours a day”

This Hybrid Master's Degree in Clinical Analysis contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• More than 100 cases presented by Communication Management experts in clinical analysis
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Assessment of clinical tests, taking into account the most advanced technologies in this field
• Comprehensive systematized action plans for the main tests and analyses to be performed
• Presentation of practical workshops on clinical analysis techniques
• An algorithm-based interactive learning system for decision-making in the clinical situations presented throughout the course
• Guidelines for the performance of different clinical analyses
• Special emphasis on test-based medicine and research methodologies
• All of this will be complemented by theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection
• Furthermore, you will be able to carry out a clinical internship in one of the best hospitals

The latest knowledge will be at your fingertips, providing you with an immediate update on the most innovative Clinical Analysis procedures”

This Master's program, of a professionalizing nature and hybrid learning modality, is aimed at updating medical professionals who carry out their daily work by performing Clinical Analysis. The contents are based on the latest scientific evidence, and oriented in a didactic way to integrate theoretical knowledge into medical practice.

Thanks to the multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, medical professionals will benefit from situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide immersive learning programmed to train in real situations. This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the professional must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise throughout the program. For this purpose, the student will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned experts.

The most specialized teaching staff will accompany you throughout the learning process, ensuring that you comfortably integrate the latest developments in this area into your daily work"

This Hybrid Master's Degree will allow you to delve deeper into issues such as gas-liquid chromatography or beta-oxidation of fatty acids"

The online contents of this Hybrid Master's Degree in Clinical Analysis are structured in 10 specialized modules, through which the physician will be able to delve into issues such as the management of health care waste, the preparation of reagents, solutions, buffers and controls, serum protein electrophoresis, major and minor histocompatibility antigens or the detection and amplification of specific DNA sequences.

Enroll now and advance in your field of work with a comprehensive program that will allow you to put into practice everything you have learned” 

Module 1. Legal Framework and Standard Parameters of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory

1.1. ISO Standards, Applicable to a Modernized Clinical Laboratory 

1.1.1. Work Flow and Free of Waste  
1.1.2. Continuous Mapping of Procedures  
1.1.3. Physical Filing of Personnel Functions  
1.1.4. Monitoring of Analytical Stages, with Clinical Indicators 
1.1.5. Internal and External Communication Systems 

1.2. Safety and Management of Sanitary Waste 

1.2.1. Safety in a Laboratory Clinic 

1.2.1.1. Emergency Evacuation Plan 
1.2.1.2. Risk Assessment 
1.2.1.3. Standardized Rules of Work 
1.2.1.4. Unsupervised Work 

1.2.2. Management of Sanitary Waste 

1.2.2.1. Classes of Sanitary Waste  
1.2.2.2. Packaging 
1.2.2.3. Destination  

1.3. Standardization Model for Sanitary Processes 

1.3.1. Concepts and Objectives of the Standardization Processes 
1.3.2. Clinical Variablity 
1.3.3. Need for Process Management 

1.4. Health Care Documentation Management 

1.4.1. Archive Installation 

1.4.1.1. Established Conditions 
1.4.1.2. Incident Prevention 

1.4.2. Safety in the Archives 
1.4.3. Administrative Procedures 

1.4.3.1. Standardized Work Plan 
1.4.3.2. Records 
1.4.3.3. Location 
1.4.3.4. Transfer 
1.4.3.5. Conservation 
1.4.3.6. Withdrawal 
1.4.3.7. Elimination 

1.4.4. Electronic Archive Records 
1.4.5. Quality Guarantee 
1.4.6. Closing the Archive 

1.5. Quality Control in a Clinical Laboratory 

1.5.1. Legal Context of Health Care Quality 
1.5.2. Personnel Functions as a Quality Guarantee 
1.5.3. Health Inspections 

1.5.3.1. Concept 
1.5.3.2. Types of Inspections 

1.5.3.2.1. Studies 
1.5.3.2.2. Facilities 
1.5.3.2.3. Processes

1.5.4. Clinical Data Audits 

1.5.4.1. Concept of an Audit 
1.5.4.2. ISO Accreditation 

1.5.4.2.1. Laboratory ISO 15189, ISO 17025 
1.5.4.2.2. ISO 17020, ISO 22870 

1.5.4.3. Certifications 

1.6. Evaluation of Analytical Quality: Clinical Indicators 

1.6.1. System Description 
1.6.2. Flowchart of Work 
1.6.3. Importance of Quality in the Laboratory 
1.6.4. Procedure Management, in Clinical Analyses 

1.6.4.1. Quality Control 
1.6.4.2. Extraction and Management of Samples 
1.6.4.3. Verification and Validation in the Methods 

1.7. Clinical Decision Levels, within Reference Ranges 

1.7.1. Clinical Laboratory Analysis 

1.7.1.1. Concept 
1.7.1.2. Standard Clinical Parameters 

1.7.2. Reference Intervals 

1.7.2.1. Laboratory Ranges International Units 
1.7.2.2. Analytical Method Validation Guide  

1.7.3. Clinical Decision Levels 
1.7.4. Sensitivity and Specificity in Clinical Results 
1.7.5. Critical Values Variability 

1.8. Processing of Requests for Clinical Trials 

1.8.1. Most Common Types of Requests 
1.8.2. Efficient Use vs. Excess Demand 
1.8.3. Practical Example of Requests in the Hospital Field 

1.9. Scientific Method in Clinical Analysis 

1.9.1. PICO Question 
1.9.2. Protocol 
1.9.3. Bibliographic Search 
1.9.4. Study Design 
1.9.5. Obtaining Results 
1.9.6. Statistical Analysis and Interpretation of Results 
1.9.7. Publication of Results 

1.10. Medicine Based on Scientific Evidence. Application in Clinical Analysis 

1.10.1. Concept of Scientific Evidence 
1.10.2. Classification of the Scientific Evidence Levels 
1.10.3. Routine Clinical Practice Guidelines 
1.10.4. Evidence Applied in Clinical Analysis Magnitude of Benefit 

Module 2. Instrumental Techniques in the Clinical Analysis Laboratory 

2.1. Instrumental Techniques in Clinical Analysis 

2.1.1. Introduction  
2.1.2. Fundamental Concepts  
2.1.3. Classification of Instrumental Methods  

2.1.3.1. Classic Methods  
2.1.3.2. Instrumental Methods  

2.1.4. Preparation of Reagents, Solutions, Buffers and Controls 
2.1.5. Equipment Calibration  

2.1.5.1. Importance of Calibration 
2.1.5.2. Methods of Calibration  

2.1.6. Clinical Analysis Process  

2.1.6.1. Reasons for Requesting a Clinical Analysis  
2.1.6.2. Phases of the Analysis Process  
2.1.6.3. Patient Preparation and Sample Taking  

2.2. Microscopic Techniques in Clinical Analysis 

2.2.1. Introduction and Concepts 
2.2.2. Types of Microscopes 

2.2.2.1. Optical Microscopes 
2.2.2.2. Electronic Microscopes 

2.2.3. Lenses, Light and Image Formation 
2.2.4. Management and Maintenance of Light Optical Microscopes 

2.2.4.1. Handling and Properties 
2.2.4.2. Maintenance  
2.2.4.3. Observation Incidents 
2.2.4.4. Application in Clinical Analysis  

2.2.5. Other Microscopes Characteristics and Management  

2.2.5.1. Dark Field Microscope 
2.2.5.2. Polarized Light Microscope  
2.2.5.3. Interference Microscope  
2.2.5.4. Inverted Microscope  
2.2.5.5. Ultraviolet Light Microscope  
2.2.5.6. Fluorescence Microscope 
2.2.5.7. Electronic Microscope  

2.3. Microbiological Techniques in Clinical Analysis 

2.3.1. Introduction and Concept 
2.3.2. Design and Work Standards of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory  

2.3.2.1. Necessary Rules and Resources 
2.3.2.2. Routines and Procedures in the Laboratory  
2.3.2.3. Sterilization and Contamination  

2.3.3. Cellular Culture Techniques 

2.3.3.1. Growth Environment  
2.3.4. Most Commonly used Extension and Staining Procedures in Clinical Microbiology 
2.3.4.1. Bacteria Recognition 
2.3.4.2. Cytological 
2.3.4.3. Other Procedures 

2.3.5. Other Methods of Microbiological Analysis  

2.3.5.1. Direct Microscopic Examination Identification of Normal and Pathogenic Flora
2.3.5.2. Identification by Biochemical Tests 
2.3.5.3. Rapid Immunological Test 

2.4. Volumetric, Gravimetric, Electrochemical and Titration Techniques 

2.4.1. Volumetrics Introduction and Concept 

2.4.1.1. Classification of Methods  
2.4.1.2. Laboratory Procedure to Perform a Volumetric Analysis  

2.4.2. Gravimetry  

2.4.2.1. Introduction and Concept 
2.4.2.2. Classification of Gravimetric Methods 
2.4.2.3. Laboratory Procedure to Perform a Gravimetric Analysis  

2.4.3. Electrochemical Techniques  

2.4.3.1. Introduction and Concept  
2.4.3.2. Potentiometry  
2.4.3.3. Amperometry 
2.4.3.4. Coulometry
2.4.3.5. Conductometry  
2.4.3.6. Application in Clinical Analysis  

2.4.4. Evaluation 

2.4.4.1. Acid Base 
2.4.4.2. Precipitation  
2.4.4.3. Complex Formation  
2.4.4.4. Application in Clinical Analysis  

2.5. Spectral Techniques in Clinical Analysis 

2.5.1. Introduction and Concepts  

2.5.1.1. Electromagnetic Radiation and its Interaction with the Material 
2.5.1.2. Raditation Absorption and Emission  

2.5.2. Spectrophotometry Application in Clinical Analysis 

2.5.2.1. Instruments  
2.5.2.2. Procedure   

2.5.3. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry  
2.5.4. Flame Emission Photometry  
2.5.5. Fluorimetry  
2.5.6. Nephelometry and Turbidimetry  
2.5.7. Mass and Reflectance Spectrometry 

2.5.7.1. Instruments  
2.5.7.2. Procedure 

2.5.8. Applications of the Most Commonly Used Spectral Techniques in Clinical Analysis

2.6. Immunoanalysis Techniques in Clinical Analysis  

2.6.1. Introduction and Concepts  

2.6.1.1. Immunological Concepts  
2.6.1.2. Types of Immunoanalysis 
2.6.1.3. Cross-Reactivity and Antigen 
2.6.1.4. Detection Molecules  
2.6.1.5. Quantification and Analytical Sensitivity

2.6.2. Immunohistochemical Techniques  

2.6.2.1. Concept 
2.6.2.2. Immunohistochemical Procedures  

2.6.3. Enzymatic Immunohistochemistry Technique

2.6.3.1. Concept and Procedure 

2.6.4. Immunofluorescence 

2.6.4.1. Concept and Classification  
2.6.4.2. Immunofluorescence Procedure 

2.6.5. Other Methods of Immunoanalysis  

2.6.5.1. Immuno-nephelometry
2.6.5.2. Radial Immunodiffusion  
2.6.5.3. Immunoturbidimetry 

2.7. Separation Tehniques in Clinical Analysis. Chromatography and Electrophoresis

2.7.1. Introduction and Concepts 
2.7.2. Chromatographic Techniques 

2.7.2.1. Principles, Concepts and Classification 
2.7.2.2. Gas-Liquid Chromatography Concepts and Procedure
2.7.2.3. High Efficacy Liquid Chromatography Concepts and Procedure
2.7.2.4. Thin Layer Chromatography 
2.7.2.5. Application in Clinical Analysis 

2.7.3. Electrophoretic Techniques  

2.7.3.1. Introduction and Concepts  
2.7.3.2. Instruments and Procedures
2.7.3.3. Purpose and Field of Application in Clinical Analysis  
2.7.3.4. Capillary Electrophoresis 

2.7.3.4.1. Serum Protein Electrophoresis 

2.7.4. Hybrid Techniques: ICP Masses, Gases Masses and Liquids Masses 

2.8. Molecular Biology Techniques in Clinical Analysis 

2.8.1. Introduction and Concepts 
2.8.2. DNA and RNA Extraction Techniques 

2.8.2.1. Procedure and Conservation  

2.8.3. Chain Reaction of PCR Polymers 

2.8.3.1. Concept and Foundation 
2.8.3.2. Instruments and Procedures 
2.8.3.3. Modifications of the PCR Method 

2.8.4. Hybridization Techniques 
2.8.5. Sequencing 
2.8.6. Protein Analysis by Western Blotting  
2.8.7. Proteomics and Genomics 

2.8.7.1. Concepts and Procedures in Clinical Analysis 
2.8.7.2. Types of Proteomic Studies 
2.8.7.3. Bioinformatics and Proteomics 
2.8.7.4. Metabolomics 
2.8.7.5. Relevance in Biomedicine  

2.9. Techniques for the Determination of Form Elements Flow Cytometry Bedside Testing

2.9.1. Red Blood Cells Count  

2.9.1.1. Cellular Count Procedure
2.9.1.2. Pathologies Diagnosed with this Methodology  

2.9.2. Leukocyte Count 

2.9.2.1. Procedure  
2.9.2.2. Pathologies Diagnosed with this Methodology 

2.9.3. Flow Cytometry 

2.9.3.1. Introduction and Concepts 
2.9.3.2. Technique Procedure  
2.9.3.3. Cytometry Applications in Clinical Analysis

2.9.3.3.1. Applications in Oncohematology 
2.9.3.3.2. Applications in Allergies
2.9.3.3.3. Applications in Infertility

2.9.4. Bedside Testing 

2.9.4.1. Concept 
2.9.4.2. Sample Types 
2.9.4.3. Techniques Used 
2.9.4.4. Most Used Applications, from Analysis to the Patient's Bedside  

2.10. Interpretation of Results, Analytical Method Evaluation and Analytical Interferences

2.10.1. Laboratory Report 

2.10.1.1. Concept  
2.10.1.2. Characteristic Elements of a Laboratory Report 
2.10.1.3. Interpretation of the Report 

2.10.2. Evalutation of Analytical Methods in Clinical Analysis  

2.10.2.1. Concepts and Objectives 
2.10.2.2. Linearity 
2.10.2.3. Truthfulness 
2.10.2.4. Precision 

2.10.3. Analytical Interferences 

2.10.3.1. Concept, Foundation and Classification 
2.10.3.2. Endogenous Interferents 
2.10.3.3. Exogenous Interferents 
2.10.3.4. Procedures to Detect and Quantify an Interference, in a Specific Method or Analysis

Module 3. Biochemistry I 

3.1. Biochemical and Molecular Base of Diseases

3.1.1. Genetic Alterations
3.1.2. Cell Signaling Alterations
3.1.3. Metabolism Alterations

3.2. Metabolism of Nutrients 

3.2.1. Concept of Metabolism 
3.2.2. Biochemical Phases of Nutrition: Digestion, Transport, Metabolism, Excretion 
3.2.3. Clinical Laboratory in the Study of Alterations in Digestion, Absoprtion and Metabolism of Nutrients

3.3. Biochemical Study of Vitamins and Vitamin Deficiency

3.3.1. Liposoluble Vitamins
3.3.2. Hydrosoluble Vitamins
3.3.3. Vitamin Deficiencies

3.4. Biochemical Study of Protein Alterations and Nitrogen Compounds

3.4.1. Plasmatic Proteins
3.4.2. Clinical Enzymology
3.4.3. Evaluation of Biochemical Markers in Renal Function

3.5. Biochemical Study of Carbohydrate Metabolism Regulation and its Pathophysiological Alterations 

3.5.1. Hypoglycemia
3.5.2. Hyperglycemia
3.5.3. Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnosis and Monitoring in a Clinical Laboratory

3.6. Biochemical Study of the Pathophysiological Alterations of Lipids and  Plasma Lipoproteins

3.6.1. Lipoproteins
3.6.2. Primary Dyslipidemia
3.6.3. Hyperlipoproteinemia
3.6.4. Sphingolipidosis

3.7. Biochemistry of Blood in a Chemical Laboratory

3.7.1. Blood Hemostasis
3.7.2. Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
3.7.3. Biochemical Analysis of Iron Metabolism

3.8. Mineral Metabolism and its Clinical Alterations

3.8.1. Calcium Homeostasis
3.8.2. Phosphorus Homeostasis
3.8.3. Magnesium Homeostasis
3.8.4. Biochemical Markers of Bone Remodeling

3.9. Acid-Base Balance and Peripheral Blood Gas Study

3.9.1. Acid-Base Balance
3.9.2. Peripheral Blood Gasometry
3.9.3. Gasometry Markers

3.10. Hydroelectrolyte Balance and its Alterations

3.10.1. Sodium
3.10.2. Potassium
3.10.3. Chlorine

Module 4. Biochemistry II 

4.1. Congenital Alterations of Carbohydrate Metabolism 

4.1.1. Alterations in the Digestion and Intestinal Absorption of Carbohydrates 
4.1.2. Galactose Metabolism Alterations 
4.1.3. Fructose Metabolism Alterations 
4.1.4. Glucogen Metabolism Alterations 

4.1.4.1. Glucogenesis: Types 

4.2. Congenital Alterations of Amino Acid Metabolism 

4.2.1. Aromatic Amino Acid Metabolism Alterations 

4.2.1.1. Phenylketonuria
4.2.1.2. Glutaric Aciduria Type 1 

4.2.2. Alterations of Branched Amino Acid Metabolism 

4.2.2.1. Maple Syrup Urine Disease 
4.2.2.2. Isovaleric Acidemia 

4.2.3. Alterations in the Metabolism of Sulfur Amino Acids 

4.2.3.1. Homocysturia 

4.3. Congenital Alterations of Lipid Metabolism 

4.3.1. Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids 

4.3.1.1. Introduction to Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids  
4.3.1.2. Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation Alterations 

4.3.2. Carnitine Cycle 

4.3.2.1. Introduction to Carnitine Cycle 
4.3.2.2. Carnitine Cycle Alterations 

4.4. Urea Cycle Disorders 

4.4.1. Urea Cycle 
4.4.2. Genetic Alterations of the Urea Cycle 

4.4.2.1. Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency 
4.4.2.2. Other Urea Cycle Disorders 

4.4.3. Diagnosis and Treatment of Urea Cycle Diseases 

4.5. Molecular Pathologies of Nucleotide Bases Alterations of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism 

4.5.1. Introduction to Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism 
4.5.2. Purine Metabolism Disorders 
4.5.3. Pyrimidine Metabolism Disorders
4.5.4. Diagnosis of Purine and Pyrimidine Disorders 

4.6. Porphyrias. Alterations in the Synthesis of the Heme Group 

4.6.1. Heme Group Synthesis 
4.6.2. Porphyrias: Types 

4.6.2.1. Liver Porphyrias 

4.6.2.1.1. Acute Porphyrias 

4.6.2.2. Hematopoietic Porphyrias 

4.6.3. Diagnosis and Treatment of Porphyrias 

4.7. Jaundice Bilirubin Metabolism Disorders 

4.7.1. Introduction to Bilirubin Metabolism 
4.7.2. Congenital Jaundice 

4.7.2.1. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia 
4.7.2.2. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia 

4.7.3. Diagnosis and Treatment of Jaundice  

4.8. Oxidative Phosphorylation 

4.8.1. Mitochondria 

4.8.1.1. Enzymes and Proteins, Mitochondrial Constituents 

4.8.2. Electronic Transport Chain 

4.8.2.1. Electronic Transporters 
4.8.2.2. Electronic Complexes 

4.8.3. Coupling of Electronic Transport to ATP Synthesis 

4.8.3.1. ATP Synthase 
4.8.3.2. Oxidative Phosphorylation Uncoupling Agents 

4.8.4. NADH Shuttle 

4.9. Mitochondrial Disorders 

4.9.1. Maternal Inheritance 
4.9.2. Heteroplasmy and Homoplasmy 
4.9.3. Mitochondrial Diseases 

4.9.3.1. Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy 
4.9.3.2. Leigh Disease 
4.9.3.3. Melas Syndrome
4.9.3.4. Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers (MERRF) 

4.9.4. Diagnosis and Treatment of Mitochondrial Diseases 

4.10. Other Disorders Produced by Alterations in Other Organelles  

4.10.1. Lysosomes  

4.10.1.1. Lysosomal Diseases  

4.10.1.1.1. Sphingolipidosis  
4.10.1.1.2. Mucopolysaccharidosis  

4.10.2. Peroxisomes  

4.10.2.1. Lysosomal Diseases  

4.10.2.1.1. Zellweger Syndrome  

4.10.3. Golgi Apparatus  

4.10.3.1. Golgi Apparatus Diseases  

4.10.3.1.1. Mucolipidosis II   

Module 5. Biochemistry III 

5.1. Study of Motor Function

5.1.1. Overview of Motor Function and Osteoarticular System
5.1.2. Alterations of Motor Function
5.1.3. Diagnosis of Alterations of Motor Function

5.1.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5 1.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.2. Study of Cardiac Function

5.2.1. Overview of Cardiac Function
5.2.2. Alterations of Cardiac Function
5.2.3. Diagnosis of Alterations of Cardiac Function

5.2.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.2.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.3. Study of Renal Function

5.3.1. Overview of Renal Function
5.3.2. Alterations of Renal Function
5.3.3. Diagnosis of Alterations of Renal Function

5.3.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.3.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.4. Study of Liver Function

5.4.1. Overview of Liver Function
5.4.2. Alterations of Liver Function
5.4.3. Diagnosis of Alterations of Liver Function

5.4.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.4.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.5. Study of Neurological Function

5.5.1. Overview of Neurological Function
5.5.2. Alterations in Neurological Function (Neurodegenerative Diseases)
5.5.3. Diagnosis of Alterations of Neurological Function

5.5.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.5.3.2. Molecular Markers 

5.6. Study of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Functions

5.6.1. Overview of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Functions
5.6.2. Alterations in Hypothalamic and Pituitary Functions 
5.6.3. Diagnosis of Alterations in Hypothalamic and Pituatry Functions

5.6.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.6.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.7. Study of Pancreatic Function

5.7.1. Overview of Pancreatic Function
5.7.2. Alterations of Pancreatic Function
5.7.3. Diagnosis of Alterations in Pancreatic Function

5.7.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.7.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.8. Study of Thyroid and Parathyroid Function

5.8.1. Overview of Thyroid and Parathyroid Functions
5.8.2. Alterations of Thyroid and Parathyroid Function
5.8.3. Diagnosis of Alterations in Thyroid and Parathyroid Functions

5.8.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.8.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.9. Study of Adrenal Gland Function

5.9.1. Overview of Adrenal Gland Function
5.9.2. Alterations of Adrenal Gland Function 
5.9.3. Diagnosis of Alterations in Adrenal Gland Function

5.9.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.9.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.10. Study of Gonad Function

5.10.1. Overview of Gonad Function
5.10.2. Alterations of Gonad Function
5.10.3. Diagnosis of Alterations in Gonad Function

5.10.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.10.3.2. Molecular Markers

Module 6. Biochemistry IV 

6.1. Study of Human Fertility and Infertility

6.1.1. Most Frequent Gynecological Problems 

6.1.1.1. Reproductive System Abnormalities 
6.1.1.2. Endometriosis 
6.1.1.3. Polycystic Ovaries 
6.1.1.4. FSH Serum Concentration 

6.1.2. Most Common Andrological Problems 

6.1.2.1. Seminal Quality Alteration 
6.1.2.2. Retrograde Ejaculation 
6.1.2.3. Neurological Lesions 
6.1.2.4. FSH Concentration 

6.2. Current Assisted Reproduction Techniques 

6.2.1. Artificial Insemination 
6.2.2. IUI-H 
6.2.3. IUI-D 
6.2.4. Ovarian Puncture 
6.2.5. In Vitro Fertilization and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection 
6.2.6. Gamete Transfer 

6.3. Techniques for Gamete Conservation in a Urology Laboratory Gamete Donation Bank

6.3.1. Current Legal Framework 
6.3.2. Principles of Cell Cryopreservation 
6.3.3. Oocyte Freezing/Thawing Protocol 
6.3.4. Semen Freezing/Thawing Protocol 
6.3.5. Gamete Donation Bank 

6.3.5.1. Concept and Purpose of Assisted Reproduction 
6.3.5.2. Donor Characteristics 

6.4. Study of Embriology and Andrology in the Clinical Laboratory 

6.4.1. Pre-embryo and Sperm Culture 
6.4.2. Embryo Stages  
6.4.3. Seminal Study Techniques 

6.4.3.1. Seminogram 
6.4.3.2. Seminal Lavage 

6.5. Laboratory Techniques for the Study of Cell Growth, Senescence and Apoptosis 

6.5.1. Study of Cell Growth 

6.5.1.1. Concept 
6.5.1.2. Conditioning Parameters of Cell Growth 

6.5.1.2.1. Viability 
6.5.1.2.2. Multiplication 
6.5.1.2.3. Temperature 
6.5.1.2.4. External Agents 

6.5.1.3. Practical Applications in Clinical Analysis 

6.5.2. Study of Cellular Senescence and Apoptosis 

6.5.2.1. Concept of Senescence  

6.5.3. Hematoxylin/Eosin Staining
6.5.4. Clinical Application of Oxidative Stress 

6.6. Analysis of Body Fluids  

6.6.1. Amniotic Fluid 
6.6.2. Saliva Nasopharynx 
6.6.3. LCR 
6.6.4. Synovial Fluid 
6.6.5. Pleural 
6.6.6. Pericardial 
6.6.7. Peritoneal 

6.7. Urine Study in the Urology and Pathological Anatomy Laboratory 

6.7.1. Systematic Uroanalysis 
6.7.2. Urine culture 
6.7.3. Pathological Anatomy Cytology

6.8. Clinical Study of Stools  

6.8.1. Physical Study 
6.8.2. Hidden Blood in Stools 
6.8.3. Fresh Study 
6.8.4. Stool Culture 

6.9. Molecular Study of Cancer. Most Common Tumor Markers 

6.9.1. PSA 
6.9.2. EGFR 
6.9.3. HER2 Gene 
6.9.4. CD20 
6.9.5. Neuron-Specific Enolase NSE 
6.9.6. FAP 
6.9.7. ALK Gene 
6.9.8. ROS1 Gene 
6.9.9. BRAF V600e Mutation  

6.10. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Pharmacokinetics 

6.10.1. Concept 
6.10.2. Study Parameters 

6.10.2.1. Absorption 
6.10.2.2. Distribution 
6.10.2.3. Elimination 

6.10.3. Aplicaciones clínicas de la farmacocinética  

Module 7. Hematology 

7.1. Introduction to the Hematopoietic System and Study Techniques

7.1.1. Classification of Blood Cells and Hematopoiesis
7.1.2. Hemacytometry and Blood Smear Study
7.1.3. Bone Marrow Study
7.1.4. Role of Immunophenotyping in the Diagnosis of Hematological Diseases
7.1.5. Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology in Hematologic Diagnosis

7.2. Diagnosis of Erythrocyte Disorders Anemias, Erythrocytosis, Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemias

7.2.1. Classification of the Types of Anaemia

7.2.1.1. Etiopathogenic Classification
7.2.1.2. Classification According to VCM

7.2.1.2.1. Microcytic Anemia
7.2.1.2.2. Normocytic Anemia
7.2.1.2.3. Macrocytic Anemia

7.2.2. Erythrocytosis Differential Diagnosis

7.2.2.1. Primary Erythrocytosis
7.2.2.2. Secondary Erythrocytosis

7.2.3. Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemias

7.2.3.1. Classification
7.2.3.2. Laboratory Diagnosis

7.3. Quantitative Alterations of the White Series

7.3.1. Neutrophils: Neutropenia and Neutrophilia
7.3.2. Lymphocytes: Lymphopenia and Lymphocytosis

7.4. Diagnosis of Platelet Disorders

7.4.1. Morphologic Alterations: Thrombocytopathies
7.4.2. Thrombocytopenia Diagnostic Approximation

7.5. Myeloproliferative and Myelodysplastic Syndromes

7.5.1. Laboratory Findings and Complementary Examinations

7.5.1.1. Hemogram and Peripheral Blood Smear
7.5.1.2. Bone Marrow Study

7.5.1.2.1. Bone Marrow Morphology
7.5.1.2.2. Flow Cytometry
7.5.1.2.3. Cytogenetics
7.5.1.2.4. Molecular Biology

7.5.2. Diagnosis Classification Differential Diagnosis 

7.6. Monoclonal Gammopathies Multiple Myeloma

7.6.1. Study of Monoclonal Gammopathies

7.6.1.1. Bone Marrow Morphology
7.6.1.2. Study of the Monoclonal Component
7.6.1.3. Other Laboratory Studies

7.6.2. Classification of Monoclonal Gammopathies Differential Diagnosis

7.6.2.1. Monoclonal Gammopathy of Uncertain Significance and Quiescent Myeloma
7.6.2.2. Multiple Myeloma

7.6.2.2.1. Diagnostic Criteria

7.6.2.3. Amyloidosis
7.6.2.4. Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia

7.7. Differential Diagnosis of Acute Leukemia

7.7.1. Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Promyelocytic Leukemia

7.7.1.1. Laboratory Findings and Complementary Examinations
7.7.1.2. Hemogram and Peripheral Blood Smear
7.7.1.3. Bone Marrow Study

7.7.1.3.1. Bone Marrow Morphology
7.7.1.3.2. Flow Cytometry
7.7.1.3.3. Cytogenetics
7.7.1.3.4. Molecular Biology

7.7.1.4. Diagnosis Classification

7.7.2. Acute Lymphoid Leukemia

7.7.2.1. Laboratory Findings and Complementary Examinations
7.7.2.2. Hemogram and Peripheral Blood Smear
7.7.2.3. Bone Marrow Study

7.7.2.3.1. Bone Marrow Morphology
7.7.2.3.2. Flow Cytometry
7.7.2.3.3. Cytogenetics
7.7.2.3.4. Molecular Biology

7.7.2.4. Diagnosis Classification

7.8. Mature B- and T-Lymphoid Neoplasms

7.8.1. Chronic Lymphoproliferative Syndromes B. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

7.8.1.1. Laboratory Studies and Differential Diagnosis

7.8.1.1.1. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
7.8.1.1.2. Tricholeukemia
7.8.1.1.3. Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma
7.8.1.1.4. Prolymphocytic Leukemia
7.8.1.1.5. Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia

7.8.2. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas

7.8.2.1. Initial Study and Diagnosis
7.8.2.2. Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms

7.8.2.2.1. Follicular Lymphoma
7.8.2.2.2. Mantle Cell Lymphoma
7.8.2.2.3. Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma
7.8.2.2.4. MALT Lymphoma
7.8.2.2.5. Burkitt Lymphoma
7.8.2.2.6. Peripheral T Lymphomas
7.8.2.2.7. Cutaneous Lymphomas
7.8.2.2.8. Others

7.8.3. Hodgkin's Lymphomas

7.8.3.1. Complementary Tests
7.8.3.2. Histological Classification

7.9. Diagnosis of Coagulation Disorders

7.9.1. Study of Hemorrhagic Diatheses

7.9.1.1. Initial Tests
7.9.1.2. Specific Studies

7.9.2. Congenital Coagulation Alterations

7.9.2.1. Hemophilia A and B
7.9.2.2. Von Willebrand Disease
7.9.2.3. Other Congenital Coagulopathies

7.9.3. Acquired Coagulation Alterations
7.9.4. Thrombosis and Thrombophilia Antiphospholipid Syndrome
7.9.5. Monitoring of Antocoagulant Therapy

7.10. Introduction to Hemotherapy

7.10.1. Blood Groups
7.10.2. Blood Components
7.10.3. Recommendations for the Use of Blood Derivatives
7.10.4. Most Common Transfusional Reactions

Module 8. Microbiology and Parasitology

8.1. General Concepts of Microbiology 

8.1.1. Structure of Microorganisms 
8.1.2. Nutrition, Metabolism and Microbial Growth 
8.1.3. Microbial Taxonomy 
8.1.4. Microbial Genomes and Genetics 

8.2. Study of Infectious Bacteria 

8.2.1. Gram Positive Cocci 
8.2.2. Gram Negative Cocci 
8.2.3. Gram Positive Bacilli 
8.2.4. Gram Negative Bacilli 
8.2.5. Other Bacteria of Clinical Interest 

8.2.5.1. Legionella Pneumophila 
8.2.5.2. Mycobacteria 

8.3. General Techniques in Microbiology

8.3.1. Processing of Microbiological Samples 
8.3.2. Types of Microbiological Samples 
8.3.3. Planting Techniques 
8.3.4. Types of Staining in Microbiology
8.3.5. Current Microorganism Identification Techniques 

8.3.5.1. Biochemical Tests 
8.3.5.2. Manual or Automatic Commercial Systems and Multitest Galleries 
8.3.5.3. MALDI TOF Mass Spectrometry 
8.3.5.4. Molecular Tests 

8.3.5.4.1. 16S rRNA 
8.3.5.4.2. 16S-23S rRNA 
8.3.5.4.3. 23S rRNA 
8.3.5.4.4. rpoB Gene 
8.3.5.4.5. gyrB Gene 

8.3.5.5. Serological Diagnosis of Microbial Infections 

8.4. Antimicrobial Sensitivity Tests 

8.4.1. Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms 
8.4.2. Sensitivity Test 
8.4.3. Antibacterials 

8.5. Study of Viral Infections

8.5.1. Basic Principles of Virology
8.5.2. Taxonomy 
8.5.3. Viruses Affecting the Respiratory System 
8.5.4. Viruses Affecting the Digestive System 
8.5.5. Viruses Affecting the Central Nervous System 
8.5.6. Viruses Affecting the Reproductive System 
8.5.7. Systemic Viruses 

8.6. General Techniques in Virology

8.6.1. Processing of Samples 
8.6.2. Laboratory Techniques for Viral Diagnosis 
8.6.3. Antivirals  

8.7. Most Common Fungal Infections

8.7.1. General Information on Fungi 
8.7.2. Taxonomy 
8.7.3. Primary Mycoses 
8.7.4. Opportunist Mycoses 
8.7.5. Subcutaneous Mycoses 
8.7.6. Cutaneous and Superficial Mycoses 
8.7.7. Mycosis of Atypical Etiology 

8.8. Diagnostic Techniques in a Clinical Mycology

8.8.1. Processing of Samples 
8.8.2. Study of Superficial Mycoses 
8.8.3. Study of Subcutaneous Mycoses 
8.8.4. Study of Deep Mycoses 
8.8.5. Study of Opportunist Mycoses 
8.8.6. Diagnostic Techniques 
8.8.7. Antifungal 

8.9. Parasitic Diseases 

8.9.1. General Concepts of Parasitology 
8.9.2. Protozoa 

8.9.2.1. Amoeba (Sarcodina) 
8.9.2.2. Ciliates (Ciliophora) 
8.9.2.3. Flagellates (Mastigophora) 
8.9.2.4. Apicomplexa 
8.9.2.5. Plasmodium 
8.9.2.6. Sarcocystis 
8.9.2.7. Microsporidios 

8.9.3. Helminths 

8.9.3.1. Nematodes 
8.9.3.2. Platyhelminthes 

8.9.3.2.1. Cestodes 
8.9.3.2.2. Trematodes 

8.9.4. Arthropods 

8.10. Diagnostic Techniques in a Clinical Parasitology

8.10.1. Processing of Samples 
8.10.2. Diagnostic Methods 
8.10.3. Antiparasitics II 

Module 9. Immunology 

9.1. Immune System Organs 

9.1.1. Primary Lymphoid Organs 

9.1.1.1. Fetal Liver 
9.1.1.2. Bone Marrow 
9.1.1.3. Thymus 

9.1.2. Secondary Lymphoid Organs 

9.1.2.1. Bladder 
9.1.2.2. Lymph Nodes 
9.1.2.3. Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue 

9.1.3. Tertiary Lymphoid Organs 
9.1.4. Lymphatic system 

9.2. Immune System Cells 

9.2.1. Granulocytes 

9.2.1.1. Neutrophils 
9.2.1.2. Eosinophils 
9.2.1.3. Basophils 

9.2.2. Monocytes and Macrophages 
9.2.3. Lymphocytes 

9.2.3.1. T Lymphocytes 
9.2.3.2. B Lymphocytes 

9.2.4. Natural Killer Cells
9.2.5. Antigen Presenting Cells 

9.3. Antigens and Immunoglobulins 

9.3.1. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity 

9.3.1.1. Antigen 
9.3.1.2. Immunogen 
9.3.1.3. Epitopes 
9.3.1.4. Haptenos and Carriers 

9.3.2. Immunoglobulins 

9.3.2.1. Structure and Function 
9.3.2.2. Classification of Immunoglobulins 
9.3.2.3. Somatic Hypermutation and Isotype Shift 

9.4. Complement System 

9.4.1. Functions 
9.4.2. Activation Routes 

9.4.2.1. Classical Pathway 
9.4.2.2. Alternative Pathway 
9.4.2.3. Lectin Pathway 

9.4.3. Complement Receptors 
9.4.4. Complements and Inflammation 
9.4.5. Complement Cascade 

9.5. Major Histocompatibility Complex 

9.5.1. Major and Minor Histocompatibility Antigens 
9.5.2. HLA Genetics 
9.5.3. HLA and Disease 
9.5.4. Transplant Immunology 

9.6. Immune Response 

9.6.1. Innate and Adaptive Immune Response 
9.6.2. Humoral Immune Response 

9.6.2.1. Primary Response 
9.6.2.2. Secondary Response 

9.6.3. Cellular Immune Response 

9.7. Autoimmune Diseases 

9.7.1. Immunogenic Tolerance 
9.7.2. Autoimmunity 
9.7.3. Autoimmune Diseases 
9.7.4. Study of Autoimmune Diseases 

9.8. Immunodeficiencies 

9.8.1. Primary Immunodeficiencies 
9.8.2. Secondary Immunodeficiencies 
9.8.3. Antitumor Immunity 
9.8.4. Evaluation of Immunity 

9.9. Hypersensitivity Reactions 

9.9.1. Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions 
9.9.2. Type I Hypersensitivity or Allergic Reactions 
9.9.3. Anaphylaxis
9.9.4. Allergological Diagnostic Methods 

9.10. Immunoanalytical Techniques 

9.10.1. Precipitation and Agglutination Techniques 
9.10.2. Complement Fixation Techniques 
9.10.3. ELISA Techniques 
9.10.4. Immunochromatography Techniques 
9.10.5. Radioimmunoanalysis Techniques
9.10.6. Isolation of Lymphocytes 
9.10.7. Microlymphocytotoxicity Technique 
9.10.8. Mixed Lymphocyte Culture 
9.10.9. Flow Cytometry Applied to Immunology 
9.10.10. Flow Cytometry  

Module 10. Genetics 

10.1. Introduction to Genetic Medicine Genealogies and Inheritance Patterns  

10.1.1. Historical Development of Genetics Key Concepts
10.1.2. Structure of Genes and Regulation of Genetic Expression Epigenetics 
10.1.3. Genetic Variability Mutation and Reparation of DNA 
10.1.4. Human Genetics Organization of the Human Genome 
10.1.5. Genetic Diseases Morbidity and Mortality 
10.1.6. Human Inheritance Concept of Genotype and Phenotype 

10.1.6.1. Mendelian Inheritance Patterns 
10.1.6.2. Multigene and Mitochondrial Inheritance 

10.1.7. Construction of Genealogies 

10.1.7.1. Allele, Genotypic and Phenotypic Frequency Estimation
10.1.7.2. Segregation Analysis 

10.1.8. Other Factors which Affect the Phenotype 

10.2. Molecular Biology Techniques Used in Genetics 

10.2.1. Genetics and Molecular Diagnostics 
10.2.2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Applied to Diagnosis and Research in Genetics 

10.2.2.1. Detection and Amplification of Specific Sequences  
10.2.2.2. Quantification of Nucleic Acids (RT-PCR) 

10.2.3. Cloning Techniques: Isolation, Restriction and Ligation of DNA Fragments 
10.2.4. Detection of Mutations and Measurement of Genetic Variability: RFLP, VNTR, SNPs 
10.2.5. Mass Sequencing Techniques. NGS 
10.2.6. Transgenesis Genetic Therapy 
10.2.7. Cytogenetic Techniques 

10.2.7.1. Chromosome Banding 
10.2.7.2. FISH, CGH 

10.3. Human Cytogenetics Numerical and Structural Chromosomal Abnormalities 

10.3.1. Study of Human Cytogenetics Features 
10.3.2. Chromosome Characterization and Cytogenetic Nomenclature 

10.3.2.1. Chromosomal Analysis: Karyotyping

10.3.3. Anamolies in the Number of Chromosones 

10.3.3.1. Polyploidies 
10.3.3.2. Aneuploidies 

10.3.4. Structural Chromosomal Alterations Genetic Dosis 

10.3.4.1. Deletions 
10.3.4.2. Duplications 
10.3.4.3. Inversions 
10.3.4.4. Translocations 

10.3.5. Chromosomal Polymorphisms 
10.3.6. Genetic Imprinting  

10.4. Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Alterations and Congenital Defects Preimplantational Genetic Diagnosis 

10.4.1. Prenatal Diagnosis. What Does It Entail? 
10.4.2. Incidence of Congenital Defects 
10.4.3. Indications for Performing Prenatal Diagnosis 
10.4.4. Prenatal Diagnostic Methods 

10.4.4.1. Non-Invasive Procedures: First and Second Trimester Screening TPNI 
10.4.4.2. Invasive Procedures: Amniocentesis, Cordocentesis and Chorionic Biopsy 

10.4.5. Preimplantational Genetic Diagnosis Indications 
10.4.6. Embryo Biopsy and Genetic Analysis  

10.5. Genetic Diseases I 

10.5.1. Diseases with Autosomal Dominant Inheritance 

10.5.1.1. Achondroplasia 
10.5.1.2. Huntington's Disease 
10.5.1.3. Retinoblastoma 
10.5.1.4. Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 

10.5.2. Diseases with Autosomal Recessive Inheritance 

10.5.2.1. Phenylketonuria
10.5.2.2. Sickle Cell Anemia 
10.5.2.3. Cystic fibrosis 
10.5.2.4. Laron Syndrome 

10.5.3. Diseases with Sex-Linked Inheritance 

10.5.3.1. Rett Sydrome 
10.5.3.2. Haemophilia 
10.5.3.3. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 

10.6. Genetic Diseases II 

10.6.1. Mitochondrial Inheritance Diseases 

10.6.1.1. Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies 
10.6.1.2. Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (NOHL) 

10.6.2. Genetic Anticipation Phenomena 

10.6.2.1. Huntington's Disease 
10.6.2.2. Fragile X Syndrome 
10.6.2.3. Spinocerebellar Ataxias 

10.6.3. Allelic Heterogeneity 

10.6.3.1. Usher Syndrome 

10.7. Complex Diseases Genetics Molecular Basis of Family and Sporadic Cancer 

10.7.1. Multifactorial Inheritance 

10.7.1.1. Polygenes 

10.7.2. Contribution of Environmental Factors on Complex Diseases 
10.7.3. Quantative Genetics 

10.7.3.1. Heritability 

10.7.4. Common Complex Diseases 

10.7.4.1. Diabetes Mellitus 
10.7.4.2. Alzheimer’s Disease 

10.7.5. Behavioral Diseases and Personality Disorders: Alcoholism, Autism and Schizophrenia 
10.7.6. Cancer: Molecular Base and Environmental Factors 

10.7.6.1. Genetics of Cycle Cell Proliferation and Differentiation Processes 
10.7.6.2. DNA Reparation Genes, Oncogenes and Tumor Suppresor Genes 
10.7.6.3. Environmental Influence of the Occurence of Cancer 

10.7.7. Familial Cancer 

10.8. Genomics and Proteomics 

10.8.1. Omic Sciences and their Usefulness in Medicine 
10.8.2. Genome Sequencing and Analysis 

10.8.2.1. DNA Libraries 

10.8.3. Comparative Genomics 

10.8.3.1. Organisms Model 
10.8.3.2. Sequencing Comparison 
10.8.3.3. Human Genome Project

10.8.4. Functional Genomics

10.8.4.1. Transcriptomics 
10.8.4.2. Structural and Functional Organization of the Genome 
10.8.4.3. Functional Genomic Elements 

10.8.5. From the Genome to the Proteome 

10.8.5.1. Post-translational Modifications

10.8.6. Strategies for the Separation and Purification of Proteins  
10.8.7. Identification of Proteins 
10.8.8. Interactom 

10.9. Genetic Assessment Ethical and Legal Aspects of Diagnosis and Research in Genetics 

10.9.1. Genetic Assessment Concepts and Base Techniques 

10.9.1.1. Risk of Recurrence of Genetically-Based Diseases 
10.9.1.2. Genetic Assessment in Prenatal Diagnosis 
10.9.1.3. Ethical Principles in Genetic Assessment 

10.9.2. Legislation of New Genetic Technology 

10.9.2.1. Genetic Engineering 
10.9.2.2. Human Cloning 
10.9.2.3. Genetic Therapy 

10.9.3. Bioethics and Genetics 

10.10. Biobanks and Bioinformatics Tools

10.10.1. Biobanks Concept and Functions 
10.10.2. Organization, Managament and Quality of Biobanks 
10.10.3. Spanish Network of Biobanks  
10.10.4. Computational Biology 
10.10.5. Big Data and Machine Learning 
10.10.6. Bioinformatics Applications in Biomedicine 

10.10.6.1. Sequences Analysis 
10.10.6.2. Image Analysis 
10.10.6.3. Personalized and Precision Medicine

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