Keep up to date with the latest advances and developments in Pediatric Ophthalmology, ensuring your practice benefits from the latest research and technology”

In today's medical landscape, Pediatric Ophthalmology emerges as a discipline of vital importance in the care of children's health. In a world characterized by a constant flow of technological and scientific advances, as well as a change in the health care needs of the population, pediatric ophthalmology professionals face unique and crucial challenges.

The increasing incidence of eye disorders in children, as well as the complexity of diagnosing and treating these conditions in a population that is often unable to express their symptoms effectively, demands a level of competence and knowledge that evolves at the same pace as the changing demands of the field.

It is in this context that the Master's Degree in Pediatric Ophthalmology stands as a comprehensive response to the challenges faced by specialists. This program has been meticulously designed to provide participants with a thorough and up-to-date understanding of pediatric ophthalmology today. Therefore, the degree is taught exclusively online, providing medical professionals and specialists with the necessary flexibility to access updated content without interrupting their clinical practice. 

In this way, the specialist will have a diversity of multimedia content focused on the most rigorous clinical practice. Access to them is unrestricted, and they are an essential working guide that will continue to be useful even after completion of the program. 

Take advantage of the flexibility of our online program, designed to fit your professional schedule, and access all the up-to-date content without sacrificing your clinical commitment"

This Master's Degree in Pediatric Ophthalmology contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• Practical case studies presented by experts in Pediatric comprises
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Practical exercises where the self-assessment process can be carried out to improve learning
• Its special emphasis on innovative methodologies 
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

Get ready to face the most complex challenges in Pediatric Ophthalmology with this Master's Degree"

The program’s teaching staff includes professionals from the field who contribute their work experience to this educational program, as well as renowned specialists from leading societies and prestigious universities. 

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide immersive education programmed to learn in real situations. 

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the professional must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise during the academic year For this purpose, the students will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts.

Deepen in the early identification of visual problems in children, playing a crucial role in the preservation of vision"

Develop competencies directly applicable to your daily clinical practice, perfecting your ability to diagnose and treat opthalmological conditions"

The content and agenda of the program are distinguished by the exceptional quality of the teaching materials and the abundant variety of multimedia resources provided. Each resource has been carefully designed and developed by a team of highly knowledgeable specialists whose vast experience in the field ensures a rich and up-to-date perspective. Participants will benefit from a wide range of resources, from readings and videos to interactive case studies, which will enrich their understanding and knowledge in the subject area to an unprecedented program. This combination of high quality materials and specialized expertise ensures a world-class learning experience for all students.

Enjoy a top-notch refresher experience, backed by high-quality materials and the expertise of experts in Pediatric Ophthalmology"

Module 1. Basis of Vision Development

1.1. Ocular embryology and genetics

1.1.1. Embryonic Period
1.1.2. Development of the optic nerve, retina, vitreous, retinal and choroidal vasculature
1.1.3. Development of the lens and anterior pole
1.1.4. Eyelid and Lacrimal System Development
1.1.5. Development of the orbit and extraocular musculature

1.2. The growing visual system

1.2.1. Development of functional parameters
1.2.2. Anatomy Development of the Eye
1.2.3. Conclusions

1.3. Anatomy and Physiology of sensory perception

1.3.1. Anatomy and Physiology of Retina
1.3.2. Classical visual pathway and extrageniculate pathways
1.3.3. The Visual Cortex Maturation. of Cortex in the Childhood

1.4. Binocularity and associated processes

1.4.1. Monocular aspects of sensory perception
1.4.2. Binocular aspects of sensory perception
1.4.3. Sensory adaptations to abnormal visual stimuli
1.4.5. Anatomophysiological basis of amblyopia

1.5. Anatomy and Physiology of Ocular Motility:

1.5.1. Extraocular Muscles
1.5.2. Cranial Nerves
1.5.3. Ductions and versions. Sherrington and Hering's Laws
1.5.4. Fixation movements, saccadic and slow tracking movements
1.5.5. Vergences and ocular reflexes
1.5.6. Ocular Motility:

1.6. Exploration of the sensory area

1.6.1. Visual acuity
1.6.2. Fusion
1.6.3. Stereopsis
1.6.4. Study of the visual field in the pediatric age

1.7. Exploration of the motor area and ocular deviation

1.7.1. Translations and versions
1.7.2. Convergence
1.7.3. Fusional vergences
1.7.4. Hirschberg and Krimsky
1.7.5. Cover test and its variants, biprism and prismatic adaptation test
1.7.6. Compatibility Study
1.7.7. Synoptophore, Hess and video-oculography screens

1.8. Ocular electrophysiology and other tests

1.8.1. Basic Concepts of bioelectrical
1.8.2. Diffuse flash electroretinogram waves
1.8.3. Multifocal electroretinogram and pattern electroretinogram
1.8.4. Visual Evoked Potentials
1.8.5. Electrooculogram
1.8.6. Electromyography of extraocular muscles

1.9. Pharmacology Ocular Pediatrics

1.9.1. Special considerations of metabolism and pharmacology in infancy
1.9.2. Ocular pharmacology in childhood: drug groups
1.9.3. Others Routes of Administration

1.10. Childhood Visual Screening

1.10.1. Importance and objectives of visual screening
1.10.2. Methods and tools for visual screening in infancy
1.10.3. Implementation and organization of a visual screening program
1.10.4. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the visual screening program

Module 2. Refraction, Amblyopia and Congenital Cataract

2.1. Fundamentals of Optics and Refraction I

2.1.1. Light and refraction laws
2.1.2. Optical elements of the eye
2.1.3. Basic Concepts of Accommodation
2.1.4. Optical aberrations, dispersion and diffraction Polarization Polarization
2.1.5. Basic concepts of ametropia

2.2. Fundamentals of Optics and Refraction II

2.2.1. Objective and subjective refraction
2.2.2. Visual therapy: general lines
2.2.3. Pediatric contact lens therapy: aphakia, myopia control and ortho-K
2.2.4. New technologies and advances in pediatric refractive correction

2.3. Specimen Handling

2.3.1. Childhood Education
2.3.2. Hyperopia in children
2.3.3. Astigmatism in Pediatric La Population
2.3.4. Contemporary approaches in the management of refractive errors

2.4. Accommodation Disorders

2.4.1. Role of accommodation in infant vision
2.4.2. Assessment and diagnosis of accommodation insufficiency
2.4.3. Excess convergence and its impact on vision
2.4.4. Clinical cases and challenges in the treatment of accommodation disorders

2.5. Amblyopia

2.5.1. Definition and Diagnoses of the Amblyopia
2.5.2. Risk factors and causes of amblyopia in children
2.5.3. Assessment of Stereoscopic Visual Acuity
2.5.4. Vision Amblyopia and Diseases

2.6. Amblyopia: treatment

2.6.1. Occlusive therapy and penalization
2.6.2. Reverse occlusion and atropine therapy
2.6.3. Therapy of amblyopia in adults
2.6.4. Follow-up and long-term results in amblyopia therapy

2.7. Leukocoria

2.7.1. Definition and Characteristics of a Leukocoria
2.7.2. Causes of Leukocoria in the Childhood
2.7.3. Ophthalmologic diagnosis and evaluation
2.7.4. Retinoblastoma: Diagnosis and Treatment
2.7.5. Multidisciplinary approach to leukocoria cases
2.7.6. Other conditions associated with leukocoria

2.8. Congenital Cataracts

2.8.1. Diagnosis and Classification of Lymphedema
2.8.2. Medical and Surgical Treatment of Toxocariasis
2.8.3. Complications and follow-up in congenital cataracts
2.8.4. Clinical cases and special considerations

2.9. Congenital Cataracts

2.9.1. Congenital cataract-associated anomalies
2.9.2. Management of cataracts in premature infants
2.9.3. Traumatic cataracts in children
2.9.4. Innovations in pediatric cataract surgery

2.10. Congenital Cataract III

2.10.1. Visual development in children with congenital cataracts
2.10.2. Visual rehabilitation in cataract patients
2.10.3. Research and advances in the treatment of pediatric cataracts
2.10.4. Success and prognosis in the management of congenital cataracts

Module 3. Anterior Segment Pathology I

3.1. Palpebral Pathologies

3.1.1. Palpebral infections
3.1.2. Palpebral malformations
3.1.3. Palpebral trauma
3.1.4. Conservational Treatment

3.2. Palpebral Pathologies Congenital Aponeurotic Ptosis

3.2.1. Diagnosis and Classification of Lymphedema
3.2.2. Eyelid levator muscle assessment
3.2.3. Surgical treatment of ptosis in children
3.2.4. Long term results in congenital ptosis

3.3. Orbital pathology

3.3.1. Clinical and imaging evaluation of orbital pathology
3.3.2. Orbital inflammation in children
3.3.3. Orbital vascular and malformative lesions
3.3.4. Medical History in the Pediatric Population

3.4. Orbital Pathology II. Tumors

3.4.1. Benign orbital tumors in children
3.4.2. Malignant tumors of the pediatric orbit
3.4.3. Multidisciplinary approach in orbital tumors
3.4.4. Clinical cases and case studies

3.5. Congenital lacrimal obstruction and other lacrimal pathology

3.5.1. Diagnosis of lacrimal obstruction in infants and children
3.5.2. Medical and Surgical Treatment
3.5.3. Lacrimal Pathology Obstructive in Childhood
3.5.4. Management of dacryocystitis and other lacrimal problems

3.6. Conjunctival pathology I. Infectious

3.6.1. Bacterial conjunctivitis in children
3.6.2. Medical History in the Pediatric Population
3.6.3. Fungal and parasitic conjunctivitis in children
3.6.4. Infectious Conjunctivitis Treatment and Prevention

3.7. conjunctival Pathology II. Inflammatory

3.7.1. Allergic conjunctivitis in children
3.7.2. Conjunctivitis Associated With Systemic Diseases
3.7.3. Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis
3.7.4. Management strategies in inflammatory conjunctivitis

3.8. Developmental alterations of the anterior segment I

3.8.1. Embryology and normal development of the anterior segment
3.8.2. Congenital malformations of the anterior segment
3.8.3. Clinical Analysis Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis
3.8.4. Treatment of congenital anomalies of the anterior segment

3.9. Developmental disorders of the anterior segment II

3.9.1. Anomalies of the lens and capsule
3.9.2. Abnormalities of the iris and pupil
3.9.3. Disorders of the anterior chamber and iridocorneal angle
3.9.4. Surgical approach to anterior segment anomalies

3.10. Corneal and-Ophthalmologic Pathology in Children

3.10.1. Evaluation of the corneal surface in children
3.10.2. Corneal infections in the pediatric population
3.10.3. Corneal ectasias in children
3.10.4. Medical and surgical treatments in pediatric corneal pathology

Module 4. Anterior Segment Pathology II

4.1. Evaluation of the Pediatric Glaucoma Patient

4.1.1. Clinical evaluation in pediatric glaucoma
4.1.2. Diagnostic tests in pediatric glaucoma
4.1.3. Risk Factors in Trauma
4.1.4. Clinical cases in pediatric glaucoma

4.2. Congenital Glaucoma

4.2.1. Diagnosis and classification of primary congenital glaucoma
4.2.2. Medical and surgical management of pediatric glaucoma
4.2.3. Trabeculotomy and other surgical techniques in pediatric glaucoma
4.2.4. Long-term results in congenital glaucoma

4.3. Juvenile glaucoma

4.3.1. Characteristics and diagnosis of juvenile glaucoma
4.3.2. Treatments in juvenile glaucoma
4.3.3. Follow-up strategies in young patients with glaucoma
4.3.4. Secondary juvenile glaucoma and other pathologies

4.4. Other glaucomas: aphakic glaucoma and associated with other pathologies

4.4.1. Aphakic glaucoma in children: causes and management
4.4.2. Glaucomas secondary to pediatric ocular disease
4.4.3. Evaluation and treatment in secondary glaucomas
4.4.4. Case studies in glaucomas associated with other pathologies

4.5. Treatment and follow-up in pediatric glaucoma

4.5.1. Medical and pharmacological treatments in pediatric glaucoma
4.5.2. Surgery in pediatric glaucoma: techniques and results
4.5.3. Long-term follow-up and management of complications in glaucoma
4.5.4. Comprehensive approach to the pediatric glaucoma patient

4.6. Pediatric uveitis II. Examination and Diagnosis

4.6.1. Ophthalmologic evaluation in pediatric uveitis
4.6.2. Differential diagnosis and diagnostic tests in infantile uveitis
4.6.3. Importance of the anamnesis in pediatric uveitis
4.6.4. Management of clinical cases in pediatric uveitis

4.7. Pediatric uveitis II. Anterior uveitis

4.7.1. Characteristics and diagnosis of anterior uveitis in children
4.7.2. Medical treatment and management of anterior inflammation in pediatric uveitis
4.7.3. Anterior uveitis associated with systemic diseases in childhood
4.7.4. Follow-up in pediatric anterior uveitis

4.8. Pediatric uveitis III. Intermediate Uveitis

4.8.1. Clinical evaluation and diagnosis of intermediate uveitis in children
4.8.2. Treatment and control of inflammation in pediatric intermediate uveitis
4.8.3. Complications and case management in intermediate uveitis
4.8.4. Multidisciplinary approach in pediatric intermediate uveitis

4.9. Pediatric uveitis IV. Posterior uveitis

4.9.1. Posterior uveitis in children: Causes and diagnosis
4.9.2. Therapies and treatments in pediatric posterior uveitis
4.9.3. Long-term follow-up and prognosis in posterior uveitis
4.9.4. Clinical cases and case studies in pediatric posterior uveitis

4.10. Aniridia

4.10.1. Clinical features and diagnosis of aniridia
4.10.2. Multidisciplinary approach in patients with aniridia
4.10.3. Treatments and follow-up in pediatric aniridia
4.10.4. Visual outcomes and management of complications in aniridia

Module 5. Pediatric Retina

5.1. Retinoblastoma

5.1.1. Epidemiology and Risk Factors
5.1.2. Diagnosis and classification of retinoblastoma
5.1.3. Treatment methods: enucleation and eye preservation
5.1.4. Outcome and follow-up in retinoblastoma

5.2. Retinoblastoma: treatment

5.2.1. Advanced treatments in retinoblastoma
5.2.2. Complications and management of side effects
5.2.3. Survival and quality of life in patients with retinoblastoma
5.2.4. Clinical cases and case studies in retinoblastoma

5.3. Retinopathy of Prematurity

5.3.1. Pathophysiology of retinopathy of prematurity
5.3.2. Staging of ROP
5.3.3. Evaluation and diagnosis of ROP
5.3.4. Long-term outcomes in ROP

5.4. Retinopathy of prematurity: treatment and follow-up

5.4.1. Therapeutic management options in retinopathy of prematurity
5.4.2. Long-term follow-up and care in patients with ROP
5.4.3. Prevention and management strategies in ROP
5.4.4. Clinical cases and experiences in ROP

5.5. Hereditary retinal disorders I

5.5.1. Retinitis pigmentosa: diagnosis and classification
5.5.2. Genetic approach in hereditary retinal disorders
5.5.3. Therapies and treatments in retinitis pigmentosa
5.5.4. Research and advances in gene therapies

5.6. Hereditary Retinal Disorders II

5.6.1. Cone and rod dystrophies: diagnosis and management
5.6.2. Atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (AERP)
5.6.3. Therapies and treatments in hereditary retinal dystrophies
5.6.4. Comprehensive approach to patients with hereditary retinal disorders

5.7. Hereditary Retinal Disorders III

5.7.1. Choroideremia: diagnosis and therapeutic approach
5.7.2. Usher syndrome and other rare diseases
5.7.3. Quality of life and psychological support in patients with hereditary retinal disorders retinal disorders
5.7.4. Clinical cases and research advances

5.8. Retinal vascular anomalies

5.8.1. Retinal hemangiomas and telangiectasias
5.8.2. Retinal vascular malformations
5.8.3. Diagnosis and treatment of vascular anomalies
5.8.4. Visual outcome and prognosis in patients with vascular anomalies

5.9. Acquired disorders

5.9.1. Ocular trauma in childhood
5.9.2. Inflammation and infection of the retina in children
5.9.3. Pediatric age-related macular degeneration
5.9.4. Other acquired retinal pathologies in children

5.10. Retinal detachment in the pediatric age group

5.10.1. Causes and risk factors in pediatric retinal detachment
5.10.2. Clinical evaluation and diagnosis
5.10.3. Medical and surgical treatments in retinal detachment
5.10.4. Outcomes and follow-up in pediatric patients with retinal detachment

Module 6. Childhood Strabismus

6.1. Introduction to strabismus

6.1.1. Definition and basic concepts in strabismus
6.1.2. Importance of strabismus in childhood
6.1.3. Initial evaluation in patients with strabismus
6.1.4. Multidisciplinary approach in pediatric strabismus

6.2. Endotropias

6.2.1. Classification and types of endotropias
6.2.2. Etiology and Risk Factors
6.2.3. Diagnosis and examination in endotropias
6.2.4. Medical and surgical treatments in endotropias

6.3. Exotropia

6.3.1. Characteristics and classification of exotropia
6.3.2. Diagnosis and evaluation in exotropias
6.3.3. Therapeutic management in exotropia
6.3.4. Visual and functional results in exotropia

6.4. Vertical strabismus

6.4.1. Types and classification of vertical strabismus
6.4.2. Evaluation and diagnosis in vertical strabismus
6.4.3. Treatments in vertical strabismus
6.4.4. Approach in complex strabismus

6.5. Alphabetic patterns

6.5.1. Alphabetic strabismus patterns: A, V, X, Y, among others
6.5.2. Interpretation and diagnosis of alphabetic patterns
6.5.3. Specific treatments in alphabetic patterns
6.5.4. Clinical cases and examples of alphabetic patterns

6.6. Congenital cranial congenital disinervative disorders

6.6.1. Oculomotor paresis and oculomotor palsies in infancy
6.6.2. Differential diagnosis in disinervative disorders
6.6.3. Therapeutic management and rehabilitation in disinervative disorders
6.6.4. Follow-up and outcomes in patients with desinervational disorders

6.7. Oculomotor palsies

6.7.1. Third cranial nerve palsies: assessment and treatment
6.7.2. Fourth cranial nerve palsy: diagnosis and therapeutic approach
6.7.3. Sixth cranial nerve palsy: management and outcome
6.7.4. Complications and sequelae in oculomotor palsies

6.8. Non-surgical treatment of strabismus

6.8.1. Occlusion therapy in strabismus
6.8.2. Prism therapy and visual exercises
6.8.3. Orthoptic therapy and visual stimulation
6.8.4. Indications and results in non-surgical treatment

6.9. Surgical Management

6.9.1. Strabismus surgery: techniques and procedures
6.9.2. Preoperative planning in strabismus surgery
6.9.3. Intraoperative and postoperative complications
6.9.4. Results and follow-up in strabismus surgery

6.10. Strabismus surgery complications

6.10.1. Common complications in strabismus surgery
6.10.2. Management of Care Complications
6.10.3. Long-term complications and their management
6.10.4. Prevention strategies in strabismus surgery complications

Module 7. Pediatric Neuro-Ophthalmology

7.1. Nystagmus

7.1.1. Definition and classification of nystagmus
7.1.2. Etiology and diagnosis of nystagmus
7.1.3. Congenital nystagmus: characteristics and diagnosis
7.1.4. Acquired nystagmus in childhood

7.2. Nystagmus II

7.2.1. Therapeutic approach and management of nystagmus
7.2.2. Nystagmus case studies and examples
7.2.3. Advanced therapies and treatments in nystagmus
7.2.4. Visual outcomes and prognosis in infantile nystagmus

7.3. Supranuclear and Internuclear Motility Disorders

7.3.1. Supranuclear ocular motility disorders
7.3.2. Internuclear ocular motility disorders
7.3.3. Evaluation and diagnosis in supranuclear and internuclear disorders
7.3.4. Management and treatment of ocular motility disorders

7.4. Congenital Optic Nerve Anomalies

7.4.1. Structural abnormalities of the optic nerve
7.4.2. Diagnosis and classification of congenital anomalies
7.4.3. Visual implications and outcomes in patients with optic nerve anomalies
7.4.4. Clinical cases and examples of congenital anomalies

7.5. Hereditary Optic Neuropathies

7.5.1. Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON)
7.5.2. Other hereditary optic neuropathies
7.5.3. Genetic studies and diagnosis in optic neuropathies
7.5.4. Therapies and treatments in hereditary optic neuropathies

7.6. Optic Atrophy in the Child

7.6.1. Causes and risk factors in infantile optic atrophy
7.6.2. Evaluation and diagnosis of optic atrophy in children
7.6.3. Management and treatment of optic atrophy in infancy
7.6.4. Visual outcomes and follow-up in pediatric optic atrophy

7.7. Pediatric Optic Neuritis

7.7.1. Optic neuritis in children: etiology and characteristics
7.7.2. Diagnosis and evaluation in pediatric optic neuritis
7.7.3. Therapies and treatment in pediatric optic neuritis
7.7.4. Prognosis and follow-up in optic neuritis

7.8. Pseudopapilledema. Optic nerve drusen

7.8.1. Pseudopapilledema in infancy
7.8.2. Optic nerve drusen: diagnosis and classification
7.8.3. Management and follow-up in pseudopapilledema and drusen
7.8.4. Clinical cases and examples of pseudopapilledema

7.9. Papillary edema, intracranial hypertension

7.9.1. Papillary edema in children: causes and diagnosis
7.9.2. Intracranial hypertension in infancy
7.9.3. Treatment and management in papillary edema and intracranial hypertension
7.9.4. Visual findings and follow-up in patients with these conditions

7.10. Pupillary Anomalies

7.10.1. Pupillary abnormalities in infancy
7.10.2. Diagnosis and evaluation of pupillary abnormalities
7.10.3. Treatments and management of pupillary abnormalities
7.10.4. Clinical cases and examples of pupillary anomalies

Module 8. Functional Aspects of Vision or Other Associated Disorders

8.1. Child with Low Vision

8.1.1. Evaluation and diagnosis of low vision in children
8.1.2. Multidisciplinary approach to children with low vision
8.1.3. Visual aids and assistive devices
8.1.4. Rehabilitation and therapy in children with low vision

8.2. Cerebral visual impairment I

8.2.1. Characteristics and diagnosis of cerebral visual impairment (CVI)
8.2.2. Etiology and risk factors in CVI
8.2.3. Therapies and treatments in CVI
8.2.4. Outcomes and prognosis in children with CVI

8.3. Cerebral visual impairment II

8.3.1. Functional and cognitive assessment in CVI
8.3.2. Educational intervention and support in CVI
8.3.3. Clinical cases and examples of CVI
8.3.4. Research and advances in cerebral visual impairment

8.4. Visual maturational delay

8.4.1. Evaluation and diagnosis of visual maturational delay
8.4.2. Early intervention and visual stimulation
8.4.3. Therapeutic approach in children with visual maturational delay
8.4.4. Outcomes and follow-up in visual maturational delay

8.5. Prematurity syndrome

8.5.1. Retinopathy of prematurity: diagnosis and classification
8.5.2. Treatment and follow-up in retinopathy of prematurity
8.5.3. Visual complications in premature infants
8.5.4. Prevention and care in prematurity syndrome

8.6. Infantile cerebral palsy

8.6.1. Classification and types of infantile cerebral palsy (ICP)
8.6.2. Functional assessment and diagnosis in CP
8.6.3. Therapeutic approach in CP
8.6.4. Specific therapies and treatments in PCI

8.7. Infantile cerebral palsy and vision

8.7.1. Complications and visual problems in CPI
8.7.2. Neuropsychological aspects in children with CPI
8.7.3. Quality of life and support in ICH
8.7.4. Clinical cases and experiences in PCI

8.8. Addressing common problems in children with visual impairment

8.8.1. Learning and developmental problems in children with visual impairment
8.8.2. Communication and social skills in children with visual impairment
8.8.3. Educational and social inclusion in children with visual impairment
8.8.4. Strategies and resources for families of children with visual impairment

8.9. Simulation in the child

8.9.1. Simulation of visual impairment in children
8.9.2. Benefits and limitations of simulation
8.9.3. Sensitization and empathy towards children with visual impairment
8.9.4. Simulation tools and techniques

8.10. Dyslexia, crossed laterality and other disorders

8.10.1. Dyslexia in children: diagnosis and approach
8.10.2. Cross laterality in childhood
8.10.3. Other learning and developmental disorders in children
8.10.4. Educational strategies and support in dyslexia and related disorders

Module 9. Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Childhood Systemic Pathology

9.1. Phakomatosis

9.1.1. Phakomatosis: definition and classification
9.1.2. Syndromes and disorders related to Phakomatosis
9.1.3. Evaluation and diagnosis in children with Phakomatosis
9.1.4. Treatments and therapeutic approach in Phakomatosis

9.2. Neurofibromatosis

9.2.1. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1): characteristics and diagnosis
9.2.2. Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2): evaluation and management
9.2.3. Other forms of neurofibromatosis
9.2.4. Clinical cases and examples of neurofibromatosis in children

9.3. Pediatric tumor pathology I. Snc

9.3.1. Brain tumors in children: types and classification
9.3.2. Diagnosis and evaluation of tumors of the central nervous system (CNS)
9.3.3. Treatments and surgery in pediatric brain tumors
9.3.4. Follow-up and prognosis in pediatric CNS tumors

9.4. Pediatric tumor pathology 2: leukemia, neuroblastoma

9.4.1. Leukemia in children: diagnosis and classification
9.4.2. Neuroblastoma in childhood: etiology and characteristics
9.4.3. Treatments and therapies in pediatric leukemia and neuroblastoma
9.4.4. Outcomes and prognosis in pediatric leukemia and neuroblastoma

9.5. Mitochondrial pathology

9.5.1. Mitochondrial disorders in childhood
9.5.2. Diagnosis and evaluation of mitochondrial pathology
9.5.3. Treatments and therapeutic approach in mitochondrial disorders
9.5.4. Research and advances in mitochondrial pathology

9.6. Neurometabolic disorders

9.6.1. Neurometabolic disorders in children: classification
9.6.2. Evaluation and diagnosis of neurometabolic disorders
9.6.3. Therapies and treatments in pediatric neurometabolic disorders
9.6.4. Outcomes and follow-up in neurometabolic disorders

9.7. Intrauterine disorders and perinatal infection

9.7.1. Intrauterine disorders of ocular development
9.7.2. Perinatal infection and its impact on vision
9.7.3. Diagnosis and management of intrauterine disorders and perinatal infection
9.7.4. Complications and prognosis in cases of intrauterine disorders and perinatal infection

9.8. Other systemic pathologies: albinism, Marfan syndrome, etc

9.8.1. Albinism in children: characteristics and diagnosis
9.8.2. Marfan's syndrome and other systemic disorders
9.8.3. Ophthalmologic evaluation and care in cases of systemic pathologies
9.8.4. Multidisciplinary approach in patients with systemic pathologies

9.9. Pediatric ocular trauma

9.9.1. Types and causes of ocular trauma in children
9.9.2. Evaluation and diagnosis of pediatric ocular trauma
9.9.3. Treatments and management of ocular trauma
9.9.4. Outcomes and follow-up in pediatric ocular trauma cases

9.10. Battered child syndrome

9.10.1. Identification and assessment of the battered child syndrome
9.10.2. Intervention and support in child maltreatment cases
9.10.3. Legal and ethical aspects of maltreated child syndrome
9.10.4. Clinical cases and experiences in battered child syndrome

Module 10. Practical Management of Special Situations in Pediatric Ophthalmology

10.1. Children Who Does Not See

10.1.1. Causes of visual impairment in children
10.1.2. Clinical history and evaluation in the child who does not see
10.1.3. Diagnosis and approach in cases of visual impairment in childhood
10.1.4. Communication and support strategies in children with visual impairment

10.2. Neonate with conjunctivitis

10.2.1. Neonatal conjunctivitis: causes and diagnosis
10.2.2. Therapeutic approach in neonates with conjunctivitis
10.2.3. Complications and prognosis in neonatal conjunctivitis
10.2.4. Clinical cases and examples of conjunctivitis in neonates

10.3. JIA: how to deal with it

10.3.1. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA): classification and subtypes
10.3.2. Ocular manifestations in JIA
10.3.3. Diagnosis and evaluation of ocular JIA
10.3.4. Treatments and therapies in cases of ocular JIA

10.4. Epiphora despite probing

10.4.1. Epiphora in children: causes and evaluation
10.4.2. Nasolacrimal probing in pediatric epiphora
10.4.3. Alternative treatments in persistent epiphora
10.4.4. Results and follow-up in epiphora in spite of probing

10.5. Acute strabismus in the child

10.5.1. Acute strabismus in children: causes and diagnosis
10.5.2. Evaluation and early approach in acute strabismus
10.5.3. Treatments and surgery in cases of acute strabismus
10.5.4. Outcome and prognosis in acute strabismus in childhood

10.6. ROP: what I see and how I treat it

10.6.1. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP): stages and classification
10.6.2. Diagnosis and evaluation in ROP
10.6.3. Treatments and follow-up in ROP
10.6.4. Clinical cases and examples of ROP in premature infants

10.7. Papillary effacement

10.7.1. Papillary effacement in children: causes and diagnosis
10.7.2. Ophthalmologic evaluation in cases of papillary effacement
10.7.3. Treatments and management in papillary effacement
10.7.4. Outcomes and follow-up in children with papillary effacement

10.8. Practical approach to pediatric anisocoria

10.8.1. Anisocoria in childhood: causes and classification
10.8.2. Evaluation and diagnosis of pediatric anisocoria
10.8.3. Approach and practical management of anisocoria in children
10.8.4. Clinical cases and examples of pediatric anisocoria

10.9. Papillary pallor: practical approach

10.9.1. Papillary pallor in children: causes and diagnosis
10.9.2. Evaluation and studies in cases of papillary pallor
10.9.3. Treatment and follow-up in children with papillary pallor
10.9.4. Clinical cases and examples of papillary pallor

10.10. Strange ocular movements in the child

10.10.1. Types and characteristics of ocular twitching in infancy
10.10.2. Diagnosis and evaluation in cases of atypical eye movements
10.10.3. Therapeutic approach and management in unusual eye movements
10.10.4. Outcome and prognosis in children with atypical eye movements

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