The latest advances in the area of optical technologies and clinical optometry compiled in a highly efficient Postgraduate diploma that will optimize your effort with the best results”

A training program created to allow you to implement your acquired knowledge into your daily practice almost immediately"

Amblyopias are among the main causes of decreased vision in the general population. These appear as an alteration in the development of vision at an early age, affecting not only visual acuity, but also many visual functions. The importance of detecting amblyopia lies in the fact that, if they are not treated, and the sooner the better, they will continue to affect visual function throughout life. 

Continuous training in the latest optometric technologies and treatments is essential in professional updating, preparing to take on jobs that are increasingly integrated into the healthcare system, both public and private. 

The Postgraduate diploma in Latest Advances in Amblyopia covers the main fields of action for optometrists, always with the highest level of updating and with a first class teaching staff. The study plan has been designed from the perspective and experience of experts highly specialized in their modules, and immersed in the clinical world, which has led us to know the current and future training challenges. 

This Postgraduate diploma has been clearly and robustly directed to the clinical field, preparing students to develop in this field with extensive theoretical and practical knowledge in optometry. 

Students will follow modules, each of them structured in 10 topics. Each topic consists of a theoretical introduction, explanations by the professor, activities, etc., in such a way that learning becomes an enjoyable journey to high-level knowledge in Optical Instrumentation and Clinical Optometry. 

In conclusion, this Postgraduate diploma provides professionals with the theoretical and clinical knowledge necessary to address any of the specialties within Optics and Optometry, as well as opening the door to clinical research. 

Increase your decision-making confidence by updating your knowledge through this Postgraduate diploma” 

This Postgraduate diploma in Advances in Amblyopia Biostatistics, Visual Quality Metrics and Measures  is the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features of the program include: 

• More than 100 clinical cases presented by experts in the different specialties
• The graphic, schematic, and eminently practical contents with which they are created provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• The latest Advances in Amblyopia Biostatistics, Visual Quality Metrics and Measures
• The presentation of hands-on workshops on procedures, diagnostic and therapeutic techniques
• An algorithm-based interactive learning system for decision-making in the clinical situations presented throughout the course
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

This Postgraduate diploma in the latest Advances in Amblyopia will help you keep up to date in order to provide comprehensive quality care to patients” 

The teaching staff is made up of professionals belonging to the field of the latest Advances in Amblyopia Biostatistics, Metrics and Measurements of Visual Quality, who bring to this training the experience of their work, as well as recognized specialists from reference societies and prestigious universities. 
 
The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide an immersive training experience designed to train for real-life situations. 
 
This program is designed around Problem Based Learning, where the medical professional must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise during the course. For this purpose, the specialist will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts in treating patients in children with extensive experience. 

All the necessary methodology for non-specialist medical professionals in the field of clinical optometry, in a specific and concrete Postgraduate diploma"

We have the best didactic material, an innovative methodology and a 100% online training, which will facilitate your study"

The content structure has been designed by a team of professionals who recognize the implications of training in medical practice for in Amblyopia Biostatistics, Visual Quality Metrics and Measurements, aware of the current relevance of specialization to be able to treat pediatric patients with urgent pathology, and committed to quality teaching through new educational technologies. 

The latest Advances in Amblyopia Biostatistics, Visual Quality Metrics and Measures will help you keep up to date to provide comprehensive quality care to patients” 

Module 1. Latest Advances in the Management of Amblyopia

1.1. General Information

1.1.1. Visual Acuity Development
1.1.2. Critical Period Vs Plasticity

1.2. Definition
1.3. Types of Amblyopia

1.3.1. Refractive Amblyopia
1.3.2. Strabismic Amblyopia
1.3.3. Deprivation Amblyopia
1.3.4. Combination Amblyopia

1.4. Visual Alterations 

1.4.1. Visual Acuity
1.4.2. Contrast Sensitivity 
1.4.3. Accommodation System
1.4.4. Ocular Motility
1.4.5. Spatial Localization (Spatial Uncertainty and Distortions)
1.4.6. Stacking Effect
1.4.7. Suppression and Stereopsis
1.4.8. Reading Performance
1.4.9. Visuomotor Tasks
1.4.10. Neurological Activity and Pupillary Reaction
1.4.11. Anatomical changes

1.5. Visual Acuity

1.5.1. Contrast Sensitivity 
1.5.2. Accommodation System
1.5.3. Ocular Motility
1.5.4. Spatial Localization (Spatial Uncertainty and Distortions)
1.5.5. Stacking Effect
1.5.6. Suppression and Stereopsis
1.5.7. Reading Performance
1.5.8. Visuomotor Tasks
1.5.9. Neurological Activity and Pupillary Reaction
1.5.10. Anatomical changes

1.6. Inclusion and Exclusion Assessment and Diagnosis

1.6.1. Visual Acuity Evaluation
1.6.2. Refractive Status Evaluation
1.6.3. Binocular System Evaluation
1.6.4. Accommodating System Evaluation
1.6.5. Ocular Motility Assessment
1.6.6. Ocular Health Assessment

1.7. Refractive Status Correction Treatment Latest Studies

1.7.1. Optical Correction to Prescribe
1.7.2. Time Required for Effect
1.7.3. Effectiveness

1.8. Treatment With Occlusion and Pharmacological Penalty Latest Studies

1.8.1. Occlusion

1.8.1.1. Types of Occlusion
1.8.1.2. Occlusion Time
1.8.1.3. Effectiveness

1.8.2. Pharmacological Penalty

1.8.2.1. Atropine Dosage
1.8.2.2. Effectiveness
1.8.2.3. Comparison of Treatment With Occlusion Vs Pharmacological Penalty
1.8.2.3. Treatment Compliance
1.8.2.4. Treatment Regression

1.8.3. Treatment With Visual Therapy Latest Studies

1.8.3.1. Advantages and Inconveniences
1.8.3.2. Monocular Activities
1.8.3.3. Near and Far Vision Activities
1.8.3.4. Antisuppressive Techniques and Binocular Therapy

1.8.4. Other Current and Future Treatments

1.8.4.1. Pharmacological Treatment
1.8.4.2. Acupuncture
1.8.4.3. Other Future Treatments

1.8.5. Comprehensive Management of the Amblyopia Patient

1.8.5.1. Action Protocol
1.8.5.2. Follow-up Evaluation
1.8.5.3. Check-up Calendar

Module 2. Biostatistics for Optics and Optometry Research

2.1. Concept of Biostatistics and Epidemiology

2.1.1. Definition of Statistics and Biostatistics
2.1.2. Clinical Research
2.1.3. Evidence Levels
2.1.4. Evidence-Based Optics and Optometry

2.2. A Visual Acuity Measurement Experiment

2.2.1. The Teacher's Doubt
2.2.2. Random Error and Systematic Error
2.2.3. Answering a Question from Intuition or from Science
2.2.4. Point or Interval Estimation
2.2.5. The Confidence Interval: Concept and Utility
2.2.6. The Hypothesis Contrast: Concept and Utility

2.3. Descriptive Statistics

2.3.1. Types of Variables
2.3.2. Measures of Central Tendency
2.3.3. Measures of Dispersion
2.3.4. Graphical Representation of the Results of a Research Project
2.3.5. Use of Software
2.3.6. Examples Applied to Optics and Optometry

2.4. Probability Distributions

2.4.1. Concept of Probability
2.4.2. Concept of Probability Distribution
2.4.3. Binomial Distribution
2.4.4. Normal Distribution
2.4.5. Concept of Normality and Homoscedasticity

2.4.5.1. Typified Normal Distribution

2.4.6. Use of Software
2.4.7. Examples Applied to Optics and Optometry

2.5. Confidence Intervals

2.5.1. Point or Interval Estimation
2.5.2. The 95% Confidence Interval
2.5.3. Sample Size Estimation
2.5.4. Average Estimation
2.5.5. Proportion Estimation
2.5.6. Confidence Interval for a Difference in Means
2.5.7. Confidence Interval for a Difference in Proportions
2.5.8. Use of Software
2.5.9. Examples Applied to Optics and Optometry

2.6. Hypothesis Contrasting

2.6.1. The P-Value
2.6.2. Critical Analysis of P-Value
2.6.3. Normality Test

2.6.3.1. Kolmoronov-Smirnov
2.6.3.2. Shapiro-Wilk’s Test

2.6.4. Homoscedasticity Test
2.6.5. Use of Software
2.6.6. Examples Applied to Optics and Optometry

2.7. Test for the Comparison of Two Samples and Two Proportions

2.7.1. Parametric and Non-parametric Tests
2.7.2. Student T-Test
2.7.3. Welch’s Test
2.7.4. Wilcoxon’s Test
2.7.5. Mann-Whitney’s Test
2.7.6. Confidence Interval for the Difference of Means
2.7.7. Use of Software
2.7.8. Examples Applied to Optics and Optometry

2.8. Test for the Comparison of More than Two Samples or Proportions

2.8.1. ANOVA
2.8.2. Kruskal-Wallis
2.8.3. Post-Hoc Analysis
2.8.4. Use of Software
2.8.5. Examples Applied to Optics and Optometry

2.9. Regression Analysis

2.9.1. Simple Linear
2.9.2. Multiple Linear
2.9.3. Logistics
2.9.4. Use of Software
2.9.5. Examples Applied to Optics and Optometry

2.10. Comparison and Concordance Analysis Between Measurement Methods

2.10.1. Difference Between Concordance and Correlation
2.10.2. Bland-Altman’s Graphic Methhod
2.10.3. Use of Software
2.10.4. Examples Applied to Optics and Optometry

Module 3. Metrics and Measures of Visual Quality

3.1. Principles of Aberrometry

3.1.1. Wavefront

3.1.1.1. Perfect Wavefront
3.1.1.2. Aberrated Wavefront

3.1.2. Perfect Optical System and Diffraction

3.1.2.1. Diffraction Rings

3.1.3. Classification of Optical Aberrations

3.1.3.1. High Order
3.1.3.2. Low Order

3.1.4. Decomposition into Zernike Polynomials

3.1.4.1. Zernike Coefficients
3.1.4.2. Normal Values

3.2. Clinically Significant Optical Aberrations

3.2.1. Spherical aberration

3.2.1.1. Optical Foundation
3.2.1.2. Positive Spherical Aberration
3.2.1.3. Negative Spherical Aberration
3.2.1.4. Normal Values

3.2.2. Coma.

3.2.2.1. Normal Values

3.3. Metrics for Measuring Visual Quality

3.3.1. Zernike Coefficients
3.3.2. Strehl's Ratio
3.3.3. CSF and MTF
3.3.4. RMS

3.4. External Ocular Aberrations

3.4.1. Corneal Geometry
3.4.2. Asphericity

3.4.2.1. Asphericity Coefficients
3.4.2.2. Aspherical and Spherical Aberration

3.4.3. Normal Distribution of Corneal Aberrations 

3.4.3.1. Normal Eye Asphericity
3.4.3.2. Normal Eye Coma

3.5. Internal Ocular Aberrations

3.5.1. Lens.
3.5.2. Methods

3.6. Aberrations in Irregular Corneas

3.6.1. Keratoconus
3.6.2. Corneal Ectasia

3.7. Induced Aberrometric Changes on the Cornea

3.7.1. Orthokeratology

3.7.1.1. Focused Treatment Case
3.7.1.2. Off-Center Treatment Case

3.7.2. Aberrometric Changes Induced by Corneal Refractive Surgery

3.7.2.1. Myopia Surgery
3.7.2.2. Hyperopia Surgery
3.7.2.3. Off-Center Ablations

3.8. Aberrometric Changes Induced by Crystalline Lens Surgery and Intraocular Lens Implants

3.8.1. Intraocular Lens Aberrations
3.8.2. Asphericity and Aberrations in the Pseudophakic Eye

3.9. Instruments for Measuring Visual Quality

3.9.1. Surveyors
3.9.2. Hartman-Shack Aberrometry

3.10. Compensating Ocular Aberrations

3.10.1. Contact Lenses
3.10.2. Corneal Topography Guided Laser Ablation

A unique, key, and decisive training experience to boost your professional development”