Stay up-to-date on the latest developments in Hospital Pediatrics, learning about the most recent advances in the management of Cyanotic Heart Disease and Demyelinating Diseases”

Hospital Pediatrics is a medical specialty that faces increasingly complex challenges due to the growing diversity of pediatric pathologies and advances in the treatment of diseases.  In this regard, the need for highly trained professionals has never been more urgent. The constant evolution in therapies and diagnoses requires Pediatric Hospitalists to stay current in order to provide high-quality care to children.  This academic program offers professionals the opportunity to specialize in key areas of Hospital Pediatrics, effectively addressing the demands of this dynamic field.

By completing this Master's Degree, professionals will benefit from a comprehensive approach that enables them to master the latest advances in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of Pediatric Diseases.  Acquiring specialized knowledge will allow them to play a crucial role in improving clinical outcomes for patients, ensuring that they provide child-centered care. Additionally, the knowledge gained will be reflected in their ability to manage complex cases and improve care protocols. 

Furthermore, the online format allows specialists to tailor their learning to their schedules and professional commitments. This flexibility, along with access to an interactive and up-to-date platform, fosters a collaborative learning environment.  Graduates will be able to connect with experts and peers, optimizing their educational experience and expanding their professional perspectives.

You will develop skills in making critical clinical decisions, both in inpatient wards and in pediatric intensive care units”

This Master's Degree in Hospital Pediatrics contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program university the market. Its most notable features are:

• The development of practical case studies presented by experts in Medicine
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Practical exercises where self-assessment can be used to improve learning
• Special emphasis on innovative methodologies in Medicine
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an internet connection

Acquire advanced tools to diagnose and treat complex pediatric pathologies, enhancing your ability to provide comprehensive care”

The teaching staff includes professionals belonging to the field of medicine, who contribute their work experience to this program, as well as renowned specialists from reference societies and prestigious universities.

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide an immersive learning experience designed to prepare for real-life situations.

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the student must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise throughout the program. For this purpose, the professional will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts.

A syllabus tailored to your needs and designed under the most effective teaching methodology: Relearning"

You will promote safe, humanized, and evidence-based care, respecting the rights of the hospitalized child"

This syllabus is designed to provide a deep understanding of Hospital Pediatrics, addressing the most relevant and complex areas of the specialty. With a comprehensive approach, it covers everything from the latest advances in diagnosis and treatment to best practices in neonatal care, chronic diseases, and pediatric emergencies. Additionally, it allows for the development of practical and collaborative skills, optimizing professional performance. The flexible structure of the program adapts to the needs of professionals, ensuring an enriching and cutting-edge educational experience that prepares them to face the challenges of the field.

You will design treatment plans tailored to the individual needs of each pediatric patient, considering both medical and emotional factors”

Module 1. Care for Critically Ill Children Outside Pediatric Intensive Care Units

1.1. Alarm Signs and Symptoms

1.1.1. Hemodynamic
1.1.2. Respiratory
1.1.3. Metabolic
1.1.4. Neurologic
1.1.5. Hematologic
1.1.6. Decompensation in Critically Ill Children
1.1.7. Monitoring: Instrumental Monitoring Clinic Clinical Ultrasound
1.1.8. Cardiocirculatory Arrest

1.1.8.1. Prevention
1.1.8.2. Caring for Children in Arrest
1.1.8.3. Stabilization
1.1.8.4. Transport Intrahospital and Interhospital

1.1.9. Huminized Care for Critically Ill Children

1.1.9.1. The Family
1.1.9.2. Music Therapy
1.1.9.3. Others
1.1.10    Difficult Decisions
1.1.10.1. Therapeutic Effort Limitation
1.1.10.2. Critically Ill Children
1.1.10.3. Asystole Donation

1.2. Cerebral Crisis

1.2.1. Initial Assessment
1.2.2. Differential Diagnosis
1.2.3. Acute Treatment

1.3. Acute Respiratory Failure. Oxygen Therapy

1.3.1. Acute Respiratory Failure
1.3.2. Pathophysiology
1.3.3. Classification
1.3.4. Diagnosis
1.3.5. Treatment

1.4. Allergic Reactions. Anaphylaxis

1.4.1. Allergic and Clinical Reaction
1.4.2. Etiology
1.4.3. Diagnosis
1.4.4. Treatment
1.4.5. Prevention

1.5. Blood Gas Interpretation

1.5.1. Blood Gas Interpretation
1.5.2. Pathophysiology
1.5.3. Basic Elements to Interpret Acid-Base Balance
1.5.4. General Diagnosis
1.5.5. Approach to Acid-Base Balance Disturbances

1.6. Analgesia and Sedation

1.6.1. Analgesia and Sedation
1.6.2. Pain Assessment and Management
1.6.3. Sedo Analgesia

1.6.3.1. Adverse Effects
1.6.3.2. Candidate Patients
1.6.3.3. Necessary Personnel and Supplies
1.6.3.4. Non-Pharmacological Measures in Pain Control and Anxiety
1.6.3.5. Drugs and Antidotes
1.6.3.6. Sedoanalgesia Procedures and Strategies
1.6.3.7. Necessary Documentation
1.6.3.8. Monitoring

1.7. Fluid Therapy

1.7.1. Body Fluid Composition
1.7.2. Main Mechanisms for Volume Regulation, Osmolarity and Acid-Base Balance
1.7.3. Calculating Basal Needs
1.7.4. Treating Dehydration: Rehydration Routes (Indications, Serums used)
1.7.5. Treating the Main Hydroelectrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Disorders

1.8. Electrocardiogram

1.8.1. General Overview
1.8.2. Electrical Changes during Childhood Development
1.8.3. Sequential ECG Analysis: P Wave, PR Interval, QRS Complex, Q Wave, ST Segment, T Wave
1.8.4. Characteristics of Atypical ECGs with NoPathological Findings

1.9. Thoracic Ultrasound Scan

1.9.1. Clinical Ultrasound (POCUS)
1.9.2. Artifacts and Botonology
1.9.3. Pulmonary Ultrasound Semiology
1.9.4. POCUS Diagnosis (Point-of-Care Ultrasound)

1.9.4.1. Consolidated Pneumonia
1.9.4.2. Alveolo-Interstitial Pneumonia
1.9.4.3. Airway Obstruction
1.9.4.4. Heart Failure
1.9.4.5. Pleural Effusion
1.9.4.6. Pneumothorax

Module 2. Respiratory Diseases in Pediatrics

2.1. Acute Bronchiolitis

2.1.1. Acute Bronchiolitis
2.1.2. Etiology
2.1.3. Epidemiology
2.1.4. Clinical Presentation
2.1.5. Diagnosis
2.1.6. Treatment
2.1.7. Prevention

2.2. Asthma Attacks

2.2.1. Asthma Attacks
2.2.2. Epidemiology
2.2.3. Pathophysiology
2.2.4. Clinical Presentation
2.2.5. Diagnosis
2.2.6. Treatment
2.2.7. Education

2.3. Chronic Cough

2.3.1. Persistent Bacterial Bronchitis
2.3.2. Post-infectious Cough
2.3.3. Psychogenic Cough
2.3.4. Atelectasis: Middle Lobe
2.3.5. Non-Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Bronchiectasis

2.4. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

2.4.1. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
2.4.2. Epidemiology
2.4.3. Prevention
2.4.4. Pathophysiology
2.4.5. Clinical Presentation
2.4.6. Treatment

2.5. Interstitial Lung Diseases

2.5.1. Classification
2.5.2. Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia
2.5.3. Surfactant Protein Deficiency
2.5.4. Pulmonary Interstitial Glycogenosis
2.5.5. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

2.6. Respiratory Management in Neuromuscular Patients

2.6.1. Pathophysiology
2.6.2. Complementary Respiratory Tests
2.6.3. Treatment

2.7. Respiratory Pathology in Cystic Fibrosis

2.7.1. Respiratory Pathology
2.7.2. Pathophysiology
2.7.3. Respiratory Exacerbation
2.7.4. Pneumothorax
2.7.5. Hemoptysis
2.7.6. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
2.7.7. Atelectasis

2.8. Obstructive Sleep Apnea

2.8.1. Obstructive Sleep Apnea
2.8.2. Epidemiology
2.8.3. Pathophysiology
2.8.4. Clinical Presentation
2.8.5. Diagnosis
2.8.6. Treatment

2.9. Inhalation Systems

2.9.1. Inhalation Systems
2.9.2. Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI), Dry Powder, Nebulizers

2.10. Pneumology Procedures

2.10.1. Forced Spirometry
2.10.2. Bronchoscopy

Module 3. Infectious Diseases in Pediatrics

3.1. Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs). Prevention Measures for Infection Transmission

3.1.1. Impact in a Pediatric Inpatient Ward
3.1.2. Epidemiology and Incidence
3.1.3. Types of HAIs
3.1.4. Prevention of Infection Transmission

3.1.4.1. Types of Isolation and Indications for Specific Microorganisms
3.1.4.2. Hand Hygiene
3.1.4.3. Other Measures

3.2. The Laboratory in the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases. Collection of Microbiological Samples

3.2.1. Biochemical and Hematological Findings in Infectious Diseases
3.2.2. Clinical Considerations Prior to Collecting Microbiological Samples
3.2.3. Recommended Biological Samples for Diagnosing the Most Common Infections. Conventional Microbiology, Rapid Techniques, Molecular Techniques
3.2.4. Available Microbiological Techniques and Their Indications
3.2.5. Transport and Storage of Samples

3.3. Empirical Antibiotic Therapy: Appropriate Use of Antibiotics

3.3.1. General Principles of Antibiotic Treatment: Structured Clinical Reasoning
3.3.2. How to Select the Appropriate Antibiotic
3.3.3. When to Change an Antibiotic Targeted Antibiotic Therapy
3.3.4. What is Proper Antibiotic Use?  Importance and Implications
3.3.5. Role of New Antibiotics in Pediatric Hospital Care

3.4. Special Situations in Fever Management: Recurrent Fever, Prolonged Fever, Fever in Patients from the Tropics

3.4.1. Recurrent and Periodic Fever

3.4.1.1. Causes
3.4.1.2. Diagnostic Approach

3.4.2. Prolonged Fever

3.4.2.1. Causes
3.4.2.2. Evaluation

3.4.3. Fever in Patients from the Tropics

3.4.3.1. General Considerations (Traveling Child, Immigrant Child, Adopted Child)
3.4.3.2. Most Common Causes
3.4.3.3. Evaluation

3.5. Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP). Etiological Diagnosis and Antibiotic Therapy. Complicated Pneumonia Therapy

3.5.1. Etiology by Age Group
3.5.2. Diagnostic Approach
3.5.3. CAP Therapy in Hospitalized Patients
3.5.4. Diagnostic Approach to “Pneumonia That Is Not Improving”
3.5.5. Complicated Pneumonia

3.5.5.1. Types: Parapneumonic Effusion, Necrotizing Pneumonia, Pulmonary Abscess
3.5.5.2. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach

3.6. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections (SSTIs): Osteoarticular Infection (OAI)

3.6.1. SSTI: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach

3.6.1.1. Impetigo
3.6.1.2. Cellulitis and Erysipelas
3.6.1.3. Folliculitis and Furuncles
3.6.1.4. Omphalitis
3.6.1.5. Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
3.6.1.6. Ecthyma
3.6.1.7. Necrotizing Fasciitis
3.6.1.8. Bites

3.6.2. Osteoarticular Infections (OAI). Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach

3.6.2.1. Incidence, Pathophysiology of Different Locations, and Etiology by Age Group
3.6.2.2. Septic Arthritis
3.6.2.3. Osteomyelitis

3.7. Genital Infections in Children and Adolescents

3.7.1. Implications and Frequency of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) in Adolescence
3.7.2. STI Syndromes

3.7.2.1. Genital Ulcers
3.7.2.2. Inguinal Lymphadenopathy
3.7.2.3. Genital Warts
3.7.2.4. Urethritis

3.7.3. Microbiological Diagnosis and Treatment for STIs
3.7.4. Vulvovaginitis in Girls and Adolescents: Bacterial Vaginosis
3.7.5. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
3.7.6. Orchitis and Epididymitis

3.8. Catheter-Related Venous Infection (CVC)

3.8.1. Types of CVC
3.8.2. Common Etiological Agents
3.8.3. Clinical Presentation, Investigations, and Diagnostic Criteria
3.8.4. Treatment of Catheter-Related Venous Infection

3.9. Infections in Immunocompromised Patients

3.9.1. Most Frequent Etiological Agents Based on Immune System Compromise
3.9.2. General Diagnostic Approach in Suspected Infection in an Immunocompromised Child
3.9.3. Infection Prophylaxis in Children with Primary or Secondary Immunodeficiency
3.9.4. The Patient with Febrile Neutropenia

3.10. Infection by Emerging Viruses: SARS-CoV-2

3.10.1. Changes in the Organization of Pediatric Hospital Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic
3.10.2. Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection
3.10.3. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Temporarily Associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C or PMIS)
3.10.4. Considerations Regarding Future Epidemic Outbreaks

3.11. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Sepsis, Severe Sepsis, and Septic Shock

3.11.1. Clinical Examination
3.11.2. Microorganisms Causing Sepsis. Diagnostic Attitude
3.11.3. Initial Therapy for SIRS, Sepsis, Severe Sepsis, and Septic Shock
3.11.4. Toxic Shock Syndromes

Module 4. Digestive System Diseases in Pediatrics

4.1. Abdominal Pain

4.1.1. Acute Abdominal Pain in Children: Clinical Presentations. Diagnosis and Treatment
4.1.2. Chronic Abdominal Pain. Incidence. Etiology

4.1.2.1. Organic Abdominal Pain
4.1.2.2. Functional Abdominal Pain: Treatment

4.1.3. Gastritis. Peptic Ulcers in Pediatrics

4.1.3.1. Gastritis
4.1.3.2. Peptic Ulcer. Clinical Presentation. Diagnosis and Treatment
4.1.3.3. Helicobacter Pylori Gastritis. Clinical Presentation. Digestive and Extradigestive Manifestations. Diagnosis and Treatment

4.2. Constipation

4.2.1. Constipation
4.2.2. Pathophysiology
4.2.3. Etiology
4.2.4. Triggering Factors
4.2.5. Causes of Organic Constipation
4.2.6. Functional Constipation: Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
4.2.7. Treatment

4.2.7.1. Hygienic-Dietary Measures
4.2.7.2. Pharmacological Treatment: Disimpaction Maintenance Treatment. Other Treatments

4.3. Gastroesophageal Reflux

4.3.1. Gastroesophageal Reflux
4.3.2. Pathophysiology
4.3.3. Clinical Presentation

4.3.3.1. Warning Signs and Symptoms
4.3.3.2. Digestive Manifestations
4.3.3.3. Extradigestive Manifestations

4.3.4. Diagnosis

4.3.4.1. pH / Esophageal Impedance Monitoring
4.3.4.2. Upper Digestive Endoscopy
4.3.4.3. Other Diagnostic Tests

4.3.5. Treatment

4.3.5.1. Non-Pharmacological Measures
4.3.5.2. Pharmacological Treatment
4.3.5.3. Surgical Treatment

4.3.6. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach According to Age

4.4. Eosinophilic Esophagitis

4.4.1. Eosinophilic Esophagitis
4.4.2. Epidemiology
4.4.3. Pathogenesis

4.4.3.1. Environmental Factors
4.4.3.2. Genetic Factors

4.4.4. Clinical Presentation
4.4.5. Diagnosis

4.4.5.1. Endoscopic Findings
4.4.5.2. Histological Findings
4.4.5.3. Natural History

4.4.6. Treatment

4.4.6.1. Proton Pump Inhibitors
4.4.6.2. Topical corticosteroids
4.4.6.3. Dietary Treatment
4.4.6.4. Endoscopic Dilatation
4.4.6.5. Other Treatments

4.5. Digestive and Nutritional Aspects of Cystic Fibrosis

4.5.1. Digestive and Nutritional Aspects
4.5.2. Gastrointestinal Involvement in Cystic Fibrosis Patients

4.5.2.1. Gastroesophageal Reflux
4.5.2.2. Distal Obstruction Syndrome / Constipation
4.5.2.3. Abdominal Pain
4.5.2.4. Meconium Ileus
4.5.2.5. Intestinal Invagination

4.5.3. Pancreatic Involvement

4.5.3.1. Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
4.5.3.2. Pancreatitis
4.5.3.3. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Related Diabetes

4.5.4. Cystic Fibrosis-Related Liver Disease

4.5.4.1. Cystic Fibrosis-Related Liver Disease
4.5.4.2. Gallbladder Disorders

4.5.5. Nutritional Involvement

4.5.5.1. Chronic Malnutrition
4.5.5.2. Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiency

4.6. Chronic Diarrhea. Malabsorption

4.6.1. Pathophysiology

4.6.1.1. Osmotic Diarrhea
4.6.1.2. Secretory Diarrhea
4.6.1.3. Inflammatory Diarrhea
4.6.1.4. Alteration of Intestinal Motility

4.6.2. Etiology

4.6.2.1. Functional Diarrhea
4.6.2.2. Organic Diarrhea
4.6.2.2.1. Infectious Diarrhea
4.6.2.2.2. Immune-Mediated Diarrhea
4.6.2.2.3. Carbohydrate Intolerance-Induced Diarrhea
4.6.2.2.4. Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency and Hepatobiliary Dysfunction-Induced Diarrhea
4.6.2.2.5. Anatomical Diarrhea
4.6.2.2.6. Motility Disorder-Induced Diarrhea
4.6.2.2.7. Enterocyte Structural Defect-Induced Diarrhea
4.6.2.2.8. Metabolic Error-Induced Diarrhea
4.6.2.2.9. Other Causes of Diarrhea
4.6.3. Diagnosis
4.6.4. Treatment

4.7. Inflammatory Bowel Disease

4.7.1. Ulcerative Colitis and Unclassified Inflammatory Bowel Disease

4.7.1.1. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
4.7.1.2. Etiology
4.7.1.3. Incidence
4.7.1.4. Classification
4.7.1.5. Symptoms and Physical Examination
4.7.1.6. Complementary Tests: Laboratory and Imaging Tests. Endoscopy with Biopsy
4.7.1.7. Diagnosis
4.7.1.8. Activity Index
4.7.1.9. Acute and Maintenance Treatment
4.7.1.10. Complications During Hospitalization and Their Treatment

4.7.2. Crohn’s Disease

4.7.2.1. Crohn’s Disease
4.7.2.2. Etiology
4.7.2.3. Incidence
4.7.2.4. Classification
4.7.2.5. Symptoms and Physical Examination
4.7.2.6. Complementary Tests: Laboratory and Imaging Tests Endoscopy with Biopsy
4.7.2.7. Diagnosis
4.7.2.8. Activity Indices
4.7.2.9. Acute and Maintenance Treatment
4.7.2.10. Complications During Hospitalization and Their Treatment

4.8. Biliary Lithiasis. Cholestasis

4.8.1. Gallbladder Lithiasis
4.8.2. Diagnosis

4.8.2.1. Anamnesis and Physical Examination
4.8.2.2. Complementary Tests: Laboratory and Imaging Tests. Other Complementary Tests

4.8.3. Treatment
4.8.4. Cholestasis in Newborns and Infants
4.8.5. Cholestasis in Older Children

4.8.5.1. Cholestasis Due to Hepatocellular Injury
4.8.5.2. Cholestasis Due to Biliary Tract Involvement

4.9. Acute Liver Failure, Hepatic Dysfunction

4.9.1. Hepatic Dysfunction. Hypertransaminasemia

4.9.1.1. Acute Liver Failure
4.9.1.2. Diagnosis
4.9.1.3. Differential Diagnosis of Diseases Presenting with Hypertransaminasemia. Infectious Hepatitis. Wilson’s Disease. Autoimmune Hepatitis. Other Causes of Hypertransaminemia in Pediatrics

4.9.2. Acute Liver Failure

4.9.2.1. Liver Failure
4.9.2.2. Diagnosis in Pediatric Patients with Acute Liver Failure
4.9.2.3. Therapeutic Approach
4.9.2.4. Differential Diagnosis of Diseases Presenting with Liver Failure

4.10. Digestive Hemorrhage

4.10.1. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

4.10.1.1. Gastrointestinal Bleeding
4.10.1.2. Etiology
4.10.1.3. Diagnosis
4.10.1.4. Medical and Endoscopic Treatments. Esophageal Varices

4.10.2. Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

4.10.2.1. Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
4.10.2.2. Diagnosis. Differential Diagnosis of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
4.10.2.3. Treatment

Module 5. Neurological Disorders in Pediatrics

5.1. Febrile and Post-infectious Seizures

5.1.1. Febrile Seizures
5.1.2. Epidemiology
5.1.3. Etiology
5.1.4. Clinical Presentation
5.1.5. Diagnosis
5.1.6. Treatment
5.1.7. Prognosis

5.2. Epileptic Syndromes in Pediatrics. Practical Aspects of Managing Antiepileptic Drugs

5.2.1. Classification of Epileptic Syndromes and Diagnostic Approach
5.2.2. Epileptic Syndromes in Infants and Preschool Children
5.2.3. Epileptic Syndromes in School-Aged Children and Adolescents
5.2.4. Practical Aspects of Managing Antiepileptic Drugs

5.3. Non-Epileptic Paroxysmal Disorders

5.3.1. Non-Epileptic Paroxysmal Disorders
5.3.2. Clinical and Etiological Characteristics
5.3.3. Differential Diagnosis with Epileptic Seizures

5.4. Infantile Hypotonia and Common Neuromuscular Disorders in Childhood

5.4.1. Non-Paralytic or Central Infantile Hypotonia
5.4.2. Paralytic or Peripheral Infantile Hypotonia
5.4.3. Common Neuromuscular Disorders in Childhood: Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Hereditary Sensory-Motor Neuropathies, Myasthenias, Infantile Botulism, and Myopathies

5.5. Guillain-Barré Syndrome

5.5.1. Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Classification
5.5.2. Pathophysiology
5.5.3. Clinical Presentation
5.5.4. Diagnostic Criteria
5.5.5. Treatment
5.5.6. Prognosis

5.6. Headache

5.6.1. Headache
5.6.2. Etiology
5.6.3. Classification. Primary and Secondary Headaches. Migraine, Tension-Type Headache, Trigemino-autonomic Headaches, Others
5.6.4. Anamnesis and Physical Examination
5.6.5. Admission Criteria and Alarm Signs
5.6.6. Complementary Evaluations
5.6.7. Hospital Management of Migraine Status
5.6.8. Acute and Chronic Treatment

5.7. Acute Ataxia

5.7.1. Vestibular Ataxia and Cerebellar Ataxia
5.7.2. Main Differential Etiological Diagnosis for a Child Admitted with Acute Ataxia
5.7.3. Practical Management Protocols

5.8. Pediatric Stroke

5.8.1. Epidemiology. Etiology and Risk Factors
5.8.2. Clinical Manifestations of Pediatric Stroke
5.8.3. Stroke Mimics
5.8.4. Pediatric Stroke Code Protocol and Hospital Diagnostic Approach

5.9. Acute Encephalitis

5.9.1. Acute Encephalitis/Encephalopathy and Classification
5.9.2. Infectious Encephalitis/Meningoencephalitis
5.9.3. Immunomediated Encephalitis
5.9.4. Toxic-Metabolic Encephalitis

5.10. Demyelinating Diseases

5.10.1. Acute Demyelinating Lesions in Pediatrics
5.10.2. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
5.10.3. Multiple Sclerosis in Childhood. Diagnostic Criteria. Initial Therapeutic Approach

Module 6. Cardiac Diseases in Pediatrics

6.1. Suspicion of Heart Disease in Newborns

6.1.1. Past, Present, and Future of Congenital Heart Diseases in Pediatrics
6.1.2. Fetal and Postnatal Circulation: Newborn Adaptation
6.1.3. Physical Examination and Vital Signs
6.1.4. Differential Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Diseases in Newborns
6.1.5. Use of Prostaglandins

6.2. Diagnostic Tools for Pediatric Cardiac Pathology

6.2.1. Usefulness of Basic Tools for Diagnosing Congenital Heart Diseases: ECG and Chest X-Ray
6.2.2. Advances in Echocardiography
6.2.3. Fetal Echocardiography
6.2.4. Advanced Imaging Techniques for Diagnosing Congenital Heart Diseases: CT and MRI
6.2.5. Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterization

6.3. Classification of Congenital Heart Diseases.  Pulmonary Hypertension

6.3.1. Segmental Classification of Congenital Heart Diseases
6.3.2. Pathophysiology of Congenital Heart Diseases: Hemodynamic Principles
6.3.3. Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Diagnosis
6.3.4. Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Congenital Heart Diseases and Eisenmenger Syndrome
6.3.5. Therapeutic Advances in the Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension

6.4. Cyanotic Heart Diseases

6.4.1. Transposition of the Great Arteries
6.4.2. Truncus Arteriosus
6.4.3. Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
6.4.4. Tetralogy of Fallot and Its Variants
6.4.5. Tricuspid Atresia
6.4.6. Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Septum
6.4.7. Ebstein’s Disease

6.5. Acyanotic Heart Diseases

6.5.1. Atrial Septal Defect
6.5.2. Ventricular Septal Defect
6.5.3. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
6.5.4. Atrioventricular Canal

6.6. Conditions Obstructing Cardiac Flow and Other Less Common Congenital Heart Diseases

6.6.1. Pulmonary Stenosis
6.6.2. Aortic Stenosis
6.6.3. Coarctation of the Aorta
6.6.4. Alcapa Syndrome
6.6.5. Vascular Rings

6.7. Acquired Heart Diseases in Childhood

6.7.1. Pericarditis
6.7.2. Myocarditis
6.7.3. Infectious Endocarditis
6.7.4. Kawasaki Disease
6.7.5. Rheumatic Fever

6.8. Heart Rhythm and Electrical Conduction Abnormalities in Children

6.8.1. Supraventricular Tachycardia
6.8.2. Ventricular Tachycardia
6.8.3. Atrioventricular (AV) Block
6.8.4. Mapping and Catheter Ablation
6.8.5. Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators

6.9. Heart Failure in Infants and Children

6.9.1. Etiological and Pathophysiological Characteristics
6.9.2. Clinical Characteristics. Diagnostic Tools for Heart Failure
6.9.3. Medical Treatment of Pediatric Heart Failure
6.9.4. Ventricular Assist Devices and Other Technical Advances
6.9.5. Pediatric Heart Transplantation

6.10. Pediatric Familial Heart Disease: Genetic Alterations

6.10.1. Clinical Genetic Evaluation
6.10.2. Cardiomyopathies: Hypertrophic, Dilated, Arrhythmogenic Dysplasia, and Restrictive
6.10.3. Connective Tissue Disorders
6.10.4. Canalopathies
6.10.5. Syndromes Associated with Heart Diseases:  Down Syndrome, DiGeorge Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, Williams-Beuren Syndrome, Noonan Syndrome, etc.

Module 7. Endocrine System, Metabolism and Nutrition in Pediatrics

7.1. Nutritional Status Assessment

7.1.1. Nutritional Status Assessment
7.1.2. Medical History, Nutritional Anamnesis and Physical Examination
7.1.3. Body Composition Assessment: Anthropometry, Weight / Height Ratio Indices: Body Composition
7.1.4. Nutritional Screening

7.2. Feeding of the Healthy Infant: Breastfeeding and Formula Feeding. Weaning

7.2.1. Breastfeeding
7.2.2. Formula Feeding
7.2.3. Weaning of the Healthy Child

7.3. Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition

7.3.1. Detection of Patients Requiring Nutritional Support
7.3.2. Calculation of Requirements
7.3.3. Choice of Artificial Nutrition Forms
7.3.4. Enteral Nutrition

7.3.4.1. Access Routes
7.3.4.2. Enteral Nutrition Formulas Used in Pediatrics
7.3.4.3. Follow-up and Complications

7.3.5. Parenteral Nutrition

7.3.5.1. Access Routes
7.3.5.2. Follow-up and Complications

7.3.6. Refeeding Syndrome

7.4. Nutritional Deficiencies Due to New Forms of Nutrition. New Diet Trends

7.4.1. Types of Vegetarian Diets
7.4.2. Macro and Micronutrients at Risk in Vegetarian Diets
7.4.3. Recommendations for Vegetarian or Vegan Diets by Age
7.4.4. Dietary Errors in Infants: Plant-Based Beverages
7.4.5. Sources of Information

7.5. Approach to Patients with Suspected Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM)

7.5.1. Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM)
7.5.2. Clinical Approach

7.5.2.1. IEM with Acute Presentation in the Neonatal Period and in Children <1 Year
7.5.2.2. EIM with Recurrent Seizures
7.5.2.3. IEM with Chronic or Progressive Clinical Course

7.5.3. Diagnostic Procedures
7.5.4. Treatment

7.5.4.1. Emergency Treatment
7.5.4.2. Pharmacological Treatments and Cofactors
7.5.4.3. Nutrition
7.5.4.4. Other Treatments (Extrarenal Purification Techniques, Organ Transplantation, etc.)

7.6. Hypoglycemia

7.6.1. Hypoglycemia
7.6.2. Initial Directed Evaluation: Anamnesis, Physical Examination
7.6.3. Complementary Examinations During Hypoglycemic Episodes
7.6.4. Differential Diagnosis
7.6.5. Treatment

7.7. Polydipsia-Polyuria

7.7.1. Polyuria in Pediatrics: Normal Diuresis by Age Group
7.7.2. Etiopathogenesis

7.7.2.1. Water Diuresis. Osmotic Diuresis
7.7.2.2. Osmotic Diuresis: Most Frequent Causes

7.7.3. Clinical Manifestations of Polyuric States
7.7.4. Diagnosis

7.7.4.1. Anamnesis and Physical Examination
7.7.4.2. Complementary Tests. Water Restriction Test or Miller’s Test. Indications. Limitations. Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) and Copeptin Measurements. Imaging and Other Studies

7.7.5. Treatment. Side Effects and Precautions
7.7.6. Current Lines of Research

7.8. Diabetes Mellitus

7.8.1. Introduction
7.8.2. Epidemiology
7.8.3. Etiopathogenesis

7.8.3.1. Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)
7.8.3.2. Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)
7.8.3.3. Monogenic Diabetes: Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY). Neonatal Diabetes
7.8.3.4. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Related Diabetes
7.8.3.5. Other Specific Types

7.8.4. Diagnostic Criteria
7.8.5. Clinical Presentation of T1D and Management

7.8.5.1. Diabetic Ketoacidosis
7.8.5.2. Hyperglycemia with / without Ketosis
7.8.5.3. Hyperglycemia in Asymptomatic Patients

7.8.6. Treatment and Follow-up in T1D

7.8.6.1. Glycemic Targets
7.8.6.2. Diabetic Education
7.8.6.3. Insulin Therapy
7.8.6.4. Nutrition
7.8.6.5. Physical Activity
7.8.6.6. Glucose Monitoring
7.8.6.7. Screening for Acute and Chronic Complications

7.8.7. Treatment and Follow-up in T2D
7.8.8. Treatment and Follow-up of MODY Diabetes
7.8.9. Other Forms of Diabetes

7.9. Adrenal Insufficiency

7.9.1. Adrenal Insufficiency
7.9.2. Etiological Classification

7.9.2.1. Primary or Adrenal
7.9.2.2. Secondary-Tertiary or Hypothalamic-Pituitary

7.9.3. Clinical Manifestations

7.9.3.1. Acute Adrenal Insufficiency. Severity Criteria
7.9.3.2. Chronic Adrenal Insufficiency

7.9.4. Diagnosis

7.9.4.1. Adrenal Crisis. Laboratory Findings
7.9.4.2. Hypocortisolism. Suspected Adrenal Insufficiency. Analytical Determinations
7.9.4.2.1. Initial Complementary Tests. Cortisol and ACTH Reference Values
7.9.4.2.2. Hormonal Stimulation Tests. ACTH Test. Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia. Other Tests
7.9.4.2.3. Second-Level Complementary Tests:Imaging, Microbiological, Pathological, Immunological Studies, and Genetic Studies
7.9.5. Differential Diagnosis of Hypocortisolism. Relevant Entities

7.9.5.1. Primary Forms
7.9.5.2. Secondary and Tertiary Forms

7.9.6. Treatment

7.9.6.1. Adrenal Crisis
7.9.6.2. Substitution Therapy
7.9.6.3. Management and Prevention of Adrenal Crisis
7.9.6.4. Withdrawal of Chronic Corticosteroid Therapy
7.9.6.5. Pre- and Post-Surgical Management
7.9.6.6. Education for Patients and Their Families

Module 8. Nephrology and Electrolyte Disorders in Pediatrics

8.1. Urinary Tract Infection

8.1.1. Urinary Tract Infection
8.1.2. Other Definitions
8.1.3. Etiology
8.1.4. Clinical Presentation
8.1.5. Diagnosis
8.1.6. Treatment
8.1.7. Follow-up

8.2. Congenital Anomalies of the Urinary Tract

8.2.1. Congenital Anomalies of the Urinary Tract
8.2.2. Etiology
8.2.3. Classification (Hypodysplasia and Single Kidney, Obstructive Uropathy, Vesicoureteral Reflux)
8.2.4. Diagnosis (Prenatal and Postnatal)
8.2.5. Treatment
8.2.6. Scarring Nephropathy

8.3. Hematuria-Proteinuria

8.3.1. Hematuria-Proteinuria
8.3.2. Diagnosis
8.3.3. Clinical Presentation
8.3.4. Differential Diagnosis
8.3.5. Treatment

8.4. Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis

8.4.1. Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis
8.4.2. Etiology
8.4.3. Clinical Presentation
8.4.4. Diagnosis. Practical Approach
8.4.5. Treatment
8.4.6. Prognosis

8.5. Nephrotic Syndrome

8.5.1. Nephrotic Syndrome
8.5.2. Pathophysiology
8.5.3. Etiology
8.5.4. Clinical Presentation
8.5.5. Diagnosis. Practical Approach
8.5.6. Treatment: Onset and Relapses Maintenance
8.5.7. Prognosis

8.6. Electrolyte Disturbances and Acid-Base Balance

8.6.1. Electrolyte Disturbances and Acid-Base Balance
8.6.2. Water and Sodium Disturbances
8.6.3. Potassium Disturbances
8.6.4. Phosphocalcic Metabolism and Its Disturbances
8.6.5. Acid-Base Balance

8.7. Acute Kidney Injury

8.7.1. Acute Kidney Injury
8.7.2. Epidemiology
8.7.3. Classification
8.7.4. Diagnosis
8.7.5. Treatment. Practical Approach
8.7.6. Prognosis

8.8. Hypertension

8.8.1. Hypertension
8.8.2. Classification
8.8.3. Clinical Presentation
8.8.4. Diagnosis
8.8.5. Treatment
8.8.6. Hypertensive Crisis and Emergency
8.8.7. Follow-up

8.9. Kidney Stones

8.9.1. Introduction
8.9.2. Etiology and Pathophysiology
8.9.3. Clinical Presentation
8.9.4. Diagnosis
8.9.5. Treatment of Renal Colic
8.9.6. Follow-up and Long-term Treatment

Module 9. Hemato-Oncology in Pediatrics

9.1. Diagnosis of Pediatric Patients with Anemia

9.1.1. Anemia
9.1.2. Pathophysiology of Anemia
9.1.3. Diagnostic Tests in Anemic Patients
9.1.4. Differential Diagnosis of Anemia in Pediatric Patients
9.1.5. Clinical Cases

9.2. Iron Deficiency Anemia

9.2.1. Iron Deficiency Anemia
9.2.2. Epidemiology of Iron Deficiency
9.2.3. Pathophysiology of Iron Deficiency
9.2.4. Differential Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency Anemia
9.2.5. Diagnostic Tests for Iron Deficiency Anemia
9.2.6. Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia
9.2.7. Clinical Cases

9.3. Purpura

9.3.1. Purpura
9.3.2. Basic Principles in the Study of Patients with Excessive Bleeding
9.3.3. Diagnostic Tests
9.3.4. Differential Diagnosis
9.3.5. Clinical Cases

9.4. Pediatric Cancer
9.5. Clinical Manifestations of Children with Cancer
9.6. Anticoagulation in Pediatric Patients

9.6.1. Indications for Anticoagulation
9.6.2. Anticoagulation in Children
9.6.3. Anticoagulation Monitoring

9.7. Oncological Emergencies

9.7.1. Tumor Lysis Syndrome
9.7.2. Hyperuricemia
9.7.3. Hypercalcemia
9.7.4. Hypercalcemia
9.7.5. Hyperphosphatemia
9.7.6. Hyperleukocytosis
9.7.7. Mediastinal Mass and Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
9.7.8. Acute Spinal Cord Compression
9.7.9. Increased Intracranial Pressure
9.7.10. Fever in Hemato-oncological Patients
9.7.11. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
9.7.12. Hemorrhages

9.8. Oncological Emergencies II
9.9. Transfusion Therapy in Pediatric Patients

9.9.1. Transfusion Therapy in Pediatric Patients
9.9.2. Frequently Used Blood Products
9.9.3. Indications for Platelet Transfusion
9.9.4. Indications for Platelet Transfusion
9.9.5. Indications for Plasma Transfusion
9.9.6. Complications of Transfusion Therapy

9.10. Pain Management in Oncological Patients

Module 10. Other Pediatric Processes

10.1. Most Common Skin Lesions

10.1.1. Etiology
10.1.2. Diagnostic Approach
10.1.3. Febrile Rashes and Afebrile Rashes
10.1.4. Vesicular Rashes
10.1.5. Purpuric Rashes
10.1.6. Morbilliform Rashes
10.1.7. Kawasaki Disease
10.1.8. Scarlet Fever
10.1.9. Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

10.2. The Infant with EAL (Apparent Life-Threatening Event) or BRUE (Brief Resolved Unexplained Event)

10.2.1. The Infant with EAL (Apparent Life-Threatening Event)
10.2.2. Epidemiology
10.2.3. Risk Factors
10.2.4. Diagnosis and Hospital Management
10.2.5. Hospital Discharge Criteria

10.3. Postoperative Care for Pediatric Patients 

10.3.1. Illness in Childhood: Psychological Reactions and Attitudes Toward Hospital Admission
10.3.2. Nursing Care During Hospitalization

10.3.2.1. Objectives According to Age
10.3.2.2. Care/Interventions with Parents
10.3.2.3. Care/Interventions in the Environment

10.3.3. Procedures During Hospitalization

10.3.3.1. Vital Sign Measurement by Age, Anthropometric Parameters, and Capillary Measurements
10.3.3.2. Aspiration of Secretions and Foreign Bodies
10.3.3.3. Restraint Techniques
10.3.3.4. Catheters
10.3.3.5. Sample Collection
10.3.3.6. Administration of Medication, Reconstitution, and Dose Calculation
10.3.3.7. Venous Access (VA
10.3.3.8. Dressing and Bandaging
10.3.3.9. Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

10.4. Pediatric Patient with Complex Pathology 

10.4.1. Needs of the Patient and Family at Diagnosis, Empowerment
10.4.2. Capillary Blood Glucose Monitoring and Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)
10.4.3. Injection Techniques, Rotation Sites
10.4.4. Insulin: Storage and Maintenance
10.4.5. Managing Day-to-Day Life with Diabetes

10.4.5.1. Acute Complications: Management of Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia (Symptoms, Prevention, Correction)
10.4.5.2. Diabetes During Illness: Preventing Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
10.4.5.3. Relationship Between Blood Glucose and Food Carbohydrate Counting (CHO). Glycemic Index. Label Reading
10.4.5.4. Exercise Considerations
10.4.5.5. The Child at School: Necessary Materials

10.5. Nursing Care in Pediatric Hospitalized Patients. Most Common Procedures

10.5.1. Role of the Pediatric Hospitalist in the Surgically Intervened Child and Adolescent
10.5.2. General Postoperative Care

10.5.2.1. Temperature Control
10.5.2.2. Fluids and Electrolytes
10.5.2.3. Nausea and Vomiting
10.5.2.4. Postoperative Nutrition
10.5.2.5. Respiratory Function Recovery
10.5.2.6. Rest and Early Mobilization
10.5.2.7. Surgical Antibiotic Prophylaxis
10.5.2.8. Postoperative Pain Control

10.6. Management of the Child with Diabetes at Diagnosis. Peculiarities

10.6.1. Chronicity and Complexity: Defining Populations
10.6.2. Special Health Needs
10.6.3. Technology Dependency: Nutritional, Respiratory and Cardiac Support

10.7. Home Hospitalization

10.7.1. Home Hospitalization
10.7.2. Historical Overview
10.7.3. Eligible Patients and Families

10.7.3.1. Benefits for Patients and Family
10.7.3.2. Benefits for the National Health System

10.7.4. Organization: Resources and Coordination

10.8. Pediatric Palliative Care

10.8.1. Palliative Care and Patient Classification
10.8.2. Care of the Patient and Family at the End of Life

10.8.2.1. Decision Making
10.8.2.2. Communication with Patients and Families

10.8.3. Palliative Medicine: Treating and Accompanying

10.8.3.1. Pain Treatment
10.8.3.2. Palliative Sedation
10.8.3.3. Care During and After Death

10.9. Child Abuse

10.9.1. Types of Child Abuse
10.9.2. Epidemiology
10.9.3. Clinical Manifestations
10.9.4. Approach to Suspected Abuse in Pediatrics

10.10. Mental Health: Approach to the Pediatric Patient During Hospitalization 

10.10.1. The Child and Family Facing Illness and Hospitalization
10.10.2. Chronic Illness
10.10.3. Psychopathology Associated with Physical Pathologies
10.10.4. Delirium
10.10.5. Pain
10.10.6. Psychosomatic Disorders
10.10.7. Suicidal Behavior
10.10.8. Psychopharmacology

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