Would you like to prevent complications that can lead to loss of vision or even the need for euthanasia in severe cases of equines? This 100% online Master's Degree is ideal for you” 

Equine Veterinary Ophthalmology is a crucial specialty due to the particular vulnerability of these animals to develop eye problems. In this sense, horses and other equids are highly dependent on their vision to perceive their environment, maintain their balance and respond to possible threats, given their flight instinct. In fact, vision problems, if not treated in a timely and appropriate manner, can affect their well-being, limit their ability to perform and, in extreme cases, even lead to ocular loss or chronic stress conditions.

This Master's Degree in Equine Veterinary Ophthalmology from TECH will provide advanced and specialized training in the diagnosis, treatment and management of ocular diseases. Through a comprehensive approach, the program will provide essential knowledge to understand equine ocular anatomy, physiology and pathology, addressing from the basic fundamentals of Ophthalmology, to the most advanced surgical techniques. Likewise, the academic itinerary allows professionals to acquire a deep understanding of the most common ocular diseases in equines, as well as their effective treatments.

Accordingly, this postgraduate program offers a unique opportunity for veterinarians to broaden their knowledge in a highly specialized area that is in increasing demand. At the employment level, this academic pathway opens doors to multiple opportunities. Graduates specialized in Equine Ophthalmology will position themselves as experts in a discipline that is increasingly valued in specialized clinics, veterinary hospitals and equestrian centers. In addition, having a specialization of this level increases competitiveness in the market, facilitating access to leadership and consulting roles, as well as the possibility of establishing a renowned veterinary practice.

The 100% online modality will offer experts high quality training with the flexibility they need to combine the flexibility they need to combine their training with their professional practice. In turn, this curriculum is structured under the innovative Relearning methodology, an educational technique that allows the assimilation of knowledge in a progressive and natural way through the repetition of key concepts in different contexts, favoring a solid and lasting understanding.

Through the most innovative methodology in the market, you will approach the contents of Veterinary Ophthalmology in Equines in a dynamic and interactive way, by means of updated and high quality materials” 

This Master's Degree in Equine Veterinary Ophthalmology contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market.The most important features include:

• The development of practical cases presented by experts with extensive background in Equine Medicine represents a unique opportunity for those veterinarians who seek to differentiate themselves in a highly demanded field
• The graphic, schematic and eminently practical content of the book provides scientific and practical information on those disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Practical exercises where the process of self-assessment can be used to improve learning
• Its special emphasis on innovative methodologies
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

Do you want to improve the welfare and quality of life of your equine patients? Join this academic itinerary that will push you to apply the knowledge acquired in diverse environments” 

The program’s teaching staff includes professionals from the sector who contribute their work experience to this specializing program, as well as renowned specialists from leading societies and prestigious universities.

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide immersive education programmed to learn in real situations.

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the professional must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise during the course. For this purpose, students will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned experts.

Thanks to this very complete Master's Degree, you will contribute to the welfare and visual care of equines through professional and specialized attention”

You will be able to identify and treat eye diseases in time, helping to reduce suffering and ensuring that animals can lead a full and healthy life”

The curriculum of this academic pathway is designed to provide veterinarians with a comprehensive preparation in the diagnosis, treatment and management of ocular diseases in horses and other equids. This program addresses in depth the anatomical, physiological and pathological aspects of the equine eye, allowing the professional to acquire a specialized and practical understanding of the most common conditions in this species. Throughout each module, experts will address from the basic fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology to the most advanced surgical techniques, with a focus on the development of clinical skills applicable to daily practice.

With an innovative methodology, the syllabus will allow you to advance in your specialization and respond to the visual health needs of equines, both in the clinical and sporting context” 

Module 1. Ophthalmologic Examination in Equines

1.1. Ocular Embryology and Physiology in Equids

1.1.1. Development of the Eyeball and Appendages

1.1.1.1. Eyelids and Nasolacrimal System
1.1.1.2. Conjunctiva and Nictitating Membrane
1.1.1.3. Extraocular Muscles

1.1.2. Anterior Segment Development

1.1.2.1. Cornea
1.1.2.2. Iridocorneal Angle
1.1.2.3. Iris
1.1.2.4. Lens

1.1.3. Posterior Segment Development

1.1.3.1. Sclera
1.1.3.2. Choroid
1.1.3.3. Vitreous Humor
1.1.3.4. Retina
1.1.3.5. Optic Nerve
1.1.3.6. Tapetum Lucidum

1.2. Developmental Ocular Abnormalities in Equids

1.2.1. Developmental Ocular Abnormalities
1.2.2. Microphthalmos
1.2.3. Congenital Glaucoma
1.2.4. Orbital Dermoids
1.2.5. Vascular Anomalies
1.2.6. Megalocornea/Cornea Globosa
1.2.7. Microcornea
1.2.8. Corneal Dermoids

1.2.8.1. Aniridia
1.2.8.2. Anterior Segment Dysgenesis
1.2.8.3. Anterior Uveal Cysts
1.2.8.4. Iris Hypoplasia

1.3. The Equine Eye

1.3.1. Orbit
1.3.2. Extraocular Muscles and Orbital Fat
1.3.3. Eyeball

1.4. Ocular Physiology

1.4.1. Lacrimal Film
1.4.2. Aqueous Humor Physiology
1.4.3. Blood-Aqueous Barrier
1.4.4. Intraocular Pressure

1.5. Physiology of Vision in Equids

1.5.1. Light Sensitivity
1.5.2. Motion Sensitivity
1.5.3. Field of Vision
1.5.4. Visual Acuity
1.5.5. Color Vision in Horses

1.6. Ophthalmological Examination

1.6.1. Remote Ophthalmological Examination
1.6.2. Medical History
1.6.3. Instruments for Ophthalmological Examination

1.7. Neuro-Ophthalmology

1.7.1. Neuro-Ophthalmology
1.7.2. Palpebral Reflex
1.7.3. Threat Response
1.7.4. Dazzle Reflex
1.7.5. Pupillary Light Reflex
1.7.6. Corneal Reflex

1.8. Close Ophthalmologic Examination

1.8.1. Biomicroscopy
1.8.2. Direct Ophthalmoscopy
1.8.3. Indirect Ophthalmoscopy

1.8.3.1. Monocular Indirect Ophthalmoscopy

1.8.4. Ophthalmical Examination Tests

1.8.4.1. Schirmer Test
1.8.4.2. Phenol Red Test
1.8.4.3. Fluorescein Test
1.8.4.4. Break Up Time (BUT)
1.8.4.5. Jones Test
1.8.4.6. Seidel Test
1.8.4.7. Rose Bengal
1.8.4.8. Lissamine Green

1.8.5. Tonometry

1.8.5.1. Applanation Tonometry
1.8.5.2. Rebound Tonometry

1.8.6. Iridocorneal Angle Examination 

1.9. Cytology, Biopsy and Imaging in Equids

1.9.1. Cytology Sampling

1.9.1.1. Conjunctival Cytology
1.9.1.2. Corneal Cytology
1.9.1.3. Aqueous Humor Cytology

1.9.2. Biopsy Sampling
1.9.3. Ocular Ultrasound

1.9.3.1. Anterior Segment Ultrasound
1.9.3.2. Posterior Segment Ultrasound
1.9.3.3. Orbit Ultrasound
1.9.3.4. Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM)

1.10. Electroretinography in Equids

1.10.1. Electroretinography
1.10.2. Placement of Electrodes in Horses
1.10.3. Interpretation of Electroretinography (ERG)

Module 2. Ocular Pathologies in Foals

2.1. Ocular Examination in Foals

2.1.1. Vision in Newborn Foals
2.1.2. Neuro-Ophthalmology
2.1.3. Ocular Appendages
2.1.4. Anterior Segment
2.1.5. Tonometry
2.1.6. Funduscopic Examination
2.1.7. Other Complementary Tests

2.2. Alterations of the Ocular Appendages in Foals

2.2.1. Congenital Diseases of the Eyelids
2.2.2. Acquired Diseases of the Eyelids
2.2.3. Alterations of the Third Eyelid
2.2.4. Alterations of the Nasolacrimal Duct

2.3. Alterations of the Conjunctiva in Foals

2.3.1. Congenital Disorders
2.3.2. Acquired Alterations: Conjunctival Hemorrhage
2.3.3. Acquired Alterations: Conjunctivitis

2.4. Congenital Alterations of the Cornea in Foals

2.4.1. Megalocornea
2.4.2. Microcornea
2.4.3. Corneal Dermoids
2.4.4. Corneal Vascularization

2.5. Acquired Corneal Alterations in Foals

2.5.1. Ulcerative Keratitis
2.5.2. Corneal Dystrophies
2.5.3. Non-Ulcerative Keratopathies

2.6. Congenital Alterations of the Uvea in Foals

2.6.1. Iridial Hypoplasia
2.6.2. Aniridia
2.6.3. Iridial Coloboma
2.6.4. Congenital Myosis
2.6.5. Pigmentary Variations
2.6.6. Anterior Segment Dysgenesis
2.6.7. Persistent Pupillary Membrane
2.6.8. Anterior Iridial Cysts
2.6.9. Other Congenital Alterations

2.7. Acquired Alterations of the Uvea in Foals

2.7.1. Anterior Uveitis
2.7.2. Uveitis Secondary to Septicemia
2.7.3. Uveitis due to Rhodococcus equi
2.7.4. Uveitis due to Equine Mumps
2.7.5. Uveitis Secondary to Viral Diseases

2.8. Alterations of the Crystalline Lens and Glaucoma in Foals

2.8.1. Cataracts
2.8.2. Congenital Lens Dislocation and Ectopic Lens
2.8.3. Coloboma of the Crystalline Lens
2.8.4. Lenticonus and Lentiglobus
2.8.5. Microphakia
2.8.6. Acquired Alterations

2.9. Alterations of the Retina and the Optic Nerve in Foals

2.9.1. Retinal Hemorrhages
2.9.2. Coloboma of the Posterior Segment
2.9.3. Hypoplasia of the Optic Nerve
2.9.4. Retinal Dysplasia
2.9.5. Retinal Detachment
2.9.6. Congenital Stationary Congenital Night Blindness
2.9.7. Persistent Hyaline Artery
2.9.8. Acquired Fundus Diseases

2.10. Congenital Alterations of the Eyeball and Orbit in Foals

2.10.1. Congenital Glaucoma
2.10.2. Microphthalmia and Anophthalmia
2.10.3. Strabismus
2.10.4. Other Congenital Diseases of the Eyeball
2.10.5. Other Congenital Diseases of the Orbit

Module 3. Diseases and Surgery of the Globe and Orbit in Equids

3.1. Clinical Physiology of the Orbit and the Globe in Equids

3.1.1. The Skull, Foramen and Periorbit
3.1.2. Physiology of the Globe
3.1.3. The Vascular Supply of the Orbit
3.1.4. Anatomical Structures Adjacent to the Orbit

3.2. Methods for Diagnosis of the Orbit and the Globe in Equids

3.2.1. Oculokinetic Reflexes and Forced Duction Tests
3.2.2. Diagnostic Imaging of the Orbit and Fine Needle Aspiration
3.2.3. Impact of Orbital and Eyeball Pathologies in the Equine Industry

3.3. Clinical Symptoms of Orbital Pathologies in Equids

3.3.1. Strabismus and Nystagmus
3.3.2. Abnormalities of the Position and Size of the Globe
3.3.3. Compilation of Additional Symptoms Related to Orbital Pathologies

3.4. Congenital Pathologies in Equids

3.4.1. Microphthalmos
3.4.2. Orbital Dermoids
3.4.3. Orbital and Globe Vascular Anomalies

3.5. Acquired Traumatic Pathologies in Equids

3.5.1. Exophthalmia and Ocular Proptosis
3.5.2. Perforation of the Globe
3.5.3. Ocular Injuries Associated with Facial Trauma
3.5.4. Penetration of Foreign Bodies into the Orbit
3.5.5. Orbital Fat Prolapse

3.6. Acquired Infectious and Inflammatory Pathologies in Equids

3.6.1. Orbital Velulitis
3.6.2. Parasitic Orbital Diseases
3.6.3. Periostitis
3.6.4. Nutritional Myopathy
3.6.5. Pseudotumor

3.7. Orbital Tumors in Equids

3.7.1. Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis
3.7.2. Nasal and Orbital Adenocarcinomas
3.7.3. Angiosarcomas and Hemangiosarcomas
3.7.4. Malignant Rhabdoid Tumors
3.7.5. Medulloepitheliomas and Meningiomas

3.8. Periorbital Pathologies in Equids

3.8.1. Sinusitis
3.8.2. Nasal and Sinus Cysts
3.8.3. Nasal and Sinus Neoplasms
3.8.4. Guttural Pouch Pathologies

3.9. Treatment of Orbital Pathologies in Equids

3.9.1. Medical Treatment
3.9.2. Tarsorrhaphy
3.9.3. Soft Tissue Injuries
3.9.4. Orbital Fractures

3.10. Orbital Surgery in Equids

3.10.1. Orbital Examination
3.10.2. Enucleation
3.10.3. Exenteration
3.10.4. Radical Eyelid Resection, Grafting and Expansion of Adjacent Skin
3.10.5. Orbital Implants, Evisceration with Intrascleral Implant and Prosthesis
3.10.6. Retrobulbar Block and Surgeries under Sedation with Local Anesthesia
3.10.7. Related Surgeries: Sinus Trepanations and Dental Surgeries

Module 4. Diseases and Surgery of Ocular Appendages and Lacrimal Apparatus in Equids

4.1. Physiology of the Ocular Appendages in Equids

4.1.1. Upper and Lower Eyelid
4.1.2. Histological Structure of the Eyelids
4.1.3. Conjunctiva and Nictitating Membrane: Anatomy and Functions
4.1.4. Innervation and Vascularization of the Eyelids and Conjunctiva
4.1.5. Anatomical Variations in Different Breeds of Horses

4.2. Nasolacrimal System in Equids

4.2.1. Nasolacrimal System
4.2.2. Role of the Nasolacrimal System in Tear Drainage
4.2.3. Main Lacrimal Gland and Accessory Glands
4.2.4. Structure of the Nasolacrimal Duct

4.3. Physiology of Lacrimal Production and the Tear Film in Equids

4.3.1. Basal and Reflex Tear Production
4.3.2. Function of the Tear Film
4.3.3. Composition of the Tear Film: Aqueous, Lipid and Mucous Layer 
4.3.4. Role of the Tear Film in Corneal Protection
4.3.5. Relationship between Blinking and Tear Distribution

4.4. Congenital Pathologies of the Appendages in Equids

4.4.1. Congenital Entropion and Management
4.4.2. Ankyloblepharon: Diagnosis and Treatment
4.4.3. Coloboma: Clinical Presentation and Correction
4.4.4. Dermoid: Identification and Therapeutic Approach
4.4.5. Subconjunctival Hemorrhages: Diagnosis and Management

4.5. Pathologies of the Eyelids in Equids

4.5.1. Blepharitis: Types and Treatment
4.5.2. Chalazion, Ditichiasis, Dystrichiasis, Ectopic Cilia and Stye
4.5.3. Entropion in Adults and Ectropion: Causes and Correction
4.5.4. Traumatic Eyelid Lacerations
4.5.5. Palpebral Neoplasms: Diagnosis and Surgical Management

4.6. Pathologies of the Conjunctiva and Nictitating Membrane in Equids

4.6.1. Infectious Conjunctivitis
4.6.2. Allergic and Autoimmune Conjunctivitis
4.6.3. Neoplasms of the Conjunctiva and Nitctitating Membrane
4.6.4. Conjunctival Pseudotumors in Horses
4.6.5. Complications of Chronic Conjunctivitis

4.7. Pathologies of the Nasolacrimal System in Equids

4.7.1. Congenital Diseases of the Nasolacrimal System

4.7.1.1. Epiphora: Differential Diagnosis
4.7.1.2. Atresia of the Nasolacrimal Duct
4.7.1.3. Lacrimal Punctal Malformations
4.7.1.4. Nasolacrimal Obstructions in Foals

4.7.2. Inflammatory Diseases of the Nasolacrimal System

4.7.2.1. Acquired Obstructions of the Nasolacrimal Duct
4.7.2.2. Dacryocystitis: Causes and Management
4.7.2.3. Chronic Inflammation of the Nasolacrimal System

4.7.3. Quantitative and Qualitative Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

4.8. Diagnosis of Diseases of the Nasolacrimal System and Eyelids in Equids

4.8.1. Schirmer's Test and Its Use in Lacrimal Evaluation
4.8.2. Dacryocystography Other Imaging Techniques
4.8.3. Microbiological and Immunological Evaluation of Lacrimal Pathologies
4.8.4. Advanced Methods for the Diagnosis of Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

4.9. Surgical Treatments of Pathologies of the Nasolacrimal System and Eyelids in Equids

4.9.1. Surgical Correction of Entropion and Ectropion
4.9.2. Reconstructive Eyelid Surgery
4.9.3. Nasolacrimal Duct Probing
4.9.4. Dacryocystorhinostomy: Indications and Surgical Techniques
4.9.5. Post-Surgical Complications and Management

4.10. Complex Cases in Pathology of the Ocular Appendages and the Nasolacrimal System in Equids

4.10.1. Complex Cases of Blepharitis
4.10.2. Surgical Treatment of Palpebral Neoplasms
4.10.3. Management of Chronic Epiphora in Sport Horses
4.10.4. Case of Qualitative Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
4.10.5. Postoperative Follow-Up in Lacrimal Surgery

Module 5. Diseases and Surgery of the Cornea and Sclera in Equids

5.1. Histology of the Cornea in Equids

5.1.1. Conformation
5.1.2. Histological Structure
5.1.3. Scleral-Corneal Limbus
5.1.4. Vascularization and Innervation

5.2. Physiology of the Cornea in Equids

5.2.1. Biochemical Composition
5.2.2. Corneal Transparency
5.2.3. Nutrition
5.2.4. Epithelial, Stromal and Endothelial Scarring
5.2.5. Practical Considerations

5.3. Sclera and Limbus in Equids

5.3.1. Examination of the Sclera
5.3.2. Malformations: Scleral Coloboma
5.3.3. Scleral Inflammation and Lacerations
5.3.4. Thinning and Sclerectasia of the Sclera
5.3.5. Neoplasms of the Sclera and Limbus
5.3.6. Obitary Fat Prolapse and Parasitic Diseases of Scleral Localization

5.4. Pharmacological Principles of Ocular Therapy in Equids

5.4.1. Routes of Administration
5.4.2. Penetration through the Cornea
5.4.3. Penetration through the Limbus-Sclera
5.4.4. Periocular or Intraocular Injections
5.4.5. Anti-Infectives, Anti-Inflammatories and Imnunompdulators

5.5. Semiology of Corneal Modifications in Equids except for Ulcers

5.5.1. Semiology of Corneal Modifications in Equids
5.5.2. Functional Manifestations
5.5.3. Physical Modifications

5.5.3.1. Dimensional and Curvature Anomalies
5.5.3.2. Corneal Edema
5.5.3.3. Corneal Neovascularization
5.5.3.4. Corneal Pigmentation
5.5.3.5. Other Alterations of Corneal Transparency

5.6. Conditions of the Cornea of the Horse: Congenital Conditions, Non-Infectious Ulcerative Keratitis and Corneal Lesions

5.6.1. Congenital Conditions
5.6.2. Non-Infectious Ulcerative Keratitis
5.6.3. Corneal Lesions

5.7. Conditions of the Cornea of the Horse: Bacterial, Viral, and Immune-Mediated Ulcerative Keratitis and Stromal Abscesses

5.7.1. Bacterial and Mycotic Ulcerative Keratitis
5.7.2. Stromal Abscesses
5.7.3. Viral Keratitis
5.7.4. Immune-Mediated Keratitis

5.8. Conditions of the Cornea of the Horse: Parasitic Keratitis, Corneal Degenerations and Corneal Neoplasms

5.8.1. Parasitic Keratitis
5.8.2. Corneal Degeneration
5.8.3. Corneal Neoplasms

5.9. Therapeutic Strategy for Corneal Ulcer in Equids

5.9.1. Acute Epithelial Ulcer
5.9.2. Chronic or Recurrent Epithelial Ulcer
5.9.3. Stromal Ulcer
5.9.4. Pre-Descemetic Ulcer or Descemetocele and Corneal Perforation

5.10. Surgical Treatment of Corneal Ulcers in Equids

5.10.1. Surgical Aspects of Etiologic Treatment
5.10.2. Surgical Aspects of Symptomatic Treatment
5.10.3. Surgical Techniques
5.10.4. Other Techniques

Module 6. Diseases and Surgery of the Anterior Uvea in Equids

6.1. Ocular Physiology and Exploration Applied to the Equine Anterior Ovea

6.1.1. Anterior Uvea
6.1.2. Physiology of the Anterior Uvea

6.1.2.1. Aqueous Humor Formation
6.1.2.2. Accommodation of the Crystalline Lens
6.1.2.3. Blood-Aqueous Barrier

6.1.3. Ocular Examination Related to the Anterior Uvea

6.1.3.1. Biomicroscopy
6.1.3.2. Tonometry
6.1.3.3. Ocular Ultrasound

6.2. Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities of the Anterior Uvea in Equids

6.2.1. Embryonic Development of the Anterior Uvea
6.2.2. Congenital Abnormalities

6.2.2.1. Aniridia
6.2.2.2. Iris Heterochromia
6.2.2.3. Persistent Pupillary Membranes
6.2.2.4. Hypolasia vs. Coloboma
6.2.2.5. Peter's Anomaly
6.2.2.6. Uveal Cysts

6.2.3. Rocky Mountain Multiple Congenital Anomalies Syndrome

6.3. Inflammatory Diseases of the Uvea in Equids

6.3.1. Inflammatory Diseases of the Uvea
6.3.2. Clinical Signs of Acute Anterior Uveitis
6.3.3. Differential Diagnosis of Acute Anterior Uveitis

6.4. Inflammatory Diseases of the Uvea in Equids. Protocol, Treatment and Sequelae

6.4.1. Diagnostic Protocol of Acute Anterior Uveitis
6.4.2. Medical Treatment of Acute Anterior Uveitis
6.4.3. Sequelae of Acute Anterior Uveitis: When Uveitis Becomes Chronic

6.5. Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU)

6.5.1. Significance of Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU)
6.5.2. ERU Classification

6.5.2.1. Classical Presentation
6.5.2.2. Insidious Presentation
6.5.2.3. Posterior Presentation

6.6. Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU). Pathophysiology and Histopathology

6.6.1. Pathophysiology and Histopathology of Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU)
6.6.2. Pathophysiology of ERU
6.6.3. Histopathology in ERU

6.7. Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU). Treatment and Prognosis

6.7.1. Medical Treatment of ERU
6.7.2. Surgical Treatment of ERU
6.7.3. Prognosis of ERU

6.8. Equine Heterochromic Iridocyclitis with Secondary Keratitis (HIK)

6.8.1. Clinical Signs of HIK
6.8.2. Pathophysiology of HIK
6.8.3. Treatment of HIK 
6.8.4. Prognosis of HIK

6.9. Uveal Trauma in Equids

6.9.1. Clinical Signs
6.9.2. Pathophysiology of Acute Trauma
6.9.3. Medical Treatment of Uveal Trauma
6.9.4. Prognosis of Uveal Trauma

6.10. Neoplastic Diseases of the Equine Uvea

6.10.1. Primary Tumors of the Neuroectoderm
6.10.2. Melanocytic Tumors
6.10.3. Non-Melanocytic Tumors
6.10.4. Metastatic Tumors

Module 7. Glaucoma in Equids

7.1. Glaucoma in Equids

7.1.1. Glaucoma as a Neurodegenerative Disease
7.1.2. Pressure as a Main Risk Factor
7.1.3. Socioeconomic Implication of Glaucoma in the Equine Species

7.2. Pathophysiology of Aqueous Humor in Equids

7.2.1. Goldmann Equation
7.2.2. Formation of Aqueous Humor
7.2.3. Drainage of Aqueous Humor

7.3. Keys to Ophthalmologic Examination in Equids

7.3.1. Tonometry
7.3.2. Gonioscopy
7.3.3. Ophthalmoscopy (Direct and Indirect)
7.3.4. HRUS, UBM and OCT

7.4. Classification of Glaucoma in Equids

7.4.1. Congenital Glaucoma
7.4.2. Primary Glaucoma
7.4.3. Secondary Glaucoma

7.5. Clinical Signs of Glaucoma in Equids

7.5.1. Nonspecific
7.5.2. Specific
7.5.3. Sequelae

7.6. Therapeutic Objectives in the Treatment of Glaucoma in Equids

7.6.1. Proposed Therapy
7.6.2. Medical Treatment Objectives
7.6.3. Surgical Treatment Objectives

7.7. Antiglaucomatous Drugs in Equids

7.7.1. Parasympathomimetics: Cholinergic Agonists
7.7.2. Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists
7.7.3. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

7.8. Glaucoma Surgery in Equids: Visual Eye

7.8.1. Acuocentesis
7.8.2. Cyclocryoablation
7.8.3. Gonioimplants (Valved and Non-Valved) 
7.8.4. Diode Laser Photocoagulation (Transscleral and Endoscopic) 

7.9. Glaucoma Surgery in Equids: Blind Eye

7.9.1. Chemical Cycloablation
7.9.2. Enucleation
7.9.3. Evisceration

7.10. Prognosis of Glaucoma Surgery in Equids

7.10.1. Explanation of the Prognosis at the First Visit
7.10.2. Prognosis in the Short, Medium and Long Term
7.10.3. Recommendations for Monitoring

Module 8. Diseases and Surgery in the Crystalline Lens in Equids

8.1. Embryology of the Crystalline Lens in Equids

8.1.1. Embryology of the Crystalline Lens in Equids
8.1.2. Histology of the Lens
8.1.3. Alterations in Lenticular Development

8.2. Physiology of the Crystalline Lens in Equids

8.2.1. Metabolism of the Crystalline Lens
8.2.2. Alterations in Crystalline Lens Metabolism
8.2.3. Transparency and Refraction of the Lens

8.3. Examination of the Crystalline Lens in Equids

8.3.1. Limits of Examinations in the Field
8.3.2. Pupillary Dilation, Pharmacology of Iris Dilators and Cycloplegics
8.3.3. Slit-Lamp Evaluation of the Lens
8.3.4. Lens Dilation with Direct Use of Retroillumination
8.3.5. Peculiarities of the Examinations in Newborns

8.4. Alterations of Lenticular Transparency in Equids

8.4.1. Congenital Disorders
8.4.2. Hereditary Disorders
8.4.3. Acquired Disorders

8.5. Alterations of Lenticular Transparency in Equids: Cataracts

8.5.1. Extralenticular
8.5.2. Capsulolenticulars
8.5.3. Lenticulars

8.5.3.1. Focal Cataracts
8.5.3.2. Suture Line Cataracts
8.5.3.3. Axial Cataracts
8.5.3.4. Traumatic Cataracts
8.5.3.5. Complete Cataracts

8.6. Anatomical Alterations of the Crystalline Lens, Dislocation and Subluxation of the Lens in Equids

8.6.1. Congenital Disorders
8.6.2. Hereditary Disorders
8.6.3. Acquired Disorders

8.7. Other Lenticular Changes in Equids

8.7.1. Rupture of the Lenticular Capsule
8.7.2. Anterior Subcapsular Vacuoles
8.7.3. Concentric Cortical Lamination
8.7.4. Age-Associated Physiological Findings
8.7.5. Evaluation of Lesions during Pre-Purchase Examination

8.8. Cataract Surgery in Equids

8.8.1. Indications
8.8.2. Previous Diagnostic Tests
8.8.3. Surgical Procedure
8.8.4. Complications
8.8.5. Post Surgical Management

8.9. Anterior Lens Luxation Surgery in Equids

8.9.1. Indications
8.9.2. Surgical Procedure
8.9.3. Complications and Post Surgical Management

8.10. Medical Management of Patients with Non-Operable Cataracts in Equids

8.10.1. Phacolytic Uveitis
8.10.2. Glaucoma Secondary to Cataracts
8.10.3. Pharmacology of Phacolytic Uveitis

Module 9. Diseases and Surgery of the Vitreous and Retina in Equids

9.1. Physiology of the Vitreous and Retina in Equids

9.1.1. Retina and Vitreous
9.1.2. Optic Nerve
9.1.3. Vascularization of the Posterior Segment
9.1.4. Vitreous Structure
9.1.5. The Choroid

9.2. Diagnostic Methods of the Posterior Segment in Equids

9.2.1. Slit-Lamp Exam
9.2.2. Direct and Indirect Ophthalmoscopy
9.2.3. Retinography
9.2.4. Fluorescein Angiography
9.2.5. Ocular Ultrasonography to Evaluate the Vitreous and Retina
9.2.6. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
9.2.7. Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
9.2.8. Ocular Electrophysiology Studies. Electroretinography, Visual Evoked Potentials

9.3. Congenital Diseases of the Posterior Segment in Equids

9.3.1. Retinal Dysplasia
9.3.2. Colobomas of the Retina and Optic Nerve
9.3.3. Persistence of the Hyaloid Artery
9.3.4. Subretinal Hemorrhages in Newborns
9.3.5. Congenital Retinal Detachment
9.3.6. Congenital Stationary Night Blindness (CSNB)
9.3.7. Anterior Segment Dysgenesis and Its Relationship to Posterior Segment Anomalies

9.4. Chorioretinitis and Retinal Detachment in Equines

9.4.1. Chorioretinitis: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment
9.4.2. Retinal Detachment: Types, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Options
9.4.3. Changes Associated with Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU)
9.4.4. Chorioretinitis and Detachment Sequelae

9.5. Retinal and Vitreous Degenerations in Equids

9.5.1. Age-Related Retinal Degeneration (Senile Retinopathy)
9.5.2. Retinal Degeneration Associated with ERU
9.5.3. Retinal Degeneration due to Nutritional Deficiencies
9.5.4. Retinal Degeneration Associated with Equine Motor Neurone Disease
9.5.5. Degenerative Changes Associated with Systemic Diseases
9.5.6. Vitreous Degeneration in Geriatric Horses
9.5.7. Photic Head Shaking and Its Possible Relationship to the Retina

9.6. Inflammatory Diseases of the Posterior Segment and Vitreous in Equids

9.6.1. Chorioretinitis: Causes and Diagnosis
9.6.2. Vitritis: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment
9.6.3. Inflammatory Optic Neuritis
9.6.4. Chorioretinal Inflammation in Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU)
9.6.5. Inflammatory Changes of the Vitreous

9.7. Traumatic Injuries and Neoplasms of the Posterior Segment in Equids

9.7.1. Diagnosis of Trauma in the Posterior Segment
9.7.2. Post-Traumatic Retinal Detachment
9.7.3. Evaluation of Intraocular Hemorrhages
9.7.4. Diagnosis and Treatment of Ocular Rupture
9.7.5. Neoplasms of the Posterior Segment

9.8. Optic Nerve Diseases in Equids

9.8.1. Optic Neuropathies in Equids
9.8.2. Exudative Optic Neuritis
9.8.3. Optic Neuritis
9.8.4. Atrophy of the Optic Nerve
9.8.5. Proliferative Optic Neuropathy
9.8.6. Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
9.8.7. Traumatic Optic Neuropathy

9.9. Hereditary Diseases of the Posterior Segment in Equids

9.9.1. Hereditary Retinal Diseases
9.9.2. Hereditary Disorders of the Vitreous
9.9.3. Diagnosis and Prevention of Hereditary Disorders

9.10. Management of Blind Horses

9.10.1. Adaptation of Blind Horses
9.10.2. Training and Rehabilitation Techniques
9.10.3. Specific Care and Safety for Horses with Loss of Vision

Module 10. Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Diseases in Equids

10.1. Neuro-Ophthalmologic Diseases in Equids

10.1.1. Equine Motor Neuron Disease
10.1.2. Septic Meningoencephalitis
10.1.3. Thiamine Deficiency
10.1.4. Vestibular Disease
10.1.5. Horner's Syndrome
10.1.6. Tetanus
10.1.7. Butulism
10.1.8. Ischemic Neuropathy
10.1.9. Intracranial Neoplasms
10.1.10. Equine Polyneuritis

10.2. Viral Diseases in in Equids

10.2.1. Equine Viral Arteritis
10.2.2. Equine Infectious Anemia
10.2.3. Rabies
10.2.4. Equine Herpesvirus
10.2.5. Adenovirus
10.2.6. Equine Influenza
10.2.7. West Nile Virus

10.3. Bacterial and Rickettsial Diseases in Equids

10.3.1. Neonatal Septicemia
10.3.2. Equine Infectious Anemia
10.3.3. Mumps
10.3.4. Rhodococcus equi
10.3.5. Lyme Disease
10.3.6. Brucellosis
10.3.7. Leptospirosis
10.3.8. Erlichiosis

10.4. Protozoal Diseases in Equids

10.4.1. Babesiosi (Piroplasmosis)
10.4.2. Toxoplasmosis
10.4.3. Leishmaniasis

10.5. Fungal Diseases in Equids

10.5.1. Cryptococcosis
10.5.2. Epizootic Lymphangitis
10.5.3. Aspergillosis

10.6. Parasitic Diseases in Equids

10.6.1. Onchocerciasis
10.6.2. Habronemiasis
10.6.3. Echinococcus

10.7. Neoplasms in Equids

10.7.1. Primary versus Metastatic Neoplasms
10.7.2. Primary Periocular Neoplasms
10.7.3. Neoplasms surrounding the Eye

10.8. Metabolic Diseases in Equids

10.8.1. Metabolic Diseases in Equids
10.8.2. Cushing's Disease
10.8.3. Hypothyroidism

10.9. Toxic Diseases in Equids

10.9.1. Toxic Diseases in Equids
10.9.2. Intoxication by Ivermectin
10.9.3. Intoxication by Plants

10.10. Immune System Diseases in Equids

10.10.1. Isoerythrolysis Neonatal
10.10.2. Pemphigus
10.10.3. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Through fully updated modules, you will enhance your knowledge to apply immunomodulatory treatments such as surgically implanted cyclosporine”